...Lecture Notes Week 2 Accounting for Transactions – Fundamentals Part 1 Required Readings: HEM: Chapter 3 Pages 68-81 All required readings must be completed before attending class 14 THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY This equation must ALWAYS balance. Effects of transactions on the Accounting Equation Transactions are business events which are given accounting recognition, and are inputs to the accounting system. Transactions usually involve a flow of resources. Examples: Every transaction will result in changes to an entity’s assets, liabilities or equity, and After each transaction is recorded, Transaction Analysis First step in the recording process Involves analysing the effects of transactions on the accounting equation: *Identify the items affected: *Determine effect: Note that Revenues and Expenses are treated as a subset of Equity: Revenues Expenses 15 Lecture Problem 1: Murphy’s Law Firm began operations on 1 January. The following transactions occurred during the month of January: Jan 1. The owner contributed cash of $15,000 to start the business Jan 2. Paid $1,200 for rent for January Jan 3. A computer was purchased for $2,200 cash Jan 5. Office furniture was purchased on credit for $4,000 Jan 10. Cash of $500 was received for services performed Jan 22. Billed customers for services provided, $2,500 Jan 24. Paid for the office furniture purchased on Jan 5. Jan 30. Received cash of $2,500 from customers on account...
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...MEANING OF ACCOUNTING: Accounting is famously known as the "language of business". Through the financial statements, the end-product reports in accounting, it delivers information to different users. Accounting is a means through which information about a business entity is communicated. Accounting Definition: Technical definitions of accounting have been published by different accounting bodies. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defines accounting as: "the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof." To further understand what accounting is, we must take a look at the different definitions. Accounting as a Science: Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgment and decisions by users of information. Accounting as an Art: Accounting is the art of recording (journalizing), classifying (posting to the ledger), summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part, at least of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof to interested users. Accounting as an Information System: Accounting is a service activity, which functions to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intended to be useful...
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...Principles of Accounting: Volume I Principles of Accounting: Volume I Editor-in-Chief: Steve Wainwright Sponsoring Editor: Christina Ganim Director of Editorial Technology: Peter Galuardi Development Editors: Denis Ralling and Dan Moneypenny Assistant Editor: Nick Devine Editorial Assistant: Laura Wilson Media Editor: Kimberly Purcell Composition: Lachina Publishing Services Cover Image: © T-Pool/Stock4B/Corbis ISBN-10: 1-62178-014-7 ISBN-13: 978-1-62178-014-4 Copyright © 2012, Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. GRANT OF PERMISSION TO PRINT: Bridgepoint Education, Inc., the copyright owner of this material, hereby grants the holder of this publication the right to print these materials for personal use. The holder of this material may print the materials herein for personal use only. Any print, reprint, reproduction or distribution of these materials for commercial use without the express written consent of Bridgepoint Education, Inc. constitutes a violation of the Copyright Law of the United States of 1976 (P.L. 94-553). Brief Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2: The Accounting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 3: Income Measurement and the Accounting Cycle . . . . . . . 53 Chapter 4: Cash, Receivables, and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Chapter 2 Transaction Analysis Short Exercises (5 min.) S 2-1 The transaction had a financial impact on the business and should be recorded. The payment for the computer was not an expense. The payment related to the purchase of an asset, “Equipment,” because the computer is an economic resource of the business. The computer will provide benefit over more than one fiscal period. (5 min.) S 2-2 a. $12,000 (Cash $10,000–$5,000; Supplies $2,000, Computer $5,000) b. $2,000 Accounts Payable Chapter 2 Transaction Analysis Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 65 (5-10 min.) Cash 25,000 2,000 23,000 Supplies 9,000 S 2-3 4,000 Accounts Receivable 6,000 Bal. Accounts Payable 9,000 Rent 4,000 Service Revenue 8,000 Common Shares 25,000 (5 min.) S 2-4 Increased total assets: May 1 (Cash) May 1 (Medical supplies) May 3 (Cash, Accounts receivable) Decreased total assets: May 2 (Cash) 66 Financial Accounting Fourth Canadian Edition Instructor’s Solutions Manual Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. (10 min.) S 2-5 CREDIT Journal DATE ACCOUNT TITLES AND EXPLANATION DEBIT June 15 Cash ................................................. Note Payable ............................... Borrowed money from the bank. 25,000 25,000 22 Accounts Receivable ...................... 9,000 Service Revenue ......................... Delivered portrait to be paid on account. 28 Cash .................................................
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...ACCOUNT CLASSIFICATION AND PRESENTATION Account Title Accounts Payable Accounts Receivable Accumulated Depreciation—Buildings Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment Advertising Expense Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Amortization Expense Bad Debt Expense Bonds Payable Buildings Cash Common Stock Copyrights Cost of Goods Sold Debt Investments Depreciation Expense Discount on Bonds Payable Dividend Revenue Dividends Dividends Payable Equipment Freight-Out Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets Goodwill Income Summary Income Tax Expense Income Taxes Payable Insurance Expense Interest Expense Interest Payable Interest Receivable Interest Revenue Inventory Classification A Current Liability Current Asset Plant Asset—Contra Plant Asset—Contra Operating Expense Current Asset—Contra Operating Expense Financial Statement Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Income Statement Balance Sheet Income Statement Income Statement Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Normal Balance Credit Debit Credit Credit Debit Credit Debit Debit Credit Debit Debit Credit Debit Debit Debit Debit Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Debit Credit Debit (1) Debit Credit Debit Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit B Operating Expense Long-Term Liability Plant Asset C Current Asset Stockholders' Equity Intangible Asset Cost of Goods Sold Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Income Statement Balance Sheet Income Statement Balance Sheet Income Statement Retained Earnings Statement Balance Sheet Balance...
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...1 CHAPTER ONE: ACCOUNTING IN BUSINESS Chapter Outline I. Importance of Accounting—we live in the information age, where information, and its reliability, impacts the financial well-being of us all. A. Accounting Activities Accounting is an information and measurement system that identifies, records and communicates relevant, reliable, and comparable information about an organizations business activities. B. Users of Accounting Information 1. External Information Users—those not directly involved with running the company. Examples: shareholders (investors), lenders, customers, suppliers, regulators, lawyers, brokers, the press etc. a. Financial Accounting—area of accounting aimed at serving external users by providing them with generalpurpose financial statements. b. General-Purpose Financial Statement—statements that have broad range of purposes which external users rely on. 2. Internal Information Users—those directly involved in managing and operating an organization. a. Managerial Accounting—is the area of accounting that serves the decision-making needs of internal users. b. Internal Reports—not subject to same rules as external reports. They are designed with special needs of external users in mind. 3. Internal Controls—procedures set up to protect company property and equipment, ensure reliable accounting reports, promote efficiency, and encourage adherence to company policies. C. Opportunities in Accounting Four broad areas of opportunities are financial, managerial...
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...misstatement occurring in transactions entering the accounting system or being in the account balances. Auditors do not created or control inherent risk. Can only assess its magnitude based on prior experiences, management bias, and the nature of the transaction. Look at characteristics of clients business, types of transactions, and effectiveness of accountants. 2) CONTROL RISK (CR): risk that the clients internal control system will not prevent or detect a material misstatement. Auditors do not create control risk, they assess probability of failure to detect material misstatements. Assessment is based on study and evaluation of the company’s control system. **Control risk should not be assessed so low that auditors rely entirely on controls and do no substantive work. 3) DETECTION RISK (DR): the risk that any material misstatement that has not been corrected by the clients internal control will not be detected by the auditor. **Auditors can control this risk by conducting substantive (balance audits) tests. (include: audit of details of transactions and balances, and analytical procedures applied to dollar amounts in the accounts) AUDIT RISK (AR): THE PROBABILITY THAT AN AUDITOR WILL FAIL TO EXPRESS A RESERVATION THAT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE MATERIALLY MISSTATED. Is dependent on user reliance. AR, IF THERE IS POOR PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF THE AUDIT AR = IR X CR X DR Audit Risk will occur when: -a material misstatement has been made in the transaction...
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...Fundamental Accounting Principles, Seventeenth Edition 1. Accounting in Business Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 “I love chocolate, and so I’m having fun making money”—Elise Macmillan (Evan Macmillan on right) 1 Accounting in Business A Look at This Chapter Accounting plays a crucial role in the information age. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of accounting to different types of organizations and describe its many users and uses. We explain that ethics are crucial to accounting. We also describe business transactions and how they are reflected in financial statements. A Look Ahead Chapter 2 further describes and analyzes business transactions. We explain the analysis and recording of transactions, the ledger and trial balance, and the double-entry system. More generally, Chapters 2 through 4 focus on accounting and analysis, and they illustrate (via the accounting cycle) how financial statements reflect business activities. Larson−Wild−Chiappetta: Fundamental Accounting Principles, Seventeenth Edition 1. Accounting in Business Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Learning Objectives CAP Conceptual Analytical Learning Objectives are organized by conceptual, analytical, and procedural. Procedural prepare basic financial P1 Identify andand explain how they statements interrelate. (p. 17) C1 Explain the purpose and importance of accounting in the information age. (p. 4) A1 Define and interpret the accounting equation...
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...Running head: DISCLOSURE ANALYSIS PAPER Disclosure Analysis Paper Mandy Diaz University of Phoenix Michael Littlejohn ACC422 / Intermediate Financial Accounting II August 23, 2010 Disclose Analysis Paper The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investments in which Wal-Mart has a 40% to 60% voting interest and which Management control are accounted for using the equity method. The management at Wal-Mart has developed and maintains a system of internal and disclosure controls, including an extensive internal audit program. Those controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the Company's assets are protected from improper use and that Wal-Mart's accounting records provide a reliable basis for the preparation of financial statements. They continually review, improve and modify their systems and programs in response to changes in business conditions and operations and on the recommendations that are made by Wal-Mart's internal and external auditors. They believe that the system of internal and disclosure controls provides reasonable assurance that Wal-Mart's assets are safeguarded and that the financial information disclose is reliable. Wal-Mart considers investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The majority of payments due from banks for third-party...
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...1) The accounting process is correctly sequenced as A. identification, communication, recording. B. recording, communication, identification. C. identification, recording, communication. D. communication, recording, identification. 2) Which list below best describes the major services performed by public accountants? A. Bookkeeping, mergers, budgets B. Employee training, auditing, bookkeeping C. Auditing, taxation, management consulting D. Cost accounting, production scheduling, recruiting 3) Communication of economic events is the part of the accounting process that involves A. identifying economic events. B. preparing accounting reports. C. recording and classifying information. D. quantifying transactions into dollars and cents. 4) The body of theory underlying accounting is not based on A. physical laws of nature. B. principles. C. definitions. D. concepts. 5) The private sector organization involved in developing accounting principles is the A. Feasible Accounting Standards Body. B. Financial Accounting Standards Board. C. Financial Auditors' Standards Body. D. Financial Accounting Studies Board. 6) GAAP stands for A. Generally Accepted Auditing Procedures. B. Generally Accepted Auditing Principles. C. Generally Accepted Accounting Procedures. D. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles...
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...documenting those significant accounting processes to make sure the financial reporting are consistent with the company’s business activities, and GAAP. Documentation of significant accounting processes also help companies achieve business operations effectiveness. To prove the necessity of accounting process documentation. I will prove it from several aspects. First, business transaction cycles are always managed through Accounting Information System. Transaction cycles are initiated by accountants to determine what type of the transactions should be recorded, and then the record is disseminated to execution departments. Secondly, accounting processing requires approvals of each transaction, which ensures validate process and internal control. For example, when a purchase option is made, the approval from a supervisor or manager is required. Documenting of the approval ensures the activities are consist with company operations, facilitates the managers to trace errors or fraud to the responsibility of any employee. Last but not least, accounting process documentation offers the description of how the routine transactions are accounted for. It is to make sure the procedure is applied correctly and consistently. So that the financial reports generated from the data have effective reliability and reflections. This with help the management and shareholders to make prudent decisions. Perceptive software is an effective tool for accounting or financial managers make business...
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...Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) System References None Distribution Job Title* Ownership The Job Title [list@YourCompany.com?Subject=EDUxxxxx] is responsible for ensuring that this document is necessary and that it reflects actual practice. Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) [pic] Schedule: Timing Topic minutes Lecture minutes Practice minutes Total Objectives [pic] Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview [pic] Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview [pic] Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview This diagram shows a hierarchy of the AMB, indicating how the components fit together. The transaction objects and the sources carry transaction information into the rules defined for each component of an entry. These components, i.e. journal line type, account derivation rule, and journal entry descriptions are grouped together as a journal line definition (JLD) for a particular event. For example, you can set up a JLD for an invoice validation event, another for payment creation, and another for payment clearing. The set of rules for a particular subledger application is called the application accounting definition (AAD). The set of AADs for multiple applications is called the subledger accounting method. You can maintain multiple accounting methods. You can set up as many components as you like and use them for different accounting...
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...Analyzing Business Transactions LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. Record in equation form the financial effects of a business transaction. Define, identify, and understand the relationship between asset, liability, and owner’s equity accounts. Analyze the effects of business transactions on a firm’s assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity and record these effects in accounting equation form. Prepare an income statement. Prepare a statement of owner’s equity and a balance sheet. Define the accounting terms new to this chapter. LP2 Chapter NEW TERMS accounts payable accounts receivable assets balance sheet break even business transaction capital equity expense fair market value fundamental accounting equation income statement liabilities net income net loss on account owner’s equity revenue statement of owner’s equity withdrawals 3. 4. 5. 6. www.southwest.com Rollin King and Herb Kelleher had a simple notion when they got into the airline business: If you get your passengers to their destinations when they want to get there, on time, at the lowest possible fares, and make darn sure they have a good time doing it, people will fly your airline. What began as a small Texas airline has grown to become one of the largest airlines in America. Today, Southwest Airlines flies almost 100 million passengers a year to 63 cities all across the country. In an economy where airlines struggle to stay out of bankruptcy, Southwest has flourished. Other airlines have tried to imitate...
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...National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Input-Output Analysis: An Appraisal Volume Author/Editor: Volume Publisher: Princeton University Press Volume ISBN: 0-870-14173-2 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/unkn55-2 Publication Date: 1955 Chapter Title: Interindustry Economics and National Income Theory Chapter Author: Herman Liebling Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2870 Chapter pages in book: (p. 291 - 320) Interindustry Economics and National Income Theory HERMAN I. LIEBLING DIVISION OF INTERINDUSTEY ECONOMICS, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS A. Frameworks of Comparison Within the limits of the broad concepts underlying interindustry and national income accounting, the substance of this paper deals with, first, criteria of social accounting and, second, differences in analytic approach required by the specialized structure of differently composed social accounting systems. A pattern of interindustry flows of goods and services may, of course, be developed independently of considerations of social accounting or of measures of output for the economy—the two objectives of the national income system. This paper, however, seeks to evaluate the two systems of accounts, in the light of the considerations noted above, in terms of (1) similarities and differences between types of activities and transactions included, (2) the relationship of the respective sector accounts, and (3) the types of analysis for which each is comparatively better suited. To delimit further...
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...of our modern accounting scenarios. Let’s briefly discuss each element, with special emphasis on how the accountant is affected. Later in the chapter, we provide a roadmap showing you where each component is covered in this textbook. Before beginning, let us tell you two things. First, the study of AIS, is our broad view, while the accounting information system itself, is our narrow view of an AIS. Second, you shouldn’t assign any meaning to the placements of the elements in figure 1.1. The figure just tells you that there are ten elements. 1. Business Operations: An AIS operates in concert with business operations. Many AIS inputs are prepared by operating departments, the action or work centers of the organization; and many AIS outputs are used to manage these operations. Therefore, we must analyze and manage an AIS in light of the work being performed by the organization. For example, to advise his management and to prepare reports for management decision making, a management accountant must understand his organization’s business. In our scenarios, Jill had to understand corporate takeovers to prepare the relevant analysis. 2. Transaction Processing: An organization Processes Transactions, such as sales and purchase; these Transactions mirror and monitor and business operations. these Transactions have operational, management information system(MIS), and AIS aspects. To design and use the MIS and the AIS, an accountant must know what the Transactions are how they are...
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