...Accounting Standard (AS) 9 Revenue Recognition (This Accounting Standard includes paragraphs set in bold italic type and plain type, which have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold italic type indicate the main principles. This Accounting Standard should be read in the context of the General Instructions contained in part A of the Annexure to the Notification.) Introduction 1. This Standard deals with the bases for recognition of revenue in the statement of profit and loss of an enterprise. The Standard is concerned with the recognition of revenue arising in the course of the ordinary activities of the enterprise from -- the sale of goods, -- the rendering of services, and -- the use by others of enterprise resources yielding interest, royalties and dividends. 2. This Standard does not deal with the following aspects of revenue recognition to which special considerations apply: (i) Revenue arising from construction contracts;6 (ii) Revenue arising from hire-purchase, lease agreements; (iii) Revenue arising from government grants and other similar subsidies; (iv) Revenue of insurance companies arising from insurance contracts. 3. Examples of items not included within the definition of "revenue" for the purpose of this Standard are: (i) Realised gains resulting from the disposal of, and unrealised gains resulting from the holding of, non-current assets e.g. appreciation in the value of fixed assets; (ii) Unrealised holding gains resulting from the change in value of current assets...
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...International Journal of Accounting & Information Management The role of corporate governance in convergence with IFRS: evidence from China Yu Chen Zabihollah Rezaee Downloaded by UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH At 05:16 06 October 2015 (PT) Article information: To cite this document: Yu Chen Zabihollah Rezaee, (2012),"The role of corporate governance in convergence with IFRS: evidence from China", International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, Vol. 20 Iss 2 pp. 171 - 188 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/18347641211218470 Downloaded on: 06 October 2015, At: 05:16 (PT) References: this document contains references to 50 other documents. To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1824 times since 2012* Users who downloaded this article also downloaded: Songlan Peng, Kathryn Bewley, (2010),"Adaptability to fair value accounting in an emerging economy: A case study of China's IFRS convergence", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 23 Iss 8 pp. 982-1011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513571011092529 Randy Moser, (2014),"IFRS and convergence in China and the USA", Journal of Technology Management in China, Vol. 9 Iss 1 pp. 56-66 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JTMC-12-2013-0042 Ronita D. Singh, Susan Newberry, (2008),"Corporate governance and International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS): The case of developing countries", Research in Accounting in Emerging Economies...
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...IAS 40 International Accounting Standard 40 Investment Property This version includes amendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 31 December 2010. IAS 40 Investment Property was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in April 2000. In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn. In December 2003 the IASB issued a revised IAS 40. Since then, IAS 40 and its accompanying documents have been amended by the following IFRSs: • • • • • • • IFRS 2 Share-based Payment (issued February 2004) IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts (issued March 2004) IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations (issued March 2004) IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in September 2007)* Improvements to IFRSs (issued May 2008)* IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (issued November 2009)† IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (issued October 2010).† * † effective date 1 January 2009 effective date 1 January 2013 (earlier application permitted) © IFRS Foundation A1003 IAS 40 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION paragraphs IN1–IN18 INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 40 INVESTMENT PROPERTY OBJECTIVE SCOPE DEFINITIONS RECOGNITION MEASUREMENT AT RECOGNITION MEASUREMENT AFTER RECOGNITION Accounting policy Fair value model Inability to determine fair value reliably Cost model TRANSFERS...
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...tasked with utilizing the proper contract vehicle to procure services, materials, supplies, constructions projects, and countless other items. Contract vehicles are not one size fit all and depending on the circumstance the acquisition personnel will reach into their tool box and choose the correct vehicle to administer the contract. There is a wide selection of contract types available to provide needed flexibility in acquiring the large variety and volume of supplies required by the DoD. The various contract types vary according to the degree and timing of the responsibility assumed by the contractor for the costs of performance, and the amount and nature of the incentive offered to the contractor for achieving or exceeding specified standards or goals. Contract types are grouped into two broad categories; Fixed-price contracts and Cost-reimbursement contracts. The specific contract types range from firm-fixed price, in which the contractor has full responsibility for the performance costs and resulting profit (or loss), to cost-plus-fixed-fee, in which the contractor has minimal responsibility for the performance costs and the negotiated fee (profit) is fixed. This paper will discuss another type of contract; Time and Material (T&M) contracts are not the most desirable they serve a purpose and are used in many organizations throughout the Department of Defense. Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR)...
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...Changes to Accounting Standards for Leases Who is likely to be affected? Businesses which are lessees or lessors of assets and account for lease transactions using a leasing accounting standard which changes on or after 1 January 2011. General description of the measure Current accounting standards are International Accounting Standards (IAS) and UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (UK GAAP). Changes to the IAS lease accounting standard are expected during 2011, and changes to UK GAAP might follow in 2013. Legislation will be introduced in Finance Bill 2011 to ensure continuity of tax treatment for lease transactions for businesses which begin to account for the transactions under new accounting standards, expected to be introduced from 2011. The measure will require tax profits and losses to continue to be calculated as if the changes to lease accounting standards had not taken place. Policy objective The measure will ensure that existing tax rules that rely on accounting classifications of leases as operating or finance leases, and the accounting treatment of lease transactions, continue to operate in the way they currently do. The objectives are to: • • ensure that lessors and lessees will be neither disadvantaged nor advantaged by the proposed accounting changes; remove uncertainty for businesses about the future tax treatment of leasing contracts, arising from uncertainty about future lease accounting standards and their interaction with current tax rules;...
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...Accounting Standards Codification® Notice to Constituents (v 4.6) About the Codification FASB Accounting Standards Codification® Notice to Constituents (v 4.6) About the Codification Notice to Constituent version numbers - The Notice to Constituents contains a version number indicating the degree of change within a particular version. Versions ending with ".0" represent substantive changes to the text, whereas versions ending with a number other than zero represent editorial or clerical corrections. Page FASB Accounting Standards Codification ................................................................................... 4 Codification Goals .......................................................................................................................... 5 Codification Research System ........................................................................................................ 6 Content Matters............................................................................................................................... 7 Population of codified standards as of July 1, 2009 ................................................................... 7 Standards issued by standard setters other than the SEC ........................................................ 7 Standards issued by the SEC................................................................................................... 8 Essential and nonessential content ................................
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...Case 13-02 Buck’s Dilemma: Gross or Net? Background Buck’s Hunting and Equipment Inc. (Buck) has determined that it’s time to expand their retail operations. Buck is planning to build several retail stores over the next three years. In order execute their plan, Buck entered into a $100 million, three-year revolving line of credit (the Facility) with their bank on January 1, 2010. Buck and his auditor and management would like to know how to book presentation of cash flows through the use of a revolving line of credit is whether to report the amounts borrowed and repaid on a net basis or on a gross basis. FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification 230-10-45-7 states “information about the gross amounts of cash receipts and cash payments during a period is more relevant than information about the net amounts of cash receipts and payments.” (FASB, ASC 230-10-45-7). However it is often enough to report the net amount of these cash receipts and payments. ASC 230-10-45-8 states that net presentation if appropriate when there is a quick turnover with large amounts and short maturities. Solution 1 — Classification with the Statement of Cash Flows Buck should present the borrowing and payment activity as a cash flow from financing activities. ASC 230-10-45-14 states that “proceeds from issuing bonds, mortgages, notes, and from other short- or long-term borrowing” are a cash inflow from financing activities. Similarly, ASC 230-10-45-15 states that “repayments of amounts...
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...Transparency 7 What Regulation Typically Covers 7 Regulatory Agencies 8 Accounting Reform 10 Conclusion 13 References 15 Abstract Within the accounting profession there are many complex ethical issues that must be dealt with quite often. It is important that the people working within the industry provide high quality financial statements and always pay close attention to ethical concerns that may arise. Since ethics is such a major concern in the accounting industry, a rules based system is in place for enforcing ethical concerns. There are many regulating bodies that exist that enforce many highly detailed regulations that people within the industry must follow at all times. Throughout history there have been several major accounting scandals that have been followed by new regulation to ensure that these problems do not come up again. CLERP 9 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are just a couple of acts that have caused significant changes to the accounting world in recent times. This paper will look at some of the different issues that accountants face as well as some of the regulations that seek to end unethical behavior. Ethical Standards in Accounting Introduction The accounting industry is an always changing and constantly growing industry. Accounting plays a vital role in society and business and up until recently accounting was considered to have some of the highest standards for ethical and moral conduct in business. In recent years there have...
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...authoritative literature, reviewing and evaluating the data collected, drawing conclusions and communicating your results. 2. Accounting, auditing, or tax research involve a systematic and logical investigation of an issue or problem using the accountant’s professional judgment. Furthermore, accountants approach this problem using critical-thinking skills to obtain and document evidence underlying a conclusion relating to an issue or problem currently confronting the accountant or auditor. 3. Accounting, auditing, or tax research are necessary in order to determine the proper recording, classification, and disclosure of economic events; to determine compliance with authoritative pronouncements; or to determine the preferability of alternative accounting procedures. 4. The objective of accounting, auditing, or tax research is a systematic investigation of an issue or problem utilizing the researcher’s professional judgment to arrive at appropriate and timely conclusions regarding the issues at hand. 5. Research plays an important role within an accounting firm or department. It is critical for the accountant/auditor to be able to find and locate applicable authoritative pronouncements and to ascertain their current status. Given the number and diversity of clients served, public accounting firms constantly engage in research on a wide array of accounting, auditing, or tax issues. This research process is usually conducted by the local office staff, selected local or regional...
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...system of accounting to be inefficient. 2.Venice’s commerce was driven by sea traffic. 3.The Genoese system was the first to imply that unlike items could be compared in terms of a common monetary unit. 4.Double entry bookkeeping quickly had world-wide acceptance, as the British accepted it in the 1400s. 5.When hyperinflation exists, alternative systems to historical cost become necessary. 6. The International Accounting Standards Board, an international organization dedicated to the diversity of accounting standards worldwide. 7. One trend in European securities markets is consolidation. 8. The continental accounting system is closely linked to the tax collection system. 9. The first step into international business is usually the creation of a foreign subsidiary. 10. If a firm is not involved in international commercial transactions, knowledge of international business is unnecessary. Multiple Choice Learning Objective #1.1: Identify the key trends in the development of accounting through history 1. The Crusades were important in the development of accounting, because __a. the Arabs first developed double entry accounting, which was then adopted by the Italians. __b. the Christians needed double entry accounting to keep track of the relative profitability of the different Crusades. __c. the trade routes shifted the commercial center from Italy to Constantinople __d. none of the above. 2. The major Genoese influence on accounting was __a...
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...Chapter 1 Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting AACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 7e with the following AACSB learning skills: Questions 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 1–7 1–8 1–9 1–10 1–11 1–12 1–13 1–14 1–15 1–16 1–17 1–18 1–19 1–20 1–21 1–22 1–23 1–24 1–25 1–26 1–27 1–28 1–29 AACSB Tags Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking 1–30 1–31 1–32 Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Brief Exercises 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 AACSB Tags Analytic Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking...
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...1468-4497.2006.00196.x ABACUS PRINCIPLES ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2 42 © 2006 0001-3072Publishing, Ltd. Abacus UK VERSUS RULES-BASED ACCOUNTING ABA Accounting Foundation, Unviersity of Sydney Oxford, Blackwell GEORGE J. BENSTON, MICHAEL BROMWICH AND ALFRED WAGENHOFER Principles- Versus Rules-Based Accounting Standards: The FASB’s Standard Setting Strategy In response to criticism of rules-based accounting standards and Section 108(d) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the SEC proposed principlesbased (or ‘objectives-oriented’) standards. We identify several shortcomings with this approach and focus on two of them. First, the format (type) of a standard is dependent on the contents of what the standard regulates. Given the asset/liability approach combined with fair values, we argue that the combination of this measurement concept with principlesbased standards is inconsistent because it requires significant guidance for management judgment. Second, we propose the inclusion of a trueand-fair override as a necessary requirement for any format that is more than ‘principles-only’ to deal with inconsistencies between principles and guidance. We discuss the benefits of this override and present evidence from the United Kingdom’s experience. Key words: Accounting standards; FASB; Principles; Rules; Rules-based. According to a widely-held view, U.S. accounting standards are more rules-based than principles-based.1 This observation stems in large part from the emphasis put on two aspects of...
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...Abstract: The Australia Accounting Standard Board is an Australia government agency that developing, issuing, and maintaining Australia accounting standards and related pronouncements. In 2004, the Australia Accounting Standard Board (AASB) adopted the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statement. (Picker, Leo, Loftus and Wise, 2009, P30) The framework plays an important role as a guide to the AASB in developing accounting standards and resolving accounting disputes. Also, the framework address general purpose financial statement, which are the financial statements that an entity prepares and presents at least annual to meet the common information needs of a wide range of users external to the entity. (Picker, Leo, Loftus and Wise, 2009, P30) The essay following will talk about the purpose and status of a conceptual framework such as the use of framework, authority of framework and the development of the conceptual framework. Moreover, this essay will pay attention on the role that the framework plays in the standard setting process. Background: With the development of today’s global economic world, accounting standard setting process is been paid more attention. The framework that set by IASB has been adopted by more and more countries in which not to fall behind by others in accounting standards. The Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is a body corporate with perpetual succession, and the most important function of AASB is to developing...
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...Reference……………………………………...……………………………9-10 Coursework Part 1: Harmonization of international accounting standards Every organization has their own accounting systems and standards. If every organization is preparing its financial reports in their own way, it is difficult for the users of accounting to use the financial reports. (Kirk, & Miller, 1986) Harmonization of international accounting standards as the trend for globalization in business becomes increasingly important for economic success, many issues arise through international business practices for corporations, governments, and investors. There are many potential advantages and disadvantages/challenges associated with harmonization of accounting standards. (John, 2013) Advantages 1) Reduced Reporting Costs Multinationals operating in countries with different accounting standards would incur high costs of preparing financial reports in accordance with each country’s accounting principles, then repeating the whole process for consolidation purposes. Harmonized accounting standards benefits multinational corporations because they can prepare one report rather than one for each country in which they operate. In addition, it enables a systematic review and evaluation of the performance of foreign subsidiaries and associates. (Mark, 2013) 2) Improving Comparability To achieve the comparability against domestic and international peers, harmonization of accounting standards is advocated. Harmonization strives...
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...Transactions and events in accounting are considered to be extraordinary items when they are of material effect that are not expected to repeat frequently and would not be seen as repetitive factors in any assessment of the ordinary operating procedures of the business. Extraordinary items are not new to financial statements in fact they have been around since the early to mid-1900. Events and transactions that are considered extraordinary items are constantly changing with everyday occurrences and happenings. Extraordinary items were originally defined in Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 9 as “events and transactions of material effect that would not be expected to recur frequently and that would not be considered as recurring factors in any evaluation of the ordinary operating processes of the business” (Schroeder). The publication of this opinion No. 9 provided the following examples of events and transactions: “gains or losses from the sale or abandonment of a plant or a significant segment of the business, gains or losses from the sale of an investment not held for resale the write-off of goodwill owing to unusual events during the period, the condemnation or expropriation or properties, and major devaluations of currencies in a foreign country in which the company was operating” (Schroeder).This definition came under review in 1973, and the Accounting Principles Board determined that comparable items of revenues and expenses were not being classified in the same...
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