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曼哈顿语法笔记
一、句子改错基础
1、最优答案并不意味着完美答案,即最优答案也可能有错误,但一定是所有选项中最好的。
2、每一道句子改错题平均不应该花费超过90s,最好在60s内完成。
3、做题顺序:
(1)认真阅读并读懂原题
如果作者想要表达的意思和句子实际上表达的意思相违背,那么原句可能是错误的;如果没有发现原句的语法错误,不要尝试硬找,只要理解句子的含义和作者想要表达的意思即可。
(2)给选项分类
按照选项用词、句法、时态等的不同给选项分类
(3)从一个简单的分类着手
主要是能够确定分类之后的不同表达的对错
(4)根据第一个分类做出选择
(5)排除错误选项
(6)对剩下的选项再分类并消除错误选项,直到最后得出正确答案
(7)把最终答案放进原句
注意,得到正确答案只需一种路径,不必用很多路径来检验。
4、注意划线句子和没划线句子的关系以免得出错误答案。很多重要内容可能离划线部分很远。
5、例子rise by …increase ,正确表达increase by
二、语法和语意
1、Does everyone have their book? Does everyone have his or her book?
2、改错要注意表达作者原意。
3、简洁是一种倾向,但并不是一个规则。只有在最后时刻,采用简洁来区分正误。
4、对于语法,理解并运用比强记更为重要。
5、语意方面的错误大致归为三类:选词、词语位置、词语匹配
(1)选词
economical—thrifty,efficient economic—monetary, economic considerations

Costs to X are what X has to pay; costs of X are how much sb. must pay to buy X costs to X中,X是花钱的人,而costs of X中,X一般是物或者事件,表示人为了X需要花费
情态动词,will,may,must,should等的区分要根据作者意图来,句首加It is possible that…可以使一句肯定的话变得不确定。
例2 should意味着“道德义务”,而非“可能(likelihood)”The train should arrive now.
例3 If Chris and Jad met, they discussed mathematics.表示说话者并不知道二人是否会相遇,但是相遇了就会有这样的结果。 If Chris and Jad met, they would discuss mathematics.表示假设二人相遇,那么结果就应该是谈论数学。
(2)词语位置
如果词语位置变化一定要注意是否改变了语意,尤其是修饰数量的词。
此外要注意整个句子修饰成分的位置
一般主语都要在谓语动词前面,但这并不能作为唯一的判断标准
(3)词语匹配(match)
主谓一致属于一种匹配,不仅要数量匹配,意思也要匹配。(即是说动作必须是主语能发出来的)
代词和指代对象匹配
(4)避免累赘
同义词的重复使用属于典型的累赘,
eg. The value of the stock rose by a 10% increase. The three prices sum to a total of $11.56. 删除total
表示不同时间的词语也可能存在累赘,尤其是出现在未划线部分时更容易被忽略

一个表达如果被删除以后不影响语意则视为累赘,正确的句子不应该有累赘
三、主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreemet)
1、主语和谓语动词要保持数和格的一致,而且要保证意思搭配,缺少主语或谓语动词的句子成为fragment。
2、另一种fragment的情况是句子由连(接)词引导,并且没有主句。修改方式为删除连接词或者加一个主句。
3、GMAT考察主谓一致的方式之一隐藏主语
(1)在主谓之间插入其他成分(Middleman)
(2)在主语前面加入很多修饰成分(Warmup)
常见类型:
(1)介词短语
(2)从句
(3)其他修饰语,包括现在分词,过去分词。在这种情况下学会通过逗号“,”来判断
4、通过句子结构判断
(1)介词短语里面的名词不可能作为句子的主语(例外是A number of以及分数和百分数)
(2)当然语意应该作为判断标准,最终还是通过句子结构
5、and和附加性短语的区别(Additive Phrases)
只有and可以形成复合主语,谓语用复数形式;而后者不能构成复合主语。
附:常用的附加性短语 along with, in addition to, accompanied by, together with, as well as, including…
6、Or, Either…Or, & Neither…Nor
这三种情况下,谓语动词和最近的主语的数量保持一致

【注】当either or neither不和or搭配而独立使用时,视为单数主语
7、集合名词:常常视为单数

【注】在很少的情况下,集合名词在强调内部成员时候可以表示复数,在GMAT中几乎没有。
Citrus 柑橘
8、不定代词:通常单数
所有以-one, -body, -thing结尾的代词都是不定代词

如下五种不定代词根据语意,of短语确定单/复数

【例】

【注】not one总是单数形式 Not one of my friends is here this weekend.
9、Each & Every
(1)二者加在主语前面,主语同样视为单数
(2)但是each作同位语时不改变主语的单复数,如:
10、数量词和数量短语:和SANAM一样
(1)The number of 使用单数形式,A number of 使用复数形式
(2)分数和百分数同样根据of短语中的名词单复数以及语意确定谓语动词的单复数
这类词还包括以及a proportion of
11、短语和从句做主语,谓语动词一律使用单数形式
12、倒装句中的主谓一致判定
13、不确定的情况下考虑单数谓语,下图展示了单复数谓语的标志
四、平行
1、原则:比较成分必须在结构和逻辑上相似。不必每一个单词都是平行的,但是关键的单词应该是平行的。
2、平行标志

其中最重要的三个是and, but, or .根本原则是任何以相同方式表达两种及以上事项的结构都需要平行。
3、平行成分类型

【注】(1)动词的构成有时需要助词,如is doing, can do etc.此时可以提取“公因式”,如is doing…,doing…,and doing…
(2)平行的从句都需要以引导词开头,以免造成歧义。从句不需要完全一样。

(3)平行成分有时候含有先行词,有时候不含有先行词,根据实际情况判断,不要过分简化。最根本的是要保证平行的成分结构和逻辑上一致。
4、and
遇见and就应该找平行成分,而且and应该出现在最后一个平行成分前面。在and连接3或4项平行成分时,GMAT常常在and前面加逗号“,”。在and链接两个平行的句子时,and前面可以选择性的加逗号“,”,尤其是当从句很长或相互独立时。
例1:I really like candy apples, and I eat them often.
例2:

这种题目要注意找层级关系(前提自然是理解题意),脑海中画出来。
5、内嵌平行结构的习语

6、表面平行与真正平行
在保证结构平行之前应该明确逻辑平行。不要认为一个句子中所有的动词和动词形式都需要平行。
7、注意系动词
(1)常见的系动词:

a. 每一个系动词都应该有平行结构。
b.系动词两侧意思上也要平行
例a step指事件(occurrence or event)

这个例子说明not…but…的平行中 not的位置
五、代词
1、看到代词就应该找指代对象。代词的指代对象必须明确,而且一定是名词,且没有歧义;同时保证数量的一致。
2、指代对象必须存在。某些情况下名词作形容词修饰其他名词,这时作为修饰成分的名词不能做代词的指代对象。

3、代词与其指代对象逻辑是否一致。方法:把代词替换成其指代对象放回句中意思是否正确。
【例】

由于term不是mainframe,而是refer to a maiframe,所以正确句子应改为:

4、代词与其指代对象的数是否一致。GMAT倾向于考察数的一致尤其是指代对象既可以是单数形式 又可以是复数形式。
5、第三人称代词及第三人称物主代词It, its, them, their, they
指示代词this, that, these, those可以放在名词前面用作形容词。
(1)that/those可以代表指代对象的“副本”——同一类事物,但并不是指代对象本身。
【例】

(2)that/those在指代“副本”时必须被修饰以此区别指代对象。
(3)“副本”必须与“原本”保持数的一致,否则应该重复“原本”的名词。

(4)不要用指示代词代替名词,除非指代副本。 【例】 This is great.

6、代词歧义
(1)指代不明确
(2)如果一个代词的指代对象非常明确(根据平行和语意),即没有其他可能的指代对象,那么不必担心指代不明。
【例】

从句的主语优先指代主句主语。
GMAT 13Edition

正确答案:保证两个主句逻辑上的紧密。

(3)主格、宾格及所有格代词中,所有格代词往往是错误的指代对象。也就是说人称代词(名词)的指代对象不能是名词所有格形式(形容词):代词与其指代对象的词性也要相同。

(4)当实在无法取舍时,选择指示代词+名词(eg. these materials)的选项,而非人称代词(eg. them)的选项。
【注】1、集体名词可以用It指代
2、只要先行词作从句的宾语,那就应该用whom而非who,即使先行词前面没有介词。 3、无生命的物不要用所有格,改用of。
六、修饰
1、形容词和副词
(1)系动词后面的形容词修饰的是名词主语。如Amy is feeling good.
(2)adj.+adj.+n v.s. adv.+adj.+n
【例】

由于不能确定JJ是不是ancestor,而JJ一定是Irish,所以supposed应该修饰ancestor。

由于祖母一定是ancestor,但不确定是不是Irish,所以supposedly修饰Irish。
这样考察的单词主要有:corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed and usual.
2、名词的修饰语
最后一种情况称谓同位语。尤其注意用逗号“,”分开的、放在修饰对象前面的开放性修饰语(opening modifier)
3、名词的修饰语的位置
放错位置的情形包括:
(1)定语从句没有紧靠先行词,而是在其他名词后面
(2)没有修饰对象的修饰成分(dangling modifier)
(3)现在分词做修饰语没有修饰对象
(4)避免长修饰成分并排放置
4、注意所有格
(1)名词一旦加了所有格就不能作为名词被修饰
【例】GMAT经典考点!

(2)抽象名词同样适用靠近修饰的原则——即接触抽象名词的修饰成分应该修饰该名词
5、含有先行词的名词的修饰语
(1)that引导的定语从句不能修饰人。
(2)whose引导的定语从句既可以修饰人,又可以修饰物
(3)which/whom可以接在介词后面
(4)who在定语从句中作主语,whom作宾语
(5)先行词在从句中作宾语可以省略先行词
(6)where可以修饰名词性的地点,但不能修饰抽象地点,如:

此时应该使用in which。
(7)when可以修饰一个名词事件或者时间段、时刻。这种情况下也可以用in which。
6、限制性/非限制性定语从句(或修饰成分)
新方法:如果不利用定语从句的信息就可以回答which的问题,那就是非限制性定语从句,否则就是限制性定语从句。
(1)考点:非限制性定语从句和修饰对象之间要加逗号“,”。
(2)that不能引导非限制性定语从句
(3)建议用that引导限制性定语从句,which引导非限制性定语从句。
7、动词的修饰语

(1)动词的修饰语有时候同时修饰动词的主语。此时要注意修饰语与主语是否逻辑正确

(2)表目的的不定式可以用在被动句中不强调动作发出者,只强调动作的目的;也可以用在主动句中强调主语的目的。
(3)动词的修饰语比名词的修饰语位置灵活,不必紧靠被修饰动词。前提是不会造成歧义。
8、which和现在分词
(1)which不能指代整个句子!
(2)现在分词a.可以直接修饰名词 b.可以修饰动词及其主语 c.可以修饰整个句子,只要句子转化成名词短语之后可以做构成动名词的动词的主语。尤其用于说明句子的结果。
七、动词时态、语气、语态
(一)时态
1、GMAT一般考察一般时态,除非有明确需要其他时态。
2、不要使用进行时态表示将来,改用一般将来时态。表示普遍规则的动词不适用将来时,如know, signify。
3、句子中各动词的时态根据意思和作者意图确认

这个句子中的play 发生在arrive之后。
4、现在完成时态用于动作发生在过去但是持续到现在,或者现在仍然有影响。

(1)标志性的时间状语有since+时间点,for+时间段,within/in the past+时间段
(2)动作结束但结果现在仍然存在是另一种完成时态的标志。如果动作结果或影响不存在了,应该改用一般过去时,以下为例:

第一个句子都是一般过去时,并不能确定sand目前的状态。
(3)一旦用了完成时,无论以动名词形式、不定式形式还是从句形式,必然是有动作的先后存在。
【例】when既可以表示after又可以表示at the same time

5、过去完成时——过去的过去 (1)过去完成时的使用有强调时间先后的意味,如果动作的先后已经很清楚,可以不使用过去完成时,同一主语发生的一连串动作不用过去完成时。
(2)由and和but连接的句子不要求使用过去完成时
(3)已经用before和after表示动作先后时不用过去完成时。
(4)过去完成时的时间标志by+过去的时间点
(5)过去完成时的时间标志也可以是一个描述发生在过去的动作的句子。
6、不要轻易使用完成时态。完成时态的动作之间并不是简单的先后关系,更是相互依赖关系,如果二者无关,则不应该使用完成时态。
7、时态序列:现在+将来 OR 过去+条件。

(二)语气
1、虚拟语气用于不可能或不现实的情形,标志有if, as if, as though等。可以分为条件虚拟和命令虚拟
2、if…(then)
(1)没有不确定性的一般情形,等价于whenever。
(2)有一定不确定性的一般情形,
(3)没有不确定性的个别情形。
【例】
(4)不可能事件(将来)
【例】
除了用would表示不可能,也可以用could
(5)从没有发生过(过去)
【例】
【注意】would和should不能在条件(if)中
3、命令虚拟语气(比条件虚拟考察的多)

【注】Bossy words-tell people to do things几种常考的错误形式:

(2)bossy-words分类 *
【例】We demand that he be here.
【注意】propose在没有宾语时可以用作propose to do *
【例】We allow him to be here. *
【例】
order+action noun eg. order the provision of * 特殊形式的bossy words
如prohibite sb. from doing sth. * 由bossy words演变的名词如demand,request接从句和其动词形式一样使用命令虚拟语气 * It is essential that+命令虚拟。(不常考)这类词还包括

* whether后面不加命令虚拟语气。
【注意】有些bossy words也可以不用命令虚拟语气,但此时其意思不是要求别人做某事,如suggest意为“显示、暗示”时。
(三)语态
1、不能用除be以外的形式构成被动语态;只有及物动词有被动语态。
2、被动语态中由于by表示动作发出者,所以用through,because of表示动作工具或方式
3、被动语态虽然复杂,但有时是正确选项。这时出题者会在主动语态的句子中加入trick来迷惑考生,如时间状语的位置不对。
4、被动语态和主动语态可以构成平行结构。
毕加索的画Picasso painting.
八、比较

1、Like vs. As
Like是介词,只能用于比较两个名词(动名词)。如
as是介词也是连词
2、比较成分要平行,包括逻辑上和结构上的平行
3、被省略的比较成分。用所有格或者that of/those of。正确的省略形式如下:

只有当会造成歧义时,才需要补充完整被省略的成分,或者用助动词代替(have,do,does等)
【例】

4、比较级和最高级
只有在than存在时,才使用比较级

【例题】改正句子

九、习语
做题流程:
(1)定位可能的习语表达
(2)提取选项中习语的使用搭配
(3)带回原句中检验
常考习语清单:
1、ability to do
2、act

3、能用affect v.就不用have an effect on
4、aggravate sth.意为make sth. worse,而be aggravating to 意为be annoying to
5、provide aid to/for, aid in doing. aid to do
6、aimed at doing, with the aim of doing, with the aim to do
7、allow sb.to do, allow for sth.(permit the existence of)
8、连接并列成分必须用and不能用also/and also
9、appear as sth., appear adj., appear as adj.
10、AS

11、average

12、ban不能有同位语从句
13、because of sth., because of doing; The reason is because
14、within the borders of, in/inside the borders of
15、chance

16、compared/comparison

17、conceive of sth.as, conceive of sth. to be
18、consider

19、contend that
20、continue to do
21、in contrast to/with sth.后面不能加动名词修饰sth.
22、cost

23、credit sb.with sth.
24、date sth.at +年代/...old; estimate to be...old
25、declare that... ; declare sth.sth.; declare sth.as sth.
26、depend on whether...can
27、distinguish between A and B
28、due to sth.后面不能跟动名词修饰sth.而且不能跟the fact that
29、enough

30、be equipped to do
31、even

32、every

33、sb.be at fault for doing
34、forbid sb.to do, 对比 prohibit sb. from doing
35、help sb. to do; help sb. in doing
36、the interaction of sth. doing
37、be isolated from; in isolation from
38、lack v. sth./ lack n. of sth.
39、a loss of sth.; a loss in
40、have mass
41、a means to sth.
42、mistake sb. for sb.
43、(animal/plant)be native to, (people)a native of
44、not...but

45、number
Dogs have fallen in number, but cats have risen in number.
46、once

47、pay for sth.
48、persuade sb. to do
49、privilege 前面接修饰语,如dancing privilege,不能用the privilege of
50、pronounce sth. sth. eg. She pronounced the book as triumph.
51、rate

52、regard sth.as costly
53、require
require sb./sth.to do require that+命令虚拟 require of sb.that+命令虚拟
54、restriction on
55、result
Resulting from sth., ...
56、seem
主语+ seems to do
形式主语IT seems that/as if...
主语+seem as if it...
57、show

58、similar

59、so too

60、such

61、be targeted at
62、As many as or more than 250 newspapers are published here.
63、think of sb. as
64、variations in sth.不能用of
65、way to do/ way of doing
66、weigh less than; weigh指重量用多少修饰
67、it is likely that...
68、be caused by sb. in doing
十、零散语法
GMC,grammar> meaning>concision
(一)连接词
1、一个句子如果有多个主句,不能只用逗号“,”连接,否则犯了“run-on sentence”的错误
2、可以连接两个主句的成分:(1)coordinating conj.:and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so(2)“,”
2.1 “, and”只有两种可能(1)a list (apples, grapes, and pears)(2)two main clause.因此,要检查句子是否属于二者中的一个,如果都不属于,那么这个句子肯定是有语法错误的。
3、Subordinators---从句的引导词,前面可以加逗号“,”。注意只能一次用一个,而不是像中文一样成对使用
4、总结常用的连接词

【注】that连接宾语从句或者同位语从句
(二)连接标点

1、“,” * “,”是分隔修饰语、列举事项和其他句子成分的标识。 * 不要用“,”分隔同一主语的两个动词 * “,”不能单独连接两个主句
2、“;”
* “;”可以连接两个独立完整的句子。独立意味着两个句子是平衡的,没有主从关系,否则不能使用分号“;”连接 * “;”常常在连接副词前面使用,如“...; therefore, ...” * 其他使用情况包括连接成分中含有逗号“,”

3、“:” * “:”用于解释说明,其前面必须是完整的句子;其后可加“namely, that is etc.”,也可以是完整的句子。 * “:”最好紧跟在要解释的成分后面,要解释的成分可以是一个词,一个短语,甚至是一个句子。

4、“--” * 可以替代几乎其他三种标点。 * 可以用于完整的句子中解释说明,如

【注】此句中用“,”可能会造成有7个人的歧义。 * 可以用于解释说明,但是不必紧跟被解释成分的后面
【例】Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world’s people is the result of a “population bottleneck”—at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation.
改正: that some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers were
解答:原句中reducing的主语不明确。由于分词修饰整个句子表示结果,原句翻译过来是“我们祖先遭遇了一个事件,结果减少了他们的人口数”,实际上reducing的主语应该是event。破折号后面的部分是解释believe的宾语从句的,所以加上that,其平行更明确。
(三)数量
1、用于修饰可数名词与不可数名词的单词

* 一些集合名词本身是可数的,但是代表不可数的含义,如dollar-money,gallon-volume。因此使用less修饰,来表达其背后不可数的含义。

2、连接两种事物及多于两种事物的单词 * between A and B AND among A,B, and C * 比较级和最高级
3、number

4、increase and decrease vs. greater and less

十一、补充章节一—简洁&平行
(一)简洁
Verb>Adjective(Adverb)>Noun。简洁不能作为判断的唯一标准!
1、动词优于动作性动词

2、that从句优于系列介词短语
(1)系列短语可能让人不知所云
(2)常接that的名词有hypothesis, idea, suggestion, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, report etc
3、动词优于形容词

【注意】suspect不能替代 be suspicious of; lack不能替代 be lacking in determine to do(决定)不能替代is determined to do(打算)
4、形容词优于名词

5、副词优于介词短语
(1)fall to a level rather than the extent. eg. Prices have fallen to under a dollar. Prices have fallen to a comparable extent.
(2)其中出现了to be(包括其他形式,如being)——经常是Wordy的标志。
但是being不能作为唯一标准,如下句中的being就是正确用法(OG13 100)

6、形容词优于带be的形容词从句,同位语优于定语从句
【例】

7、不适用IT IS... THAT...结构(强调)
(二)简洁:不能去掉必要成分
1、保留必要的介词短语
(1)介词短语往往可以改成名词性修饰语,主要是of短语,如果不是of短语,不能改成名词性修饰语!

【注】表示地点的词,如Boston很少用作名词修饰语。
(2)并非所有的of短语都能改成名词修饰语,如of+时间段,数量,或其他度量。

【注意】wooden bench RATHER THAN the bench of wood
2、保留必要的that of/ those of
【注】GMAT有时会加不必要的that of/ those of(没有指代对象),这时应该果断去掉。
3、在reporting Word后面保留that

【注】say后面不要求+that
(三)平行:concrete nouns and action nouns不构成平行

1、名词分类:

2、动名词短语分类
(1)简单动名词短语:实际上是动词,如
(2)复合动名词短语:动名词前面有冠词或者形容词,动词的宾语变成了of 短语或者名词修饰语。这类动名词实际上是名词,如
(3)涉及上述词类的规则
1) 简单动名词短语和复合动名词短语不构成平行。 2) 复合动名词短语可以和动作动词平行,简单动名词短语不可以 3) 如果已经有固定的动作名词,避免使用其动词的动名词形式。如the release of RATHER THAN the releasing of
总结:按照是否可以构成平行可以把名词分为三类:①纯名词;②动作名词和复合动名词;③简单动名词
(四)其他可构成平行的成分分类
1、谓语动词
2、不定式(有时可以省略后几项的to)
3、形容词、用于修饰名词的过去分词、用于修饰名词的现在分词
【例】

4、从句——必须是相同的先行词引导的从句才能构成平行
【总结】

十二、补充章节一—代词&修饰
(一) 代词
1、there可以指代表示地点的介词短语,但不能指代名词/形容词
【例】
2、反身代词itself, themselves;one another, each other
(1)itself, themselves必须指代自身;二者还可以做同位语
(2)区别
(3)such, other, another
三者经常和一般名词组合指代,such表示和指代对象相像;other和another表示和指代对象同种类,但未必相像
3、one

4、DO SO VS. DO IT
前者可以指代动作本身,其状态以及宾语;其中so可以省略;后者it必须有名词指代对象
5、it作形式主语/宾语 (1) 不定式作主语用it作形式主语 (2) that从句做主语用it作形式主语 (3) 不定式作宾语或that从句作宾语,It作形式主语
6、避免使用代词,使用generic synonym

注意三个例句中的修饰词these, such, the
7、代词指代的一般要求
人称、数格以及重复

其他非绝对性要求

注意:名词主语是代词的优先指代对象!
【例】

(二) 修饰——“紧靠”原则的例外
1、根据与名词关联的重要程度,次重要的修饰成分修饰名次及其重要的修饰成分。这种修饰成分一般是of短语。
【例1】

虽然如此,更好的改正方法如下:

【例2】

2、短的修饰语靠近被修饰语,长的置后

3、短的、不必要(不影响回答“which”)的短语用逗号“,”隔开

(三) 修饰——其他修饰
1、所有格与of
(1)避免复数名词加所有格,即s’,原因如下: * 很难修饰构成所有格的名词 * 所有格只能表示of关系 * 听起来无法与单数所有格区分
2、修饰整体的一部分的三种方法

其中some可以替换成其他词,如

3、同位语从句和分词
一般情况下可以互换,特殊情况如果从句要表示和主句不同的时态时,不能互换。也就是说,现在分词的时态和谓语动词的时态一致

【例】下面两句话正确的是B选项

4、独立主格——修饰主句
【例1】

识别方法是把这个结构置后,或者加with

【例2】

results前面的逗号“,”可以换成破折号“—”

GMAT经常用which引导的定语从句,或者this指代整个句子做独立主格的迷惑项。但是可以用动名词短语。

十三、补充章节一—动词&比较
(一) 动词
1、助动词
(1)

(2)

(3)do代替的如果不是谓语动词,则应该保证和do时态一致的被指代动词存在

2、情态动词
(1)注意语意使用是否得当,以及位置是否得当
(2)不要使用be to do来表示将来必须
(3)不要使用除IF以外的其他形式,如Should sb. do,来表示条件。
(二) verbals(如动名词、不定式、分词)

1、不定式

【注】最后一个例句中可以使用in order to来替代不定式to,这不产生wordy的语法错误
【注意】在不定式表示目的时,主语一定是该不定式的动作发出者!

正确句子中不定式的动作发出者不能是主语building,因为building是不定式的宾语。所以不会造成歧义。主语是被动语态谓语动词的动作发出者(句中省略)
2、动名词

后两个正确句子的区别是动名词作名词还是名词修饰语。
【注意】尽量避免使用所有格+动名词的形式,必须使用的情况下用物主代词+动名词。但这并不绝对!(参考OG13 120)
3、分词
v-ing形式用法总结:

补充一个现在分词和完成时态综合使用的例子:
Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.
(三)动词和VERBALS使用总结
1、注意句尾动名词和不定式的区别

动名词表示结果,不定式表示目的。
【例外】虽然不表示目的,但是这种用法可被接受。
2、注意动名词/从句修饰与不定式修饰的区别

二者的区别在于,前两个句子alleviate的主语是technique,而不定式表示目的,其主语不是alleviate,而是采用这个technique的人。类似There is a book to read.
【注】只要观察动作的主语,便可以基本确定是否有语法错误。
(四)LIKE and AS
1、like

同样的unlike也可以放在句子末尾,其后面的并于一般和主语进行比较。 like绝对不能用于举例! 2、AS
(1)conj. 用法:

AS用于比较时,也常常与Just, so或者so too组合使用

(2)prep. 用法:

as用于比较和Like的区别

【例】I admire President Mao the person and the politician. I admire President Mao as a person and as a politician.
以上两种平行结构不能混用,I admire President Mao a person and as a politician.
(3)as...as...

(五)比较数字,以twice为例
1、twice as...as...虽然twice +比较级是正确的语法,但是说话人往往不是此意,所以慎用。
2、twice+名词,但是注意quarter等表示分数的,应该加of:one quarter of...

(六)其他比较
(1)【例】修改

(2)exceed,surpass,in addition to等也是比较的标志,因为要保证平行
【例】修改

【例】in addition to可以用于给主语或句中其他成分举例

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...CHAPTER 1 THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN THE ORGANIZATION TRUE/FALSE 1. Management accounting information focuses on external reporting. Answer: True/False 2. A good cost accounting system is narrowly focused on a continuous reduction of costs. Answer: True/False 3. Modern cost accounting plays a significant role in management decision making. Answer: True/False 4. Financial accounting is broader in scope than management accounting. Answer: True/False 5. Cost accounting measures and reports short-term, long-term, financial, and nonfinancial information. Answer: True/False 6. Cost accounting provides information only for management accounting purposes. Answer: True/False 7. The key to a company’s success is always to be the low cost producer in a particular industry. Answer: True/False 8. Companies generally follow one of two basic strategies: 1) providing a quality product or service at low prices, or 2) offering a unique product or service often priced higher than competing products. Answer: True/False 9. The supply chain refers to the sequence of business functions in which customer usefulness is added to products or services. Answer: True/False 10. An effective way to cut costs...

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...Electronic Accounting in Today's World Leigh M., Yahoo! Contributor Network May 18, 2007 "Contribute content like this. Start Here." .More: Accounting Software Accounts Receivable Accounting Accounting Degree .Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Print Flag Close 4 Helpful? Post a comment Just about everything in the world today has been affected by technology. Particularly, accounting has been affected to the highest degree. There is less paperwork and less guesswork. Accounting software has made accounting much easier to deal with by saving all the information one enter into the system and distributing it the data amongst all the proper locations. There is only one thing accounting software has not simplified is deciding which software to use. If one were to look up the words "accounting software" on google.com one would receive nearly six million results. However, I will only discuss two. Best Software's Peachtree Complete Accounting and Intuit's QuickBooks Pro are two of the most popular small business solution systems on the market today. Peachtree offers five levels of current software ranging from $99.00 for a beginner's version to $499.00 for a premium version. QuickBooks offers six levels of software ranging from $19.95 for an online version to $3,500.00 for an enterprise version. Except exactly how do the two softwares compare in everyday use? Both can integrate with Microsoft Excel. Both systems have accounts payable, accounts receivable, etc. One can track...

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...When comparing Managerial Accounting information and Financial Accounting information, which of the following, related to Managerial Accounting information, would be true?(It is concerned with estimates of the results of future activities) 2.In which account are the costs of manufacturing a product (that is ready for sale) accumulated until such time as the product is sold? (Finished Goods Inventory)3. Fardohnya Industries, Inc. reports the following information at 12/31/2012: -Acquired $75,000 cash by issuing common stock -Paid $70,000 cash for materials used in the manufacture of 200 units of product -Paid $16,000 cash for administrative salaries -Paid $35,000 cash for factory wages -Recognized depreciation on factory equipment, $5,000 -Collected $160,000 cash on sales made during 2012 -Recognized depreciation on office furniture, $3,500. Fardohnya makes all sales for cash. There are no credit sales. What is the total product cost?(110,000)* Product costs consist of materials used, labor applied, and overhead. Fardohnya, therefore, has a total product cost of $110,000 ($70,000 + $35,000 + $5,000).4. Fardohnya Industries, Inc. reports the following information at 12/31/2012: -Acquired $75,000 cash by issuing common stock -Paid $70,000 cash for materials used in the manufacture of 200 units of product -Paid $16,000 cash for administrative salaries -Paid $35,000 cash for factory wages -Recognized depreciation on factory equipment, $5,000 -Collected $160,000 cash on sales made during...

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Accounting

...(a) Joe Delong is not sure about the difference between cost accouting and a cost accounting system. Explain the difference to Joe. Answer: Cost accounting involves the measuring, recording, and reporting of product costs. A cost accounting system consists of manufacturing cost accounts that are fully integrated into the general ledger of a company. (b) What is an important feature of a cost accounting system? Answer: An important feature of a cost accounting system is the use of a perpetual inventory system that provides immediate, up-to-date information on the cost of a product. 2. (a) Distinguish between the two types of cost accounting systems. Answer: The two principal types of cost accounting systems are: (1) job order cost system and (2) process cost system. Under a job order cost system, costs are assigned to each job or batch of goods; at all times each job or batch of goods can be separately identified. A job order cost system measures costs for each completed job, rather than for set time periods. Under a process cost system, product-related costs are accumulated by or assigned to departments or processes for a set period of time. Job order costing lends itself to specific, special-order manufacturing or servicing while process costing is better suited to similar, large-volume products and continuous process manufacturing. (b) May a company us both types of cost accounting systems? A company may use both types of systems. For example, General Motors uses...

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