...A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using SAS SECOND EDITION Geoff Der Statistician MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland and Brian S. Everitt Professor of Statistics in Behavioural Science Institute of Psychiatry University of London London, U.K. CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice:...
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...AS Level coursework (Christos Theodoulou) Hypothesis: The size (volume) of beach material will decrease and the sphericity will increase (become rounder) as you move along a transect from the cliff line to the water. Aim: State the aim of your investigation and describe one method of data collection associated with the aim. (6 marks) State one hypothesis or research question or issue for evaluation that you have investigated in 2(a)(i). Describe one method of primary data collection used in this investigation. (5 marks) You have experienced geography fieldwork as part of the course. Use this experience to answer the following questions. State the aim of the fieldwork investigation. (2 marks) To investigate the changing pattern of sediments across a shingle beach at Bexhill in Sussex. Purpose of investigation: Describe the geographical theory, concept or idea that formed the basis of your fieldwork investigation (3 marks) Describe the purpose of your fieldwork enquiry. (5 marks) Explain the geographical concept, process or theory that underpinned your fieldwork enquiry. (4 marks) We investigated the changing pattern of sediments across a shingle beach at Bexhill in Sussex. We also wanted to know if it displayed the theoretical characteristics as outlined in the theory such as Power’s Scale of Roundness in regard to sphericity and the expected change in size caused by grading as a result of swash and backwash. Theoretically as the distance from the cliff increases...
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...information solutions 3 Increases Innovation and Economic Growth 3 Greater availability & comprehension of useful data 4 Generates possibilities for new "mash-up" of previously uncombined data 4 Removes Boundaries 4 Cost & Workload 5 Weaknesses 5 Non personal data being abused 5 Timing 6 Lack of control 6 Workload &Cost 7 Statistical misinformation 8 Initiatives by government and non-governmental agencies 9 Government 9 Non-governmental agencies 11 Innovated uses for Government data Samples 13 Conclusion 18 References 18 Appendices 19 Introduction Open government data is shared with the public often over the Internet. Public government information, such as government records, can often be promoted for analysis and reuse. Much of the information that the Irish government holds is potentially very useful to a variety of non-government individuals and groups. Currently the Irish government’s data management is controlled by the Central Statistics Office (CSO). Here certain information is available, but it is limited and difficult to use and access. If the government is to follow the open data movement, there are many benefits to be gained. Many government entities have already begun to publish open government data such as the United States, United Kingdom and the New Zealand governments. The increased openness of government data is powerful and can drive increased innovation and increase economic growth. Making this information more freely available...
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...struggle to achieve it? Provide one article to support your findings/conclusions? Dependable particular contemporary quadruplicate Chief Executive Officers assert their statement comprise effective propaganda they demand, in addition, just 13 percent of employment pioneers express their proclamation prevail constantly cutting edge, as appeared by a study by cloud-based power association strategies power Domo and Business Intelligence .A examination of more than 300 business pioneers, including 197 Chief Executive Officers and affiliation heads, discovered business pros think their affiliations need mind blowing mechanical gatherings for information driven fundamental activity, and that they are hampered by a failure to get to accommodating, proper information. The study, "What Business Leaders Hate about Big Data," found that choose 7 percent of supervisors say their reports can oblige their connection's making volume of information, and only 9 percent trust their reports show a solitary kind of the truth. The report in like way found that the most for the most part saw information disappointments among business pioneers are amassed in three zones, including how information is gone on. Around 75% (74 percent) of business pioneers said despite all that they get their information from different, separated sources, regardless of the way that more than half would need to get their information from a combined Indicator Panel. Frank Bien, the CEO of career learning...
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...Delete the "/" using the delete key (the backspace key will bring you back a space but will not delete characters). Press Enter. The command line jumps to the top of the screen. : To get back to the ISPF Primary Option Menu, press F3. F3 almost always takes you one screen back If you accidentally hit F3 too many times, you'll be taken all the way back to the TSO READY prompt - to get back to the ISPF Primary Option Menu from here, type ISPF and press Enter. Log off of z/OS, by pressing F3 until you arrive at the TSO READY prompt. Type LOGOFF and press Enter: IF you have done more extensive work during your session, you will see this Specify Disposition of Log Data Set screen when you attempt to F3 past the ISPF Primary Option Menu: Whenever you encounter this screen, select option 2: "Delete data set without printing," and press Enter. You will then be taken to the TSO READY prompt, and the system informs you that a log that you don't need has been deleted. Type LOGOFF and press Enter to end your session. Should you not follow this logoff procedure, you will get a LOGON REJECTED error when you try to log back in: If this happens to you, enter LOGON on this screen, then supply your user ID at the next prompt. Once you get to this screen: enter your password (but don't press Enter yet). Now Tab down until the cursor is beside...
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...done and after downloading your data in its original format to your computer or server space, be able to open your do-file, hit a button, and have a log file generated showing the results for all questions. Homework assignments may be done in groups of up to 4 people, but each group member must turn in their own individual copy of their do-file and log-file. Please list the members of your group at the top of your do-file. Part 1 Using the two provided data sets “CEO_Salary.dta” and “CEO_Sex.dta” located on Moodle, complete this part of the task. 1. What is the 95th percentile of salary? 2. What are the 5 lowest salaries in the data set? 3. Create a new variable, the natural log of salary, and find its mean 4. Create and present a tab of a new variable (named industrytype) that indicates what industry the CEO is from. This variable will be of a string type because the values will be text and equal to either “ind”, “fin”, “cons”, or “util” depending on what industry the CEO is from. 5. What is the mean of salary of males? Of females? Part 2 In this part, you will download publicly available data from the American Consumer Survey. Go to IPUMS at https://www.ipums.org/ and choose IPUMS-USA. Click on IPUMS Registration under the Data section, and apply for access. It may take up to 24 hours to receive account verification. Once you are registered and logged into IPUMS, get back to the IPUMS-USA page. Choose the “Select Data” link which may be on the top banner...
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...are two types of statistics that are often referred to when making a statistical decision or working on a statistical problem. Descriptive statistics utilize numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns in data set, to summarize the information revealed in a data set and to present information in a convenient form that individuals can use to make decisions (Singpurwalla, 2013).Descriptive statistics main goal is to describe a data set, hence the class of descriptive statistics include both numerical measures and graphical displays of data. Inferential statistics utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions, or other generalizations about a larger set of data (Singpurwalla, 2013).The main goal of inferential statistics is to make a conclusion about a population based off a sample of data from the population. A2. The population is the whole set of values, or individuals, that the information collector is interested in. The sample is a subset of the population, and is the set of values that are actually use in estimation. For example, if a person wants to know the average height of the residents of India, that will be the population, i.e., the population of India. As India population is quite large a number, and we wouldn't be able to get data for everyone there. So the collector draw a sample, to get some observations, or the height of some of the people in India (a subset of the population, the sample) and do the inference based on that. A3. A)...
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...Abstract The head of the American Intellectual Union (AIU) is looking for research data about Gender, Probability factors and several other data sets that they need to use for reporting purposes. This data will help the AIU make sound and responsible decisions in regards to the data that they are looking to collect. Memo To: Director, American Intellectual Union From: John C. Carter Date: 8/2/2014 Subject: Distribution and Probability of data collected Dear Sir: As we discussed in earlier meetings, the AIU is looking for research data to help provide clear and concise numbers that you will be able to use in your business. These numbers that will be included in this document will allow the AIU to make sound and responsible business decisions about the future of your company. Overview of the Data Set The data that was used in this report came from information collected by AIU. These data sets include: Gender, Age, Department, Position, Tenure, Job Satisfaction, Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Benefits. With this data we will be looking at job satisfaction and how it relates to the different data sets that are included. These data sets include some Quantitive data sets like; Gender, Age and Tenure and Intrinsic. They also include a set of Qualitative categories like Department, Position, Extrinsic and Benefits. Use of Statistics and Probability in the Real World Statistics and Probability are used in a wide variety of ways in the modern workplace. Being...
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...Chris Sweeney Liu Liu Sean Arietta Jason Lawrence University of Virginia Images 1...k Cull ... ... images n-k....n Hipi Image Bundle Map 1 Map i Reduce 1 Shuffle ... Result Reduce j Figure 1: A typical MapReduce pipeline using our Hadoop Image Processing Interface with n images, i map nodes, and j reduce nodes Abstract 1 The amount of images being uploaded to the internet is rapidly increasing, with Facebook users uploading over 2.5 billion new photos every month [Facebook 2010], however, applications that make use of this data are severely lacking. Current computer vision applications use a small number of input images because of the difficulty is in acquiring computational resources and storage options for large amounts of data [Guo. . . 2005; White et al. 2010]. As such, development of vision applications that use a large set of images has been limited [Ghemawat and Gobioff. . . 2003]. The Hadoop Mapreduce platform provides a system for large and computationally intensive distributed processing (Dean, 2004), though use of Hadoops system is severely limited by the technical complexities of developing useful applications [Ghemawat and Gobioff. . . 2003; White et al. 2010]. To immediately address this, we propose an open-source Hadoop Image Processing Interface (HIPI) that aims to create an interface for computer vision with MapReduce technology. HIPI abstracts the highly technical details of Hadoop’s system...
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... QNT/351 ON14BSB02 7/14/15 Dr. JYOTIRMAY DEB Statistics in Business The Random House College Dictionary defines statistics as “the science that deals with the collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of information or data.” Thus, a statistician isn’t just someone who calculates batting averages at baseball games or tabulates the results of a Gallup poll. Professional statisticians are trained in statistical science—that is, they are trained in collecting numerical information in the form of data, evaluating it, and drawing conclusions from it. Furthermore, statisticians determine what information is relevant in a given problem and whether the conclusions drawn from a study are to be trusted. Statistics is the science of data. It involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical information. (Sincich, Benson,, & McClave, 2011, p. ). Many companies use statistics to make major business decisions, this can be financial, personnel, acquisitions, marketing and others. Another entity that benefits from statistics are government entities such as defense, financial (IRS), political and cultural policy departments. A good example of a company using statistics is a Bayer...
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...SAS 认证考试样题 1.A raw data file is listed below. 1---+----10---+----20---+--son Frank 01/31/89 daughter June 12-25-87 brother Samuel 01/17/51 The following program is submitted using this file as input: data work.family; infile 'file-specification'; run; Which INPUT statement correctly reads the values for the variable Birthdate as SAS date values? a. input b. input c. input d. input relation relation relation relation $ $ $ $ first_name first_name first_name first_name $ $ $ $ birthdate birthdate birthdate birthdate date9.; mmddyy8.; : date9.; : mmddyy8.; Correct answer: d An informat is used to translate the calendar date to a SAS date value. The date values are in the form of two-digit values for month-day-year, so the MMDDYY8. informat must be used. When using an informat with list input, the colon-format modifier is required to correctly associate the informat with the variable name. You can learn about • • informats in Reading Date and Time Values the colon-format modifier in Reading Free-Format Data. 2.A raw data file is listed below. 1---+----10---+----20---+--Jose,47,210 Sue,,108 The following SAS program is submitted using the raw data file above as input: data employeestats; input name $ age weight; run; The following output is desired: name age weight Jose 47 210 Sue . 108 Which of the following INFILE statements completes the program and accesses the data correctly? a. infile 'file-specification' pad; b. infile 'file-specification'...
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...QNT/351 May 4, 2015 Sara Skowronski Statistics in Business According to dictionary definition it is “the science that deals with the collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of numerical facts or data, and that, by use of mathematical theories of probability, imposes order and regularity on aggregates of more or less disparate elements (2015).” Identify different types and levels of statistics Types and levels of statistics include: Descriptive statistics: numerical and graphical methods that observe patterns in data set to give a summary of the information so it can be presented in an understandable format. Inferential statistics: is sample data that comes up with estimates, decisions, predictions, or other general particulars about a larger set of data. Experimental unit: is a fundamental element – an object (person, thing, transaction, or event). Another fundamental is Population: which is a set of units including people, objects, transactions, or events used in a study. A sample is the subject of the units of a population. Variable: describes the character or property of an individual experimental unit. It is known as univariate data which is a study the looks at only one variable, and bivariate data that deals with the study or relationship of two variables. Measurement: is an important factor of studying variables, as is qualitative and quantitative variables. Describe the role of statistics in business decision making ...
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...Running head: Statistics in Business Statistics in Business Define Statistics Statistics is "the science of data. It involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical information" (). Different Types and Levels of Statistics The types of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics looks for patterns in data sets and it does so by using numerical and graphical methods. It is also used to summarize the information found in a data set and allows the information to be shown in a more convenient form that is easier to read and understand. Inferential statistics' goal is to make estimates, decisions, predictions or other generalizations about a larger set of data. It does so by using sample data. There are four levels to statistics. Those are nominal level, ordinal level, interval level and ratio level. Nominal level is information that cannot be arranged in any particular order but that is classified into categories. Ordinal level is similar to nominal however, the data can be arranged into some type of order however, the differences between the values cannot be determined or is seen as meaningless. Interval level is similar to the ordinal level however, there are intervals between each set of data and the measurement can be defined and is obvious and there is no natural zero point. Ratio level is the same as interval level with the only difference being that there is a natural zero. Role Statistics...
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...Creating Data Sets 1. You have a text file called scores.txt containing information on gender (M or F) and four test scores (English, history, math, and science). Each data value is separated from the others by one or more blanks. a. Write a DATA step to read in these values. Choose your own variable names. Be sure that the value for Gender is stored in 1 byte and that the four test scores are numeric. b. Include an assignment statement computing the average of the four test scores. c. Write the appropriate PROC PRINT statements to list the contents of this data set. 2. You are given a CSV file called political.csv containing state, political party, and age. a. Write a SAS program to create a temporary SAS data set called Vote. Use the variable names State, Party, and Age. Age should be stored as a numeric variable; State and Party should be stored as character variables. b. Include a procedure to list the observations in this data set. c. Include a procedure to compute frequencies for Party. 3. You are given a text file where dollar signs were used as delimiters. To indicate missing values, two dollars signs were entered. Values in this file represent last name, employee number, and annual salary. d. Using this data file as input, create a temporary SAS data set called Company with the variables LastName (character), EmpNo (character), and Salary (numeric). e. Write the appropriate PROC PRINT statements to...
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...information that has been gathered. A statistic is a representation of information, and its function is to help researchers either to organize, summarize, or understand data. The ability to describe data is essential when gathering statistics. Statistics can be broken down into two basic types: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are a summary of information that makes the data presented more easily understood. The descriptive method is limited to only the population in which the researcher is dealing with, and only describes that particular group (Purdue OWL, 1995-2013). Inferential statistics offers a more detailed conclusion regarding the hypothesis. A benefit of the inferential method is that it can be used to take a broader view of populations, making it possible to draw conclusions about sizeable groups of people (Purdue OWL, 1995-2013). In a nutshell, the simple way to distinguish between the two would be that descriptive statistics summarize and inferential statistics draw conclusions. Both descriptive and inferential statistics not only allow the researchers to present the data gathered in a professional manner, they also enable them to move from hypothesis to conclusion with greater ease. Functions of Statistics Statistics are used to collect, analyze and interpret data (University of Nebraska, 2011). Statistics represent the mathematical side of conducting research, and are utilized in almost every...
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