Premium Essay

Accounting World

In:

Submitted By santanughosh
Words 13188
Pages 53
ACCOUNTING

Evolution: Accounting can be traced back to the evolution of the number system itself. It has been there in one form or the other, since the human beings started exchanging things. In ancient times the “kings” or “monarchs” used to maintain “treasury records”. They used to keep records of the incomes and expenses to the treasury.

However, the real beginning can be traced to the reference to double entry system in the book published about 500 years ago. It was the great Italian Mathematician, Luca Pacioli, who authored the book and got it published in 1494. Every transaction has two aspects. The double entry system provides for recording both aspects of a transaction in such a manner as to establish an equilibrium.

Barter System: A system, in which goods are exchanged for goods, is called “Barter System”. For example, A to A has some surplus wheat and he wants to have a goat. A to B has some goats and he wants some wheat. Now, when they meet, the wheat is exchanged for goat .This is called “Barter”. This system of exchange was prevailing before the invention of money.

Money: In order to overcome the limitations of barter system the “money” was invented. Money is a medium of exchange. In ancient times a piece of leather served as money. Later, gold coins, copper coins, iron coins with the stamp of the King etc., were used as money. In the modern times, paper money is used. For example, Rupees, dollars etc., in the form of printed paper act as money. Now A to A can sell wheat to some body and get money and with this money or a part of it, he can buy goat. A to A need not go in search of a person who can exchange goat for wheat.

Definitions:

Business: An entity which carries on trading /manufacturing and selling of goods and services for a profit is called ‘business’. The main intention of a business is to make profit, while trading

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

One World Accounting System

...Surysekar Discussion Essay “TWO WORLDS ACCOUNTING IS OKAY FOR NOW” By: Ramon Ramirez George Bush Sr. once said“…We are facing with the opportunity to forge, for ourselves and for future generations, a New World Order. A World where the rule of law, not the law of the Jungle, governs the conduct of Nations…A World…in which a credible United Nations can use its peace keeping role to fulfill the promise and visions of the UN founders. ” The world was listening and since then, globalization started to lurk around the hemisphere. Business has gone as usual, yet people ignored the reality that with so many treaties, so many agreements, so many compromises, the Big Wide World as we knew it once, was becoming so small that anyone would hold it in the palm of one hand. Business Globalization, once seemed to be impossible, now a reality of life. Companies throughout the world conduct business and interrelate with each other, regardless of race or culture. The obvious next step is accounting globalization. The Convergence is not a new concept; according to Mark Conmy (2011) “convergence has been discussed for almost a decade...is a done deal.” These words might bring hope to those who expect the changes as a positive solution to a new world order. But, Floyd Norris, in his article “Accounting that comes in flavors, differs from Mr. Conmy. Norris says “The world was supposed to be moving to a single set of high quality accounting standards…That is not going to happen...

Words: 766 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Accounting Fraud at World Com

...WorldCom where being talked by lamplight and bundling as Enron is a lot of in topic of accounting fraud. However, the volume of information that can be obtained in Japanese is far less compared with Enron. The fact relevance makes the description of the case a base. WorldCom is a huge telecommunication company that exists in the United States before. The company that Mr. Bernard Ebbers founded in 1983 accomplishes the rapid growth repeating M&A with tremendous force. Long-distance telecom carrier and MCI in the fourth place in the U.S. at that time are purchased in 1996. At that time, this was the maximum M&A play in the history of all Americans. The stop of the United States Department of Justice hangs from the fear of the Antimonopoly Law collision though having seen shadow at height of the power of WorldCom schemes the purchase of Sprint of a major carrier for 1999 years. Time is done similarly, and it cracks to the recession ripple the telecom industry in the United States. The expansionary course is corrected through necessity, and the strategy of WorldCom starts straying. There was a business objective "ROE42% defending to the last" (so high!) in WorldCom. However, the maintenance becomes difficult, and comes to begin the fraudulent accounting procedure gradually as for the fold of the recession. Worldcom's scheme of a/c fraud is very simple, 1) counted as assets for rental fee of networking but it should be cost 2) padded up about earnings using Accrual Account...

Words: 1021 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Management Accounting Research in a Changing World

...Anthony Hopwood’s article analyzes the future of management accounting and the underlying issues it faces. He is worried that the transpiring changes in this field will not be “conducive to advancing our understandings of the functioning and continued development” of the constantly changing business world. The issues discussed are among mainstream tendencies, increasing autonomy, and changes occurring throughout the world. Hopwood expresses concern of the narrowing outlook of management accounting research, where there appears to be more careerist-oriented rather than curiosity-oriented research occurring. The number of business schools seeking accreditation has continued to increase, requiring faculty to engage in research. Because the faculty does not have the necessary skills, their research tends to look for “simplicity and certainty rather than complexity and challenge” and they often use previous findings as their data and abstract theories that differ from how accounting actually operates. If this continues, the changes seen underway will be difficult to implement. Autonomy is another issue affecting the future of management accounting. As mentioned above, there is an increase in the number of accounting researchers who are less and less knowledgeable about the accounting practice. This causes a colossal separation between the two. Hopwood uses the medical science field as an example. He explains that there are people who not only conduct research, but also deal with...

Words: 477 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Will There Be One Set of Accounting Standards in Use Throughout the World in the Next Five Years?

...As business worldwide becomes more intertwined, countries are moving towards International Financial Reporting Standards, with the intention of having a universal accounting set of laws that will make analyzing each other’s industry easier and more reliable. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Most certainly in a near future the world will be using one set of accounting rules. The eventual implementation of IFRS by all countries is expected to be market driven. Recently an associate of the S.E.C., Kathleen L. Casey, said in a speech that “the commission should move promptly to accept the international standards, investors would benefit from accounting standards that provide investors with highly comparable, decision-useful information about businesses without regard to their domicile” According to the IRS some of the advantages of adopting IFRS are the ability to compare statements using the same accounting language; comparison between companies will be easier; and companies could benefit if they want to raise funds offshore. The disadvantages in the other hand are U.S. GAAP is considered a model of excellence, therefore there is a fear that some quality will be lost in the case United States fully adopts IFRS, this system provides fewer detailed regulations than U.S. GAAP. IFRS also provides restricted industry-specific direction. Lastly there is a strong opinion...

Words: 638 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Life Expectancy Of Sub-Saharan Africa

...Many people throughout the world never take the time to consider the living conditions of others. They fail to realize that not everyone has the same advantages as they do. Not everyone can afford the things they can afford. Not everyone has the resources they have, and not everyone will live as long as they will live. As Richard Skolnik, the author of Global Health 101, puts it, “Life expectancy has improved in all regions of the world since 1990, but at a slower pace in Sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere (44).” If this does not touch your heart then I do not know what will. Just knowing that any region of the world’s life expectancy has declined over time is enough to make me wonder what can be done to turn it around. But in order to propose...

Words: 1781 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Does It Matter?

...business world; therefore, IT now only offers little competitive advantage between companies. Companies view Information Technology as such and important success factor that businesses world wide, even during this economic downfall, continue to spend over $2 trillion a year on Information Technology, where in 1965 less than 5 percent of a company’s capital expenditures went to IT. Carr’s suggestion is that since the return on companies investment in information technology is so low, that business owners should contemplate the amount that they pay for Information Technology. In my opinion, I think that Information Technology does matter, and companies should use IT to their advantage, and that companies can profit off of using IT. To me the most important assets that IT provides are the ease and convenience of the Microsoft Windows applications as well as the Internet for research. For example companies using Excel to keep organized records of customers, associates, employees, and etc. People using the IT to do research on companies and products that they may have an interest in purchasing. However, I am still firm believer that we should not forget how to use a simple pencil and piece of paper. Yes, the speed and convenience of Information Technology is wonderful, but think about, what would happen if one day everything technological were to crash and be gone, what state would the world be in, what would the people who have become so reliant on IT do? The world would...

Words: 544 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Pan's Labyrinth

...Pan’s Labyrinth is set in Spain, during 1944 at the time of the Resistance. The setting takes place at a house, known in the movie as a mill, surrounded by the forest. The movie shows two worlds; the real world and the fairy tale world of a little girl, Ofelia. The music in this movie is mesmerizing, as it comes around mainly when Ofelia is present and has to do a task assigned to her that the book reveals that is given to her by the faun, known as Pan. Ofelia is the developing character, because the movie surrounds her in the world of fantasy. Ofelia is traveling with her mother, to go live with her stepfather, when the car has to stop. Ofelia gets out of the car and wanders off, when she come across a stone and picks it up. The stone is a piece of the stone statue, and then Ofelia places it in the statue and a bug appears. The bug later appears in the mother’s room, and reveals that she is a fairy, and there is a close-up of the bug crawling out of the statue. This scene revealed the importance of the fairy as well as the part she plays in the movie. The Captain is a stock character, because he is portrayed as being mean, even to Ofelia. The only reason Ofelia is there at the mill is to be with her mother, who is pregnant with Ofelia’s brother. In one scene, you can see the Captain’s hand on Carmen’s belly, which is an indirective/subjective point of view. In another scene, there is the Captain with his men questioning an old man and his son about what they are doing out in...

Words: 642 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Aljazeera

...the wither, sports, and watch live, those areas are a sensitive information's and must be updated as soon as an information is received to the network responsible employees, looking at the website Aljazeera didn’t miss that point at all, the information's are being updated frequently. At first the audience of Aljazeera was just Arab world, but at November 2006 Aljazeera English has been lunched the target audience after that is all the world with its deferent Taste and backgrounds Aljazeera nowadays gives almost all the news that each one around the world would need, it's almost nothing there you are not interested in. Aljazeera has no any obvious bias or slant to the information it has been always with the truth and human rights and it's taking it as a lead to its perfection, actually Aljazeera has an awards proofing that, and it's giving both sides Opinions which is fair enough. There are allot of information's are available in the websites and it could satisfy almost all the videos of the website, actually the website is sectioned in to the type of the news are provided there, and they are news(internationally with section of regions of the world to be more specified), programs( the programs that are being showed in the channel and there are allot of things to read about), videos,...

Words: 357 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Salaries of Sports Athletes

...of Sports Athletes The world of sports is a multimillion dollar industry. Around the globe, people flock to sporting events or watch their favourite teams faithfully each week on television. As a result, professional sports athletes receive huge salaries – well above, for example, those of doctors, lawyers, teachers or social workers. There is some debate about whether such outrageously high salaries are justified. On the one hand, sport is viewed as a professional career, in which the top players should rightly earn high salaries. Athletes train rigorously from an early age to become peak performers in their field. They face tremendous pressure in each and every game, match or competition. Their personal lives are compromised and they lose all privacy. At the same time, their strong achievements bring honour and attention, not only to themselves, but also to their teams, schools, cities or countries. On the other hand, various professions contribute to making our world run smoothly. Doctors put in at least ten years of grueling study and internship; their work saves lives. Teachers educate and inspire young people to be responsible citizens: their efforts produce the citizens of tomorrow. Social workers rescue individuals facing physical, mental and psychological challenges: their intervention creates safer societies. Yet, professionals in the fields above usually struggle to get by, despite their meaningful and critical contribution to the world. In my view, paying enormous...

Words: 278 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

The Cave

...adjust to the light? This man finally was able to see the real images of life. After taking all of this in the man finally got to see the real light, the sun. Now his eyes are opened for the first time in his life. Then the man comes back to the cave. He has to readjust his eyesight to the darkness. Plato's divided line theory talks about the distinction between the different levels of knowledge and reality it wants us to imagine a vertical line. The left half is dedicated to metaphysics and the right half is dedicated to epistemology. Now imagine a horizontal line running through the middle of the vertical line to form quadrants. The upper left quadrant represents the intelligible world of being which is invisible, eternal, unchanging, and etc. The lower left quadrant represents the visible world of becoming, which is visible, temporal, changing, and more. The upper right quadrant represents knowledge. The lower right quadrant represents opinion. Next we imagine segments on the vertical line from lowest to highest. On the left...

Words: 596 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

What an Education Means to Me

...I simply just say… an education means the world. Education means my future, my life and, my career. As Brian Kaufman said “You get the better job with the better pay. But that is not the reason we should pursue a higher education.” And it’s not because there’s more in life then pay. So education means the things that others couldn’t have. Education means the night’s people read under the lamps that tried not to get caught. Education, things that others got beat brutally for. It means I have a chance to climb to the top. It means I get to prove the ones who downed me wrong. Education gives me the chance to make the ones who desired it proud. Education means I have a future. Education means I’m capable of a healthy living life. Without education I couldn’t read nor write this paper. Education means I have a chance. To know I have a shot to aim at my goal makes me overly excited. To know I can be anything I want with nobody stopping me makes me feel in charge. It’s not up to fate because it lies in my hand. It depends on me and what I choose. Education means that I determine who I’m going to be. It’s not like a dice that has to be rolled. It’s me and my decisions. So as you see Education means the world to me. This is because when we get older we will be in charge. We will be the ones who are placed in business. We would be the ones to now represent. We would be the ones helping those who helped us. So education means the world to me. << What Higher Education...

Words: 350 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Algory

...they have nothing to look at but shadows casting on the wall that are provided by another. This is all that they know, have experienced in cave and have never been out of the cave. That tells nothing on the surface, but once one looks really hard a few messages or meanings can be explained from the Allegory. The main point of the Allegory of the Cave is to give an example of the way that we all live our lives. The remainder of the Earth's inhabitants see what we think is reality when actually it is, the shadows of true reality. The Shadow makers represent the opinions makers, or the people that make us look at the world the way we do. An opinion maker can be anyone, a priest telling you how God wants you to live, ones parents teach them morals or the television. These shadows make us think that this is the way to live and that this is what is important in the world. As stated before, few can break the chains and escape the cave. When they do and find out what true reality is, most come back and want to tell the truth. In most cases these people are looked down upon for not conforming or for trying to poison the minds of others. Look at Socrates, he was crucified for trying to teach. The main point of the Allegory is to illustrate the way in which we live and show how what we think is realities merely are shadows. I seem to think there is another meaning to the Allegory of the Cave. I agree with the interpretations of the story up to a point. The part where my believes differ is...

Words: 703 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Cross-Cultural Communication Matrix

...Cross-Cultural Communication Matrix COM 285 University Of Phoenix 30 de enero de 2012 Cross-Cultural Communication Matrix Use the matrix to complete the country information. Write 3-4 sentences for each item. a. Access the Business Around the World information by using the url: http://www.mhhe.com/business/buscom/bcommonline/. b. Click on the map on the lower left corner of the page. Select three regions of the world to research by clicking on the map. Select one country from each of the three regions you selected to research. The Web site provides you with a good starting point. You may also want to use a general Internet search to find additional information. c. Include APA formatted references on a separate page. This assignment is due in Week Three. |Cross Cultural Communication | |Country |Preferred communication style |Non-verbal communication |Business communication norms|Strategies to increase | | | |practices | |cross-cultural communication | |St.Croix |Su lenguaje primario utilizado|Utilizan mucho su cuerpo |Son muy sociales, jocosos. |La mejor estrategia es estar bien | | |es Ingles pero al este...

Words: 545 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Kudler Fine Foods

...OPENS FIRST STORE IN CANADA ONTARIO, Canada – KUDLER Fine Foods announces plans to open new store in Canada offering fine foods from all over the world, specializing in produce, meats, bakery, and cheese items. Owner Kathy Kudler says, “We believe with the diverse rich cultures Canada has to offer, our stores will be an opportunity for us to share only the finest products with the mix of diverse customers.” Kudler Fine foods will open their doors with an open house that will offer many wonderful promotions and free give-a-ways. Plus this will give any consumer a chance to sample a wide variety of fine foods from all over the world. Kudler will offer a frequent shopper program that will give consumers a chance to save on future store visits, special incentive offers sent through direct mail and e-mail. The founder, Kathy Kudler, first opened her three stores in Southern California in an upscale shopping center offering a variety of fine foods from all over the world. Her goal is offering the best selections of products by shopping the world, coupled with staffing experience, helpful and knowledgeable staff, and giving the consumer a delightful and pleasing shopping experience. Kudler Fine Foods is the PERFECT place to pick up any ingredient to create a gourmet meal. Offering a wide range of fine foods from across the world will satisfy all cultures of customers. For further information, contact customer service at (858) 555-0555 or locate Kudler Fine Foods on the web...

Words: 271 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Speech

...airplane in 06 I was on top of the world. So today I am going to teach you how to make my famous gold medal winning regular paper airplane. You’re welcome. So I am going to first start out by passing out some awesome paper so you can get some hands on experience making my world famous 2006 regular paper airplane. You can even put this on your resume and say I had experience making a world famous 2006 regular paper airplane. The first step in making my world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper airplane is to fold your paper in half hotdog style. The second step in making my world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper airplane is to fold the two top corners of the paper to the center of the fold line on your paper. The third step in making my world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper airplane is to fold your previous fold to the middle fold again making the body of your world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper airplane. The fourth step in making my world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper airplane it to fold your plane in half hotdog style. The fifth and final step in making my world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper airplane is to fold one flap of your plane down going outwards and do the same thing with the other side thus making your wings and completing your world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper airplane. Thank you very much. But I’m not done yet… Now you are thinking well what am I going to do with my world famous 2006 gold medal winning paper...

Words: 367 - Pages: 2