...1. PROCUREMENT • Review and understand the flow of activities in the Procurement department to get an overall understanding of the various stages and procedures involved in the purchase of goods and services. • Review the structure / organisation of the Procurement department. Inquire whether duties and vendors are rotated periodically among purchasing staff. • Enquire if standard purchase orders are used to order all goods from vendors. • Review the procedure for issuance of Purchase Orders (P.O.). Inquire if in addition to a P.O., there is also a written agreement with the vendors. If so, review the same for salient terms and conditions. • Is authorisation to issue or amend Purchase Orders given in writing, or electronically with password restrictions. • Ensure whether system user profiles and access rights are used to ensure that only authorised individuals have access to purchase orders. • Review the process of negotiation for contracts. Check whether tenders are invited, evaluated and that the most competitive tender was accepted. In cases where the most competitive has not been accepted, inquire into the reasons. Ensure the reasons are documented and have been duly approved by the Site Procurement Head. • Select a sample of atleast 50 Purchase Orders (P.O.’s) covering the purchase of: Major Raw Materials sourced by the site. Major Packing Materials Capital Assets Services (e.g. Transportation, AMC’s, etc.) • For the sample selected...
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...Submitted on Due Date? YES (submitted on 9.12.2011) Submitted soft copy? YES (submitted on 9.12.2011) * jefftanasgn@gmail.com Word limit observed YES (No of words: 3678) List of Abbreviations IMF | International Monitory Fund | COP | Communities of practice | DMC | Developing member country | estar | Electronic storage and retrieval system | C-cube | Electronic platform | PCP | Public Communication Policy | ECG-Net | Evaluation Cooperation Group Network | KM | Knowledge management | KPS | Knowledge Product Service | eBook | Electronic Book | kHub | Knowledge Hub | iLab | Information laboratory | ADB | Asian Development Bank | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Knowledge management is a process where organization gathers shared knowledge from available resources like databases, paper & human minds and then contributes it to places that help in generating a large compensates. In this assignment our objective is to understand how knowledge management functions in the organization and also to analyze the current strategies and the current knowledge management activities that the organization is facing. We have studied the knowledge management system...
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...JOINT STUDY OF THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AND THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific ISSUES PAPER Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific Issues Paper April 2013 A Joint Study of the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank Institute © 2013 Asian Development Bank Institute All rights reserved. Published 2013. Printed in Japan Printed using vegetable oil-based inks on recycled paper; manufactured through a totally chlorine-free process. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Disaster risk management in Asia and the Pacific: issues paper / Asian Development Bank Institute p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Disaster incidence. 2. Vulnerability. 3. Social and economic impacts. I. Asian Development Bank Institute. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), or their Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB and ADBI do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB and ADBI do not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADBI encourages printing or copying information...
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...Innovations and Inclusive Growth A Case of Banking Industry in India Kiran Kumar Kakarlapudi Background and Motivation India has entered high growth trajectory with the initiation of economic reforms in the early 1990s with a policy shift towards free market economy.1 While on the growth front, the economy has performed considerably well, on the other hand the issue of distributional effects of growth has gained momentum in the academic and policy environment. Thus, in the eleventh and twelfth five year plans, emphasis has been laid to achieve sustainable economic growth with inclusive development (Singh, 2011). The empirical evidences on India’s growth pattern show that, the fantabulous growth performance, to a large extent, is driven by high growth in the service sector which has grown at 8.1 percent per annum during 1990-91 to 2007-08. Similarly, the share of service sector Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased from less than half to 68 percent in 2007-08 (Acharya, 2008). 2 The insights from the studies on service sector growth in India reveal that the spurt in the service growth is driven by the rapid growth of business services (which include Information Technology), communication services, financial services, hotels and restaurants, and trade (distribution) services, which is facilitated by the advent and rapid diffusion of information technology (Gordon and Gupta, 2004; Banga, 2005; Verma, 2006; Eichengreen and Gupta, 2010).3 Further, it has been argued that, rapid...
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...results 2. Results-based management 3. Public sector. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Department of External Relations Fax +63 2 636 2648 adbpub@adb.org Printed on recycled paper...
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...Bibliography 1. Ahmed, Momtaz Uddin (2006). SME Policymaking Process – A digression on the realissue.Website:http://www.undp.org/legalempowerment/reports/National%20Consultation%20Reports/Country%20Files/4_Bangladesh/4_5_%20Informal_Business_Rights.pdf 2. Ahmed, Momtaz Uddin. (1992). Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Industrial Development, Academic Publishers, Dhaka. 3. Ahmed, Momtaz Uddin (1984). Financing Rural Industries in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol. XII, and No. 1 and 2, “Special Issue on Rural Industrialization in Bangladesh”. Website:http://www.google.com/#pq=ahmed%20momtaz%20uddin%202006%20sme%20policy%20making%20process&hl=en&cp=87&gs_id=6e&xhr=t&q=ahmed+momtaz+uddin+et+al+1992+small+%26+medium+scale+enterprise+in+industrial+development&pf=p&sclient=psy&source=hp&pbx=1&oq=ahmed+momtaz+uddin+et+al+1992+small+%26+medium+scale+enterprise+in+industrial+development&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=a9b1f76dc7591fd9&biw=1024&bih=605 4. Asian Development Bank (2004). Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on Proposed Loans and Technical Assistance Grant to the People’s Republic of Bangladesh for the Small and Medium Enterprise Sector Development Program, Retrieved from World Wide Web: www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/BAN/rrp-ban-35225.pdf 5. Md. Shamsul Alam & Md. Anwar Ullah: SME in Bangladesh and their...
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...manufacturing base by promoting the unobstructed flow of goods and services. It signifies better chances of more market entries, lesser input costs, lower discharge expenditures, greater inflows of foreign investments, and wider options for quality commodities and services at reasonable prices. This research examines issues as to whether the benefits outweigh the costs of trade liberalization, its impacts on national economic growth, and the Philippines’ preparedness to overcome the impediments posed by the integration. Overall, the outcomes of the interviews show that the Philippines is not yet fully adapted to aligning domestic benchmarks with international standards although it has accomplished vital progress in certain sectors. The study also reveals that member affiliates and the Philippine economy can reap the benefits of the liberalization so long as they prevail upon their commitments to forge ahead with achieving the goals of the ASEAN Economic Community. Elimination of cross-border taxes, compliance with harmonized regulatory policies, and leaders’ steadfastness to attain the goals of the integration are the key factors for the success of the liberalization. Since the research deals more on the qualitative aspects, the authors recommend more statistical data gathering and in-depth quantitative analysis to obtain a more accurate gauge of the overall impacts of the regional integration. I. Introduction The advent of regional trade alliances during the past...
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...Journal of Cleaner Production 12 (2004) 1037–1045 www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro On the industrial ecology potential in Asian Developing Countries Anthony S.F. Chiu a,Ã, Geng Yong b a b Graduate School of Business, De La Salle University, Tatt Avenue, Manila, Philippines Institute for Eco-planning and Development, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China Abstract This paper focuses on the current situation in the adaptation and adoption of industrial ecology in Asian Developing Countries (ADCs). The objective of this paper is to consider the possibilities to develop an eco-industrial development (EID) strategy for these developing countries. We review the regional indigenous resources of ADCs and use the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) grouping to classify the preconditions of industrial ecology in ADCs. The authors of this paper argue that unlike the usual way of applying industrial ecology as a technical tool or a practical instrument, ADCs need to adopt industrial ecology as a strategic vision and as a strategic approach to plan the economic, social and ecological development of their national economies. In this way, it can be possible for the ADCs to avoid the same problems that occurred when the developed countries experienced industrialization and rapid economic growth, and move toward more sustainable development. # 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Industrial ecology; Eco-industrial development; Eco-industrial...
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...Table of contents Components | Page | Question 11.1 The Causes of Global Food Crisis i. Rising of Population Growth Rate ii. Increased oil price iii. Increase Demand for Biofuel iv. The Exchange Rate of US Dollar v. Weather Disruption & Natural Disaster vi. Low Global Stocks of Grains vii. Tariffs and policies 1.2 The Effects of Global Food Crisis i. Effects at the national level ii. Effects at the household level | 1-11 | | 11-13 | Question 2 i. How the governments intervene ii. Why the governments intervene | 13-20 | References and Appendices | 21-23 | Question 1: Causes and effects of global food price rises. 1.1 The Causes of Global Food Crisis Figure 1: Sources of Food Price Increases, January 2007–February 2011 (percentage points, year-on-year) Source : FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Food Price Index is a measure of the monthly change in international prices of a basket of food commodities. According to the data of FAO, FAO Food Price Index (FFPI) reached an average of 234 points in June 2011, which is approximately 1 percent higher than in May and 39 percent higher than in June 2010. It reaches its peak that is 238 points in February. A high rise in international sugar prices was behind much of the increase in the June value of the index. International dairy prices rose slightly in June, while meat prices are stable. Among the major cereals, prices...
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...ECIPE OCCasIOnal PaPEr • no. 2/2010 REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN ASIA: THE TRACK RECORD AND PROSPECTS By Razeen Sally Razeen Sally (razeen.sally@ecipe.org) is Director of ECIPE and on the faculty of the London School of Economics www.ecipe.org info@ecipe.org Rue Belliard 4-6, 1040 Brussels, Belgium Phone +32 (0)2 289 1350 ECIPE OCCASIONAL PAPER ExECuTIvE SuMMARy This is the season for regional-integration initiatives in Asia. There is talk of region-wide FTAs, and there are east-Asian initiatives on financial and monetary cooperation. But grand visions for Asian regional blocs are not achievable. Regional economic integration is most developed in east Asia, but only because of manufacturing supply chains linked to global markets. South Asia is the most malintegrated region in the world. And east and south Asia are much less integrated in finance than they are in trade and FDI – due to highly restrictive national policies governing financial markets. Asia’s existing FTAs are “trade light”. They are largely limited to tariff cuts, but have barely tackled non-tariff regulatory barriers in goods, services and investment, and are bedevilled by complex rules of origin requirements. An APEC FTA initiative has gone nowhere – entirely predictable given such a large, heterogeneous grouping. An east-Asian or a pan-Asian FTA, by discriminating against third countries, would compromise regional production networks linked to global supply chains. Moreover, huge economic...
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...International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 2, No.6; June 2012 Corruption: Causes and Effects in Pakistan’s Case (A Review Research) *Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan1, Dr. Naseer Ahmed Khan2, Sheraz Ahmed3, & Khalid Mehmood4 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences University of Haripur, PAKISTAN 2 Postmaster General, Pakistan Post, Rawalpindi, PAKISTAN, 3Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences University of Haripur, PAKISTAN, 4Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences Hazara University, PAKISTAN *tariq_phd@yahoo.com Abstract There is a growing worldwide concern over corruption at the present time. The increasing public interest and concern over corruption have resulted in a large amount of scholarly research on the subject. The concept of economic rent is important in corruption. In Pakistan, the corruption is deep rooted and has many dimensions. There are several causes and remedies for the public policy makers to root out corruption in Pakistan. Key Words: Corruption, Economic rent, Developmental obstacle. Social evil, Remedies Introduction Corruption is a universal curse around the world and exists in all the countries as a common phenomenon, both in developing or poorer countries and developed countries. The difference is only of the degrees of corruption. In the last five years, leading politicians in U.K., Belgium, France, Spain and Italy have been convicted of corruption and in fact, the entire European Commission ...
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...Country Paper Aid Flow to Bangladesh and the Question of Accountability of CSOs at National Level to the People They Serve By Shadnaz Khan* Bangladesh, like other poor and less developed countries, has been a regular receiver of foreign aid or external assistance in order to lessen the gap between savings and investment and to mitigate the balance of payment deficit. However, there has been serious debate over the issues such as low performance in aid-utilization, donors’ stringent and one-size-fits-all conditionalities and global aid politics that are believed to undermine the potential benefits that aid could have brought to the development scenario of the country. The apprehension over aid issues is felt in different countries around the world and also among the donors themselves. As a result, the idea of aid effectiveness has received increasing attention and importance in international discussions that generates hope that the international structure of aid would create sustainable development outcome for the poor countries. This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, a general description of aid flows to Bangladesh has been presented and in the second part, an attempt has been made to assess the donor support models for CSOs in managing aid at country level and the scope for ensuring their accountability to their primary constituents, i.e., the people they serve in Bangladesh. A General Scenario of Aid flow to Bangladesh From 1972 to 30 June 2006...
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...Asia-Pacific Development Journal Vol. 8, No. 1, June 2001 ISSUES IN TAX REFORMS Azizul Islam* This paper seeks to describe the principles that have guided recent tax reforms in Asian developing countries. It critically examines the purported rationale underlying these reforms and raises some issues connected with these reforms. The paper first discusses the new direction of the perceived role of taxation as a macroeconomic tool and the principles which have formed the basis of recent tax reforms. It then analyses the implications of the application of these principles for the level and structure of taxes. It concludes with a summary of the key issues raised in the paper. Developing countries implemented an array of major economic reforms during the 1980s and the 1990s. Tax reforms formed an integral part of these reforms. The impetus for tax reforms was provided by a number of domestic and external factors (ADB, 1993). The last two decades were marked by a fundamental reassessment in developing countries of the role of the Government in economic development. There was a discernible shift in favour of assigning a greater role to the private sector, including foreign enterprises. This required re-examination of the structure of tax systems. Faced with declining external assistance, many Governments came under pressure to reduce budgetary deficits in the interest of macroeconomic stability. Multilateral development agencies required deficit reduction as a precondition...
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...A Research Paper On Why Capitalism Succeeded In Generating An Industrial Revolution In Other Countries But Failed In The Philippines Submitted by Manuel Ortega Abis Student No. 11-71-003, BPA Special Program Batch 8-A CAPA, Universidad de Manila Professor Ronaldo J. Navata PREFACE The research materials and references used in this research paper were managed to be gathered through unlimited internet hours and limited library hours, but the pages on the web and the pages of the book offered equal enlightenment and enjoyment. The premises and conclusions built and reached in this paper are products of the researcher’s serious analysis of the Philippine economic situation. The researcher, however, is praying that his objectivity and the sincerity of his language shall not fail him in his own humble attempt to bring this mini-thesis to its just and proper course and closure. The twin causes formulated in this paper are generally subdivided into two: the concept of economic will (policy system of governance) and the concept of economic ownership (property system of the governed). Further reading is advised on critical and related topics of this paper. For the economy, these words: there is no such thing as the co-existence of freedom and equality. God bless the Philippines! ______________________________________________________________________________ ...
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...Biofuels and the underlying causes of high food prices Alessandro Flammini October 2008 The development of this report was coordinated by Maria Michela Morese and Jonathan Reeves (Global Bioenergy Partnership Secretariat). The views expressed in this report reflect those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Global Bioenergy Partnership or those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. For info: alessandro.flammini@fao.org ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank DDG Dried distillers grains DEFRA Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GHG Greenhouse Gas OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PRC People’s Republic of China UAE United Arab Emirates US United States of America USDA Department of Agriculture of the United States WFP World Food Programme of the United Nations WTO World Trade Organization Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................i BACKGROUND.....................................................................................1 THE CAUSES.......................................................................................4 THE CLIMATE ISSUE ......................................................................... 4 INTERNATIONAL STOCK LEVELS......................................................... 5 INCREASED GLOBAL FOOD...
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