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Absolute Monarchy

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Political Absolutism/ Absolute Monarchy – France
Constitutional Monarchy – England

Steps Toward Political Absolutism in France:

King Henry IV – 1) elected the Duke of Sully (Maximillian de Bethune) to reduce French debt that accumulated during fighting between Catholics and French Protestants (Huguenots) during the Age of Religious Wars. 2) Brought religious fighting to an end by granting the Huguenots religious toleration via the Edict of Nantes, and 3) Strengthened political power of the French Monarch by limiting the power of the nobility over the regional parliaments.

Louis XIII – was assigned Cardinal Richelieu, by his mother Marie de Medici, as his personal advisor, when he was too young to rule at 9. Because of her inept capabilities to rule, Louis XIII, at 23, helped Richelieu send his mother into exile after which the king gave full support to Cardinal Richelieu to run the French Government. Richelieu succeeded in further strengthening the power of the monarch by 1) destroying the castles of the nobility and 2) crushing the political power of the Huguenots, who surrendered their fortified cities, military and territorial rights for religious toleration via the Peace of Alais (1629). 3) Finally, Richelieu transferred power from the nobility to royal elected officials through his creation of the intendant System.

Louis IX – was assigned Cardinal Mazarin at the age of 3 as his personal and financial advisor and Prime Minister at the request of Louis’ mother, Queen Anne. Cardinal Mazarin lacked the political shrewdness of Cardinal Richelieu and his attempt to increase royal revenue led to the Fronde – civil wars between the Monarch and advocates of anti-royal government policy. Eventually, Louis IX 1) got rid of Mazarin, 2) declared himself king by “Divine Right,” and took absolute control of France. 3) Louis then hired an able financial advisor

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