...09902787224 Cost and Management Accounting 1. X is the manufacture of Mumbai purchased three chemicals A, B and C from U.P.The bill gave the following information: Chemical A: 6000 kgs @ Rs. 4.20 per kg Rs 25,200 Chemical B: 10000 kgs @ Rs. 3.80 per kg 38,000 Chemical C: 4000 kgs @ Rs. 4.75 per kg 19,000 VAT 2,055 Railway Freight 1,000 Total Cost 85,255 A shortage of 100 kgs in chemical A, of 140 Kgs in chemical B and Of 50 kgs in chemical C was noticed due to breakages. At Mumbai, the manufacture paid octroi duty @ 0.20 kg. He also paid hamali, Rs 20 for the chemical a, Rs 58.12 for chemical B and Rs 35.75 for chemical C. Calculate the stock rate that you would suggest for pricing issue of chemicals assuming a provision of 4 % towards further deterioration and also show the quantity (kgs) of chemicals available for issue. 2. ABC Ltd has collected the following data for its two activities. It calculates activity cost rates based on cost driver capacity. Activity Cost driver Capacity Cost Power Kilowatt hours 50000 hrs Kilowatt Rs 200000 Quality Inspection Numbers of inspection 10000 inspection Rs 300000 The Company makes three products, A, B and C.For the year ended March 31, 2004, the following consumption of cost drivers was reported: Product Kilowatt-hours Quality Inspection A 20000 7000 B 40000 5000 C 30000 6000 Compute the costs allocated to each...
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...The implementation of Activity Based Costing (ABC) in Chinese refining manufacturers Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Research background 2 1.2 domestic and foreign research status 4 1.2.1 Activity-based costing development process 4 1.2.2 Status quo of Activity-Based Costing Development and Application in China 6 1.3 research contents 8 2. Related theories 9 2.1concept of ABC 9 2.2 rationales 10 2.3 difference between ABC and traditional costing 12 2.3.1. Different calculating targets 12 2.3.2 Different calculation 12 2.3.3. Different Finished goods costs term 13 3. Research methodology 13 3.1 case study 13 3.2 The survey method 13 3.3 Literature 14 4. Research Results 14 4.1 problems of traditional costing method in oil refining enterprise 14 4.2suggestions for Chinese enterprises’ application ABC 15 Bibliography 15 1. Introduction 1.1 Research background With the rapid development of the national economy, enterprises’ competition is increasingly fierce; many companies are using advanced science and technology to achieve competitive advantage in the market. Market competition and technological progress are the two fundamental economic factors which generate activity-based costing. Since The beginning of 1980s of the 20th century, the activity based cost method is paid a wide range of attention; the developed countries gradually adopt it in a number of advanced enterprises...
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...STRATEGY Activity-based Management – An Overview IN THIS BRIEFING… ctivity-based management and activity-based costing (ABM/ABC) have brought about radical change in cost management systems. ABM has grown largely out of the work of the Texas-based Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing-International (CAM-I). No longer is ABM’s applicability limited to manufacturing organisations. The principles and philosophies of activity-based thinking apply equally to service companies, government agencies and process industries. The acronym itself has evolved from ABC to ABCM (activity-based cost management) to ABM, and the application of ABC evolved from a manufacturing product costing orientation to a management philosophy of activity management applied in industries and organisations other than manufacturing. A Part 1 General FAQs Part 2 Practical guidance on implementing ABM ctivity-based costing and activity-based management have been around for more than fifteen years. Most forward-thinking companies have implemented them, or are in the process of doing so. A A A Part 3 Checklist Part 4 Further reading and bibliography BC is not a method of costing, but a technique for managing the organisation better. It is a one-off exercise which measures the cost and performance of activities, resources and the objects which consume them in order to generate more accurate and meaningful information for decision-making. ABM draws on ABC to provide management reporting and...
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...MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING & PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MAF 635 (Activity-Based Management) PREPARED BY: ANIS ASMIDAR BT ZAMANI (2009602144) AZIZAL BIN HAMZAH (2009693746) MUHAMMAD HAKIM B TUKEMIN (2009866018) GROUP: BACC 8C PREPARED FOR: PUAN ELEY SUZANA BINTI KASIM TABLE OF CONTENTS No. | Content | Page | 1.0 | Acknowledgement | 1 | 2.0 | Introduction | 2 | 3.0 | Differences between ABM and ABC | 3 | 4.0 | Type of ABM | 4 | 5.0 | Output of ABM | 5-7 | 6.0 | Summary | 8 | 7.0 | References | 9 | 8.0 | Appendix | | 1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to PuanEleySuzanaKasim our MAF635’s lecturer for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding this project & also for her support in completing this project. We also would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & also our classmates for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in completing this project. Our thanks and appreciations also go to the group members in developing this project and people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) has stated that an activity-based management (ABM) is a process...
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...Activity Based Management A Summary Managerial Accounting Abstract Activity-based management (ABM) is an approach to management that directs the focus of cost managers towards activities analysis. Theoretically by concentrating on activities, this will increase the ability of management to control costs be improving efficiencies. Activity-based management (ABM) uses activity-based costing (ABC) information. ABM/ABC has been around for over 25 years and has gone through its peaks and valleys. This paper will give a short overview of ABM/ABC as well as discussing the main points of ABM including its goals, merits and drawbacks. Activity-Based Costing (ABC) “Where It Begins” for ABM Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing method that assigns resource costs to products or services based on activities performed. The whole idea of this costing approach is that an organization’s products or services are produced or performed as a result of activities and activities use resources which incur costs. The costs of resources are assigned to activities based on the activities that use or consume resources and costs of activities are assigned to products or services based on activities performed. It is imperative in using ABC to identify the relationships between resource costs, cost drivers, activities, and products/services in assigning costs to activities and then from...
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...Activity Based Management Activity Based Management Executive Summary: Management practices and methods have changed over the years and the organizations are moving to managing vertically to managing horizontally i.e. to move from functional orientation to horizontal orientation. TQM, JIT, BPR are all examples of horizontal management improvement initiatives. However management systems have lagged significantly in tracking and providing information about the horizontal aspects of business and Activity based costing /Activity based management mirrors this horizontal view. The focus of ABC is to provide accurate information about true costs of products, services, processes, activities etc. Activity based management makes this cost and operating information useful by providing value analysis ,cost drivers and performance measures to initiate, drive and support improvement efforts and to improve decision making abilities. This report deals with the application of ABM in American Seating company. Company was faced with increasing competition and it wanted to become a cost leader. The company lacked the information about true product and services cost to decide on which business areas to pursue. Company implemented ABM to conduct a detailed analysis of its activities and more accurately mirror resource consumption by process, product and customer. Company successfully identified customer profitability differences and achieved 40 % reduction in order processing costs...
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...Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 4, 2014 Emmanuel K. Oseifuah (South Africa) Activity based costing (ABC) in the public sector: benefits and challenges Abstract Peter Drucker (1986), in “Management: Tasks, responsibilities, and practices” states that business enterprises and public-service institutions, are organs of society which do not exist for their own sake, but to fulfil a specific social purpose and to satisfy need of society, community, or individual. To achieve the above objectives, managers of these institutions must plan, control and make decisions about the resources entrusted to their care. A key element of efficient organizational decision making is to use reliable information, both operational and managerial accounting data for analysis and decision support. This can be achieved by using activity-based costing (ABC) method. The underlying premise of ABC is that resources are consumed by activities to produce outputs or products and services (US General Services Administration, 2006). It focuses on the allocation of indirect costs to products and services, which was traditionally done on arbitrary basis. ABC is useful in two situations: areas with large and growing indirect and support costs (Krumwiede, 1998a; Becker, Bergener and Räckers, 2010), and areas with a large variety in products, customers and processes (Cooper, 1988a, 1988b; Groot, 1999). The unique characteristic of public sector organizations as overhead-intensive...
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...A P T E R F I V E INTRODUCTION TO COST MANAGEMENT Activity-Based Costing and Management After studying this chapter, you should be able to . . . 1. Explain the strategic role of activity-based costing 2. Describe activity-based costing (ABC), the steps in developing an ABC system, and the benefits and limitations of an ABC system 3. Determine product costs under both the volume-based method and the activity-based method and contrast the two 4. Explain activity-based management (ABM) 5. Describe how ABC/M is used in manufacturing companies, service companies, and governmental organizations 6. Use an activity-based approach to analyze customer profitability 7. Identify key factors for successful ABC/M implementation PART I Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship. Benjamin Franklin This chapter has a lot to do with implementing the spirit of Benjamin Franklin’s observation—in cost management terms—that it really does matter how accurately you calculate a cost. Why? Having accurate costs is important for a variety of reasons: a company might find that it has a difficult time determining which of its products is most profitable. Alternatively, it finds its sales increasing but profits declining and cannot understand why. Perhaps the company keeps losing competitive bids for products and services and does not understand why. In many cases, accurate cost information is the answer to these questions. Accurate cost information provides a competitive advantage...
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...Activity Based Costing By: Azalea McSwain ACC310: Cost Accounting 1 Instructor: Susan Paris Date: April 18, 2011 Outline I: Introduction a. What is Activity Based Costing b. How Does it Work II. Body a. What does ABC do for Firms b. How to develop the ABC system in a firm c. What are the Steps d. Examples III. Conclusion IV. References Abstract Activity Based Costing was developed in the manufacturing sector of the United States during the 1970’s and 1980’s. This system is used as a method for developing cost estimates in which projects were discrete or subdivided activities. ABC systems calculates the costs of individual activities and assigns costs to their related cost object such as products and services on the basis of the activities performed to produce each product. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) technology defines ABC as “an approach to the costing and monitoring of activities which involves tracing resource consumption and costing final outputs. (Edwards, 2006)” This paper will address what the ABC system does for firms which use it, how to develop such a system in a firm, the steps of the ABC system and some common examples. Activity Based Costing Introduction Activity Based Costing (ABC) addresses internal operating concerns of a firm and is an augmentation to the traditional ledger based cost management system. It doesn’t replace traditional accounting, but it makes use of the source documents provided from...
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...Medicine & Public Health Specifics of the Activity-Based Applications in Hospital Management Boris Popesko * Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic * Corresponding Author; Email: popesko@fame.utb.cz Abstract Paper analyses the specifics of the application of Activity-Based Costing method in hospital management. Primary objective of the paper is to outline the methodology of the ABC application in hospitals. First part of the paper analyzes the ways of ABC implementation in published foreign studies. Second part describes the individual steps in ABC application and discusses the differences in the application procedures between the manufacturing and hospital organization. Key words: Healthcare Management, Cost Management, Activity-based costing, Introduction In the last decade, many non-profit and hospital organizations started to face difficulties and challenges in balancing limited resources and costs to provide their demand for services. Due to the introduction of modern medical techniques and medicines and consequent increase of consumed costs, many hospitals are under pressure to adopt more advanced cost management techniques usually utilized only in profit organization sector. Hospital managers frequently seek the advanced techniques, for better understanding of relations between the cost and provided services. One of the key factors of effective company management is ability of accurate estimation of the cost of products. Product costing is an essential...
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...Thomas LeTourneau University Research Paper In partial fulfillment of MBAC5213 Dr. Fred Carlson August 26, 2012 Abstract Activity-based management is a technique used by companies to identify and evaluate activities using activity-based costing and value analysis. Activity-based management focuses on managing activities to reduce costs and improve customer value. This paper focuses on the techniques and processes a company uses to remain competitive in the twenty-first century. The History Behind ABC and ABM In Peter B.B. Turney’s book Activity-Based Costing, the techniques of activity-based costing and activity-based management can be traced back over thirty years. These two approaches were being used in countries other than the United States in 1984. Different organizations and companies started executing these approaches after their systems were not effective. In 1987, articles started appearing in the Harvard Business Review and the Journal of Cost Management which changed the expectations of companies. These articles familiarized companies with accounting based costing. These concepts were beginning to be universally implemented within the business world. Large firms that had changed to ABC and ABM were encountering exceptional results over the past four years. Software was finally made available to assist with accounting based costing in 1990 (Turney 4). It looked as though these techniques were going to flourish and develop. However, in the early to...
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...used various techniques to assign costs to particular cost objectives, e.g. the cost to perform an activity, produce a product or render a service. W.B. Lawrence stressed the importance of accountants becoming familiar with cost accounting in his 1930 text because even then, “the modern factory occupies more space and employs many more workers than did the factory of a generation ago”. In 1940, John Blocker recommended in his text additional uses for cost accounting in other industries, such as construction, mining, utilities and nonprofit organizations. He believed that all of these businesses needed to consider that the costing in different departments within a company could be controlled through cost accounting. Even in the 1960’s accountants and system designers developed cost accounting to do more than measure performance. Cost accounting was an integral part of planning and control in businesses. After that, the concept of activity-based costing (ABC) was introduced in the US, initially in the manufacturing sector during 1970s and 1980s. Robert Cooper and Robert Kaplan brought the ABC concept to light and published the body of knowledge in the Harvard Business Review in 1988. Cooper and Kaplan defined ABC method as an approach to solve the problems of traditional cost management systems; that is, the conventional cost accounting systems are often unable to identify correctly the true costs of processes. Consequently, management and quality professionals are unable...
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...Chapter 8 Activity-based costing Problems with conventional product costing systems General features of conventional product costing systems Direct material and direct labour costs are traced to products Manufacturing overhead costs are allocated to products using a predetermined overhead rate Manufacturing overhead rate is calculated using some measure of production volume Non-manufacturing costs are not assigned to products Problems with conventional product costing systems Failure to adapt to the changing business environment Increasing levels of non-volume-driven manufacturing overhead costs Increasing proportion of non-manufacturing costs Causes of changes in costs Changing product structures and increased product diversity 5 Indicators of problems with a product costing system Product costing systems are likely to result in inaccurate product costs when … Proportion of direct labour costs decreases Proportion of manufacturing overhead costs increases Proportion of manufacturing overhead costs, not related directly to production volume, increases Non-manufacturing costs that are product-related become substantial Product diversity increases Problems with costing in service businesses Service firms...
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...CHAPTER 5: ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND MANAGEMENT QUESTIONS 5-1 Product costs are likely distorted when a firm uses a volume-based rate if the plant has more than one activity in its operations and not all activities consume overhead in the same proportion. The more diverse the product mixes of the plant are in volume, sizes, manufacturing processes, or product complexities, the greater the cost distortions are likely to be in using a volume-based rate. Undercosting a product may appear to have increased the reported profit the product earned (assuming the firm did not lower its selling price because of the reported lower product cost). However, the increased profit is, at best, a twist in truth. Costs of the product not charged to the product itself are borne by other products of the firm. Worse, undercosting a product may result in managers erroneously believing the product to be more profitable than other products and shifting the limited resource the firm has into manufacturing, promotion, and sales of the product when, in fact, other products are more profitable to the firm. Severe cost distortions may lead firms not to drop unprofitable products because the cost data show these products are profitable. 5-3 Overcosting does not increase revenues. A firm can increase the selling price of a product, thereby increasing the total revenue from the product only if the market allows. Increases in the selling price of a product without experiencing noticeable decrease in the sales...
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...Emergence of Activity Based Costing The Traditional cost accounting methods were designed around 1870-1920 and in those days industry was labour intensive and there were no machinery. The product variety was small and the overhead costs in companies were generally low compared to today. During the 1980s, it became clear the conventional techniques for recovering overheads were increasingly providing the management with cost information that was inaccurate and misleading. As a result new techniques for overhead recovery were needed. In order to produce a more accurate costing system, cooper and Kaplan in 1987 developed a more refined approach for assigning overhead to products and computing product costs and called this approach Activity Based Costing (ABC). It was first clearly defined as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A field study perspective. (Kaplan, Roberts 1987). While mainly used for private businesses, ABC has recently been used in public forums, such as those that measure government efficiency Features of the ABC and Traditional costing system Activity Based Costing can be defined as an accounting methodology that assigns costs to activities based on their use of resources, rather than products or services. This enables resources and other associated costs to be more accurately attributed to the products and the services which they use. It doesn’t change or eliminate any costs; it provides detailed information about how costs are consumed...
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