...Advanced Management Accounting UMAC3J-20-3 Assignment 2012/2013 Monday 10th December 2012 09016707 The Development of the Techniques of Activity Based Costing, Budgeting and Management from the 1990s to the Present Day. Executive Summary: This report aims to explore the developments of activity based costing, budgeting and management from the 1990’s to the present day. This report aims to evaluate the criticisms made during this period by Kaplan and Cooper, and to use a range of theories and developments to assess whether these criticisms have been overcome. The use of case studies to evaluate these changes in practice will give supporting evidence to the changes that have been made. Introduction to Kaplan and Cooper’s Criticisms: Since 1987 when H. Thomas Johnson and Robert S. Kaplan wrote ‘Relevance Lost: the rise and fall of Management Accounting’, there have been significant developments in the traditional cost accounting methods used at the time; these mainly being absorption and marginal costing. Although these methods are “geared toward compliance with financial reporting requirements”1, they often resulted in misleading and inaccurate cost information used by managers. Traditional costing methods use a ‘blanket’ overhead recovery rate which meant when the number of overhead costs increased with more complex production schemes, cost allocations were inaccurate. This method was now “invalid relative to how the products and services consumed costs”2. With...
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...Chapter 7 Activity-Based Costing and Management LEARNING OBJECTIVES Chapter 7 addresses the following questions: Q1 How is activity-based costing (ABC) different from traditional costing? Q2 What are activities, and how are they identified? Q3 What process is used to assign costs in an ABC system? Q4 How are cost drivers selected for activities? Q5 What is activity-based management (ABM)? Q6 What are the benefits, costs, and limitations of ABC and ABM? These learning questions (Q1 through Q6) are cross-referenced in the textbook to individual exercises and problems. COMPLEXITY SYMBOLS The textbook uses a coding system to identify the complexity of individual requirements in the exercises and problems. Questions Having a Single Correct Answer: No Symbol This question requires students to recall or apply knowledge as shown in the textbook. e This question requires students to extend knowledge beyond the applications shown in the textbook. Open-ended questions are coded according to the skills described in Steps for Better Thinking (Exhibit 1.10): Step 1 skills (Identifying) ...
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...Health Specifics of the Activity-Based Applications in Hospital Management Boris Popesko * Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic * Corresponding Author; Email: popesko@fame.utb.cz Abstract Paper analyses the specifics of the application of Activity-Based Costing method in hospital management. Primary objective of the paper is to outline the methodology of the ABC application in hospitals. First part of the paper analyzes the ways of ABC implementation in published foreign studies. Second part describes the individual steps in ABC application and discusses the differences in the application procedures between the manufacturing and hospital organization. Key words: Healthcare Management, Cost Management, Activity-based costing, Introduction In the last decade, many non-profit and hospital organizations started to face difficulties and challenges in balancing limited resources and costs to provide their demand for services. Due to the introduction of modern medical techniques and medicines and consequent increase of consumed costs, many hospitals are under pressure to adopt more advanced cost management techniques usually utilized only in profit organization sector. Hospital managers frequently seek the advanced techniques, for better understanding of relations between the cost and provided services. One of the key factors of effective company management is ability of accurate estimation of the cost of products. Product costing is an essential economic tool...
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...C H A P T E R F I V E INTRODUCTION TO COST MANAGEMENT Activity-Based Costing and Management After studying this chapter, you should be able to . . . 1. Explain the strategic role of activity-based costing 2. Describe activity-based costing (ABC), the steps in developing an ABC system, and the benefits and limitations of an ABC system 3. Determine product costs under both the volume-based method and the activity-based method and contrast the two 4. Explain activity-based management (ABM) 5. Describe how ABC/M is used in manufacturing companies, service companies, and governmental organizations 6. Use an activity-based approach to analyze customer profitability 7. Identify key factors for successful ABC/M implementation PART I Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship. Benjamin Franklin This chapter has a lot to do with implementing the spirit of Benjamin Franklin’s observation—in cost management terms—that it really does matter how accurately you calculate a cost. Why? Having accurate costs is important for a variety of reasons: a company might find that it has a difficult time determining which of its products is most profitable. Alternatively, it finds its sales increasing but profits declining and cannot understand why. Perhaps the company keeps losing competitive bids for products and services and does not understand why. In many cases, accurate cost information is the answer to these questions. Accurate cost information provides a competitive...
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...[pic] Managerial Accounting BA3201 |Puganeswary Thirumalai Naidu |307254805 |BABHM | |Tan Lian Ping |11001200428010 |BABHM | |Yasmin Lim Binti Mohd.Arifin |307147803 |BBA MKT | |Herry Abubakar Mshihiri |609687502 |BBA IB | Question1 | |Task 1 : Sales and Labour Budgets : University | | | | | | | | | |1 (a) | | | | | ...
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...activity based costing Activity based costing system is the costing system that it will based on the occurred of events to assign to the products and services that involved in the process of providing the product or service. So firstly, it will identify various activities performed in a firm and then, allocated the overhead costs to activities using multiple cost drives and allocate the overhead costs to products and services based on the amount of it consumed of these activities and resources. For ABC system used of multiple drive however, traditional costing system only based on one cost driver. ABC system able to take account of all the overhead costs such as selling and administrative, marketing and general expenses .The traditional costing systems focus on internal organisation management and are financially-oriented So the firms that operate under contemporary settings may not favourable to use of traditional costing systems due to increasing global competition, advance technological and development of new management system such as total quality management, just in time and flexible manufacturing system. However, ABC could work with other system such as economic value added, total quality management or theory of constraints. In addition, ABC system may able to monitoring the hidden losses and profits compare with the traditional costing system. But for identical output it may not reasonable to implement in ABC system but logical to traditional costing system. Advantage...
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...2010-023X Factors Influencing Activity-Based Costing Success: A Research Framework Zhang Yi Fei and Che Ruhana Isa becoming more and more popular [3-7] ABC aims to provide accurate costing information to managers to allocate activity costs to products and services by applying cost drivers [8]. Academics who advocate ABC, such as, Cooper and Kaplan [9], and Swenson [10] argue that it provides more accurate cost data needed to make appropriate strategic decisions about product mix, sourcing, pricing, process improvement, and evaluation of business process performance. These claims have led many firms to adopt ABC systems [8]. The benefits of ABC and its positive impact on firm’s performance motivated a numerous studies which examined various aspects of ABC. Among such studies are McGowan [11] who assessed the integrity of ABC success, Innes and Mitchell [4, 12] and Yanren [13] who conducted research on factors affecting ABC adoption, and Shield [3], Shields and McEwen [14], Gosselin [15] and Baired et al.[16, 17]who concentrated on factors influencing ABC success especially at the implementation stage. However, there is mounting evidence that suggests most of firms are experiencing problems in implementing ABC and, in some extreme cases, ABC implementation is not successful [3], which later resulted in abandoning the ABC systems altogether [15]. Questions arise as to why ABC implementation is successful in certain companies and fails in others. Based on the contingency theory, researchers...
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...CHAPTER 5: ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND MANAGEMENT QUESTIONS 5-1 Product costs are likely distorted when a firm uses a volume-based rate if the plant has more than one activity in its operations and not all activities consume overhead in the same proportion. The more diverse the product mixes of the plant are in volume, sizes, manufacturing processes, or product complexities, the greater the cost distortions are likely to be in using a volume-based rate. Undercosting a product may appear to have increased the reported profit the product earned (assuming the firm did not lower its selling price because of the reported lower product cost). However, the increased profit is, at best, a twist in truth. Costs of the product not charged to the product itself are borne by other products of the firm. Worse, undercosting a product may result in managers erroneously believing the product to be more profitable than other products and shifting the limited resource the firm has into manufacturing, promotion, and sales of the product when, in fact, other products are more profitable to the firm. Severe cost distortions may lead firms not to drop unprofitable products because the cost data show these products are profitable. 5-3 Overcosting does not increase revenues. A firm can increase the selling price of a product, thereby increasing the total revenue from the product only if the market allows. Increases in the selling price of a product without experiencing noticeable decrease in the sales...
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...The decision makers should know the situation of the organization either by comparing competitors or previous periods’ performance in order to achieve the objectives of the company and this being possible by using accounting information. In addition, this thesis studies the importance of having effective and efficient accounting system to make better decision as it relates to increase the profitability target of an organization. Organizations should replace their weak accounting system in order to ensure that each team member in the Accounts Department is conscious of their role to produce good accounting information (1, Okoli Margaret). The result of this paper describes that providing right information to the right people in time via management reporting to maximize the use of reports in decision-making. 2 Introduction Any organization should survive and excel in the fast paced and ever changing market. We are living in the digital era so information can be found everywhere via websites, databases documents, reports, and emails. However, it’s important to read the historical data-set during decision making process but providing report in quick & timely manner, creating quality insight, different types of reports, and opportunities to learn from new data are basis to make better decision. As per Axson, information is the lifeblood of the modern corporation so decisions cannot be made without having information, customers cannot be served, and earnings cannot be grown. Refer...
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...Managerial & Cost Accounting ACCT610 Activity-Based Management Made Possible By Activity-Based Costing Supervised by Professor Majboor Alnamri Prepared by: EMBA Student 1 KAAU - EMBA Overview • • • • • • Over/Under Costing Methods of Allocating Indirect Cost Refining a cost system Costs/Benefits of ABC ABC in service & retail Example from an Organization 2 KAAU - EMBA Over Costing & Under Costing Over Costing—a product consumes a low level of resources but is allocated high costs per unit. Under Costing—a product consumes a high level of resources but is allocated low costs per unit. KAAU - EMBA 3 KAAU - EMBA Activity-Based Costing Identifies activities required to produce the product or service Determines the cost of the activities Allocates costs to the cost object based on the object’s consumption of activities 4 KAAU - EMBA Methods of Allocating Indirect Cost Cause-and-effect Using this criterion, managers identify the variable or variables that cause resources to be consumed Benefits-received Using this criterion, managers identify the beneficiaries of the outputs of the cost object 5 KAAU - EMBA Methods of Allocating Indirect Cost Fairness or equity This criterion is often cited on government contracts when cost allocations are the basis for establishing a price satisfactory to the government and its suppliers. Ability to bear This criterion advocates allocating costs in proportion...
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...Towards a conceptual framework for strategic cost management - The concept, objectives, and instruments - Von der Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Chemnitz genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum politicarum (Dr. rer. pol.) vorgelegt von Ibrahim Abd El Mageed Ali El Kelety geboren am 11.01.1965 in El Menoufia - Ägypten eingereicht am: 14. Juni 2006 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Uwe Götze Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jürgen Bloech Prof. Dr. Peter Schuster Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18. Juli 2006 Acknowledgement To the Almighty God “ALLAH” Who have granted me all these graces to fulfill this work and Who supported me in all my life. To Him I extend my heartfelt thanks. It is a pleasure to express my sincere and deepest heartfelt gratitude to my “Doktorvater“ Prof. Dr. Uwe Götze for his kind supervision, continuous encouragement, valuable enthusiastic discussion and unfailing advice throughout the present work, as well as financial support during my latest period of study in Germany. He assisted in all matters, provided solutions to different problems. Prof. Dr. Uwe Götze supported and helped me during my learning period in Germany and writing this thesis. I am very lucky being one of his students. I would like to express my deep thanks to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jürgen Bloech - Georg-August University of Göttingen - for his kind acceptance to act as an examiner. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Peter...
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...accounting is to help managers to maximize value within their organization (Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011, p. 3). One of the fundamental services of cost accounting is to provide information to the manager to guide them to make effective valuable decisions (Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011, p. 3). An essential objective of cost accounting is to create an effective value chain (Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011, p. 4). A value chain is a set of activities in which raw materials are converted into goods and services for consumers to purchase (Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011, p. 4). An organization is responsible to coordinate with their vendors and suppliers along with their distributors and customers to accomplish their objective (Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011, p. 4). Thus, the cost accounting system gives the organization the tools to begin such coordination. To begin this process, research and development encompass activities from the production process and customer service (Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011, p. 4). Managers gauge these activities to determine their contribution to the final product, service and...
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...3 2.2 Costs …………………………………………………………………………………………...5 2.3 Cost – plus Pricing …………………………………………………………………………….5 2.4 Production Mix Decision …………………………………………………………..................6 2.5 Target Costing …………………………………………………………………………………7 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….................8 2.0 The Role of Standard Costing …………………………………………………….................8 3.6 The Role of Variable Analysis ………………………………………………………………...9 3.7 The Values and Limitations of Variance Analysis …………………………………………..10 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….11 3.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of Introducing ABC System ………………………………11 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………15 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………………15 Appendix A - Elastic and Inelastic Demand ……………………………………………...........16 Appendix B - Summary of Variance Formulae …………………………………………...........17 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………….20 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report discusses the different models and concepts which could affect Manac’s pricing decisions and what we should consider when pricing. It also pays attention to the current standard costing approach adopted by the company together with Variance Analysis and the roles it plays in management accounting and how variance analysis contribute to overall profit. In efforts to improve profit levels it was decided to switch to ABC System and special attention is paid to the advantages and disadvantages. 1...
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...Tutorial 5 Q1 Describe the shortcomings of traditional approaches to overhead cost analysis. A traditional approach is a costing method that is used to allocate manufacturing costs to specific products. It uses single cost driver such as machine hours, direct labour hours to allocate indirect manufacturing costs. Traditional costing approaches can referred as the conventional method. However, there are many cost drivers in reality when factory overhead occurred, such as machines setups, or inspections. Since it missed out the others cost driver, it may fail to identify opportunities for cost efficiency, or allocate inaccurate per-unit cost, subsequently will results the managers unable to make a clear and strategic decision during costing. Nevertheless, traditional costing approaches also may not take into account consumer demand or unique features of product; it might reduce the improvements of the organization. Even though traditional approaches may easy to apply in each size of manufacturing business, yet it will become less reliable due to increased in the level of diversity of output rises and the level of complicated of manufacturing project. For example, if a business that has a lot of overhead expenses, it needs a more reliable and accurate costing approaches to identify or allocate the overhead costs to different products. If the costs and prices allocated incorrectly will causes the competitive position affected. Manufacturing environment has tried hard to find...
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...information for decision-making. This course aims to provide an overview of key principles and concepts in financial accounting and managerial accounting. Specific topics include: components of financial statements; financial statements analysis; product costing; costvolume-profit analysis; and budgeting. Course Objectives After completion of the course, you should be able to: Understand the roles of financial accounting (external) and managerial accounting (internal) Analyze financial reports, specifically the balance sheet, statement of profit and loss and statement of cash flow. Identify and apply key financial ratios to financial statement analysis. Identify and apply basic elements of cost concepts, product costing and cost-volumeprofit (CVP) analysis to management decision-making process. Understand key considerations during the budgeting process and budgetary control. Course Materials Narayanswami (2014): “Financial Accounting: A Managerial Perspective”, Prentice-Hall Pvt Ltd., 5th edition, New Delhi (FA) Jiambalvo (2013):” Managerial Accounting”, Wiley India, 5th edition, New Delhi (MA) Supplemental materials will be distributed via email. Grading Criteria Your grade will be based on three criteria, as follows: Class Quizzes ( Best 4 out of 5) Business Report Group Presentation End-term exam Total Page 1 20% 10% 10% 60% 100% Course Outline Session No. Session 10-11 Session 12-13 Session 14 Session 15-16 ...
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