...This learning module materials provided an enormous amount of information on how drugs get to the brain, how drugs affect the nervous system, physiological responses to drugs (development of tolerance and different kinds of tolerance and withdrawal different types of withdrawal) the levels of use, theories of addiction, and finally the risk factors that cause addiction heredity, a persons environment, and the use of psychoactive drugs or engaging in compulsive behaviors. Katrina’s case study captures the life of a 16-year-old girl who has many genetic, emotional, and behavioral risk factors that could lead to addiction. Katrina discusses her level of use by reporting that she only drinks once or twice a week and takes pills occasionally. Her drug of choice is usually speed to keep her up in school or her mothers pills to help her sleep at night. Katrina recalled that she has even drunk to the point where she has blanked out. According to Inaba and Cohen (2014) “Regardless of the frequency of use, if negative consequences develop in relationships, social life, finances, legal status, health, work, school, or emotional well-being and drug use...
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...The disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a lifelong disease that involves both biological and environmental sources of origin. The disease model originates from the traditional medical model of disease which states that an individual suffering from a disease has an illness or sickness that causes interruption, cessation, or disorder of bodily functions, systems or organs and must have identifiable signs and symptoms (Gorski, 2001). The contemporary medical model attributes addiction to changes in the brains mesolimbic system and also takes into consideration that the disease may be a result of other biological, psychological, or social entities (Disease model of addiction, 2011). Within the disease model of addiction, it is believed that a genetic predisposition to addiction exists, in addition to the occurrence of some environmental events that increase the likelihood that this predisposition will be sparked. Within the overall concept of the disease model of addiction, there are various specific disease models that concentrate on the specific areas of the disease concept. For example, the medical consequences model focuses on the many biomedical consequences of alcohol and drug use. This model simply focuses on the biological etiology and consequences of drug and alcohol consumption. The bio-psycho-social-spiritual consequences maintenance disease model is much richer than the biomedical consequences model because the concentration is on biological, psychological...
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...Models/Theories of Addiction Moral Model of Addiction: It is one of the oldest theories of addiction. Under this theory, addiction is the result of an individual's poor choices made from having a lack of will power or moral strength. It does not recognize biological or genetic factors to addiction, ignores all the scientific evidence including genetics, neurobiology/pharmacology and twin studies and offers no sympathy for addicts. It believes that addiction can be cured by simply choosing not to use alcohol or drugs. Although not commonly used anymore, there are still many who feel addiction is still the result of moral failure. Addictive Disease Model of Addiction: Defines addiction to alcohol or other drugs as being an incurable and irreversible progressive disease. There is no cure for the addiction but it can be controlled by lifelong abstinence and group support. It believes addicts cannot control their need for alcohol or other drugs and will ignore negative outcomes to use. This dependency is a result of pre-existing genetic chemical alterations in the brain which are activated by the substance abuse. Progression of the disease is measured by the amount, frequency, and the circumstances of an individual's substance use. Treatment starts with the individual acknowledging and admitting their problem, followed by addiction recovery treatment, and then maintaining sobriety with lifelong recovery through abstinence and support groups like AA or NA. Behavioral/Environmental...
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...The Disease Model According to the disease model of addiction, addiction is a brain disease. Marked changes in brain structure and function that, over time, lead to involuntary use or compulsive behavior are the key characteristics of the disease (Leshner, 2001). The behavioral expressions of addiction are uncontrollable, and in that aspect, similar to that of other brain diseases. For example, just as schizophrenics cannot voluntarily control their hallucinations and delusions or Parkinson’s patients cannot control their trembling, an addict cannot control the urge to use (Leshner, 2001). Once an individual has the disease, it is irreversible. It is an incurable, chronic illness. Proponents of this model purport treating the addict just as one would treat an individual with any other brain disease or chronic illness (McLellan, Lewis, O’Brien & Klecher, 2000). As with other diseases, a holistic treatment approach, combining medication therapy, behavioral therapy and any needed social services and rehabilitation is considered the best treatment approach (Leshner, 2001). Research would seem to support the position that chronic substance use produces long-lasting changes in the brain (Volkow, Chang, Gene-Jack, Fowler et al., 2001) that are responsible for the impaired cognitive functioning, including the compulsive urge to use, that is characteristic of addictive behavior (Leshner, 2001). The comparative analysis conducted by McLellan and others (2000) also suggests similar kinds...
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...In the Psychological model, the addiction was driven from stress. Guilt and shame were usually associated with the addiction, but other reasons while play a role in the addiction (Lewis, 2014). The client uses blame for using, like another person caused them to do self-medicate. Therapist may use behavior therapy, or use coping mechanisms to encourage a total recovery (Lewis, 2014). The psychological model suggests that the addiction is an individual program (Lewis, 2014). Within the Psychological model, drugs, like heroin, work to mimic the brains own chemicals because they activate neurons, which do not active neurons in the same way as they normal would, this leads to abnormal messages that are transmitted in your brain (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014) Drugs, for example, Cocaine, can release neurotransmitters that prevent...
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...Behavioral Theory of Addiction Contrasted With Moral and Disease Theories Theory and Practice in Addiction Counseling The behavioral model of addiction emphasizes conditioning as the primary reason for substance abuse. The individual chooses whether or not to engage in substance-using behavior depending on what they get out of the experience, relative to other options they have. If the substances are more rewarding than other activities within the person’s environment, then the behavior will continue. If this situation reverses, then extinction of the behavior is expected due to lack of reinforcement. Although social and economic context are recognized as factors in substance use, they are not primary causes of the behavior, nor is the presence of a comorbid psychological or medical condition. Interventions are based on the idea that an addicted person wants or expects certain results from substance use, and also wants certain outcomes in other areas of life. These objectives, wants, or needs are referred to as rewards, or reinforcers, in behavioral conditioning. The individual sets the economy of reward by weighing the relative value-cost of engaging in substance using behaviors. Immediacy of consequences, whether positive or negative reinforcement, or actual punishment, is a factor in this internal economy. If punishment for the behavior becomes stronger than the perceived benefits of continuing it, then there is economy of reward to motivate change, or discontinuation...
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...Biological Model of Addiction (4+6) AO1 The biological model of Addiction views addiction as a disease, therefore assuming that addiction is an illness, it is irreversible and the problem lies in the individual with no other contributing factors. With addiction the most poignant neurotransmitters is dopamine, where neurotransmitters carry chemical messages (information) around the brain. Dopamine is particularly active in the reward center; therefore Dopamine is related to motivation, rewards and moods. The main pathway that is travels is the mesolimbic dopamine system. According to this model people get addicted because when they take a particular substance and enjoy it is a rewarding feeling and dopamine gets released. There are different phases in becoming addicted to something, the first of which is the initiation phase. This is the taking of addicting substances; such as alcohol or nicotine trigger the release of more dopamine, motivating the brain to do it again. For example in theory crack cocaine causes receptors in the mesolimbic pathway to be rapidly activated, the brain then remembers to link the drug with the rewarding experience. This is also known as operant conditioning where the rewarding experience is positive reinforcement. The next phase is maintenance; “down regulation” involves withdrawal and stress. This is the brain adapting to new drugs and more are needed for a reward, so the previous positive reinforcement becomes negative reinforcement. “Neuroadptation”...
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...Title of assignment: Describe compare and contrast the traditional abstinence model of addiction treatment with the modern harm reduction model in the context of counselling a heroin using client who is HIV or Hep-C positive I declare that this assignment is entirely my own work and that all sources are credited. Introduction: In this essay I am going to first define abstinence, harm reduction, heroin and HIV. Then i’m going to compare and contrast the abstinence model versus the harm reduction model in relation to a person who uses heroin and has also HIV under the counselling context. Definitions: The Abstinence Model: The term 12 step applies to a number of self-help groups which have grown from the original alcoholics anonymous movement. 12-step groups are fellowships of men and women who meet regularly to support each other in their efforts to achieve and maintain abstinence. Groups are run by the members themselves who are not professional counsellors. They have a spiritual foundation are not affiliated with any organised religion. (McMurran, 1994) For the purposes of this essay groups like NA(Narcotics Anonymous) would represent a traditional abstinence group and the Minnesota Model would represent a counselling approach in relation to addiction counselling. The Harm Reduction Model: The idea of harm reduction first emerged explicitly in Dutch drug policy during the 1970s and 1980s from concern about the social integration of people who use drugs into...
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...MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR To read up on models of addictive behaviour, refer to pages 609–618 of Eysenck’s A2 Level Psychology. Ask yourself * Is there a biological basis to addictive behaviour? * Can somebody learn to be an addict? * How might explanations of addiction differ for different addictions? What you need to know MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR | EXPLANATIONS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR | * Biological, behavioural (learning), and cognitive models of addictive behaviour | * Biological, behavioural (learning), and cognitive explanations for initiation, maintenance, and relapse * Specific explanations of particular addictions including smoking and gambling | MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR The models of addictive behaviour attempt to explain the causes and thereby offer insights into how an addiction develops. The assumptions as to the causes of addiction also affect the approach taken to treatment. Biological model of addictive behaviour According to this model, the main causes of addictive behaviour are biological factors within the individual, for example, a neurochemical imbalance or a genetic predisposition towards addictive behaviour. Thus, the vulnerability to develop an addiction may be inherited and family studies are used to support this explanation. Thus approach assumes that addiction has physical causes and can therefore only be cured through medicine. Behavioural (learning) model of addictive behaviour This model is...
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...Addiction choice or disease This essay will look to outline the different arguments in that; addiction to a substance is a choice of one’s free will, or is it a disease element in our bio chemical or physical make up? It will consider, if addiction extends from genes inherited from parents or forefathers, or if it is a learned behaviour through day to day lifestyles, and changes through growth from tots to teens, to youths, then to adults. It will also seek to analyse how different approaches and points in this relevant argument can be debated in the academic and medical world, with the views and discussion of recognised professionals in the study of addiction. The definition of addiction ad-dic-tion (noun) is ‘the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physical habit forming to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma (Dictonary .com, 2012) One valid stance is that addiction is a chemical imbalance in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (D.N.A) (Wachuku, 2003, p. 199); any toxin or chemical artificially entered into the bloodstream may have a more serious effect on certain human beings than others. It could be argued that some are able to tolerate these toxins or chemicals without becoming addicted, whilst others quite easily fall into addiction, whether it is to alcohol, prescribed drugs, illegal solvents, stimulants, hallucinogenic or anti-depressants. Dr Robert West Professor of Health Psychology University College London...
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...Addiction is one of the things that undermines traditional values. It puts the person’s health at risk and alters his behaviour dramatically. One of the most underestimated addiction in today’s society is online gaming. Online gaming addiction is the excessive use of computer and video games that interferes with so called normal life (Chan, 2006). Although taking risks and experimenting with a variety of activities is considered normal, those who are at high risk of being dependent of this addiction are more prone to engage in sensation-seeking behaviours (Mehroof and Griffiths, 2010). The transtheoretical model of behaviour change outlines the person’s precontemplation and contemplation stage of having this type of addiction. When a person is in the precontemplation, the first stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, he does not consider his behaviour to be a problem. This is because he has not yet experience any negative consequence of his behaviour or it is a result of denial about the impacts of the behaviour. Segana et al. (2006) suggested that a person on this stage is often not interested in hearing about the negative consequences or advice to quit his addiction. The person usually considers his addictive behaviour as a pleasant experience at this point. An addict of online gaming at precontemplation stage is often in denial of his behaviour. He ignores comments from family and friends and spends more time on the computer to hide emotional loneliness...
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...will cut themselves off from society, because their addiction becomes greater than fear. The addict is left living a life of isolation rather than community. While someone who isn't suffering gains protection. The Ill no matter their diagnoses should receive the same remedy. Addiction isn’t a choice and they’re constantly growing. Researcher Gene Heyman illustrates in his journal that “A normal choice process can lead to addiction, arguing that people do not choose to be addicts, but that normal choice dynamics can lead them to that condition. He points to a variety of factors that keep most from becoming addicted”(Heyman). These individuals are just trying to live with their mental disability and not be abandoned. People with addictions do have the same right to be free from discrimination as anyone else with a disability or...
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...BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY A STUDY OF INTERNET ADDICTION AMONG STUDENTS OF SEKOLAH MENENGAH JENIS KEBANGSAAN PEI YUAN, KAMPAR YONG SHU QIN A RESEARCH PAPER SUBNITTED IN PARTIAL FUOFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCE (HONS) PSYCHOLOGY FACULTY OF ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN MARCH 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express gratitude for the coaching, guidance and input from several special individual. Firstly, I would like to thank Ms. Low Sew Kim, my supervisor for all the directions, guidance and advice given that ensure the completion of this project. Next, I would like to my family, especially my parents, Yong Chong Kim and Liew Moi Pong and also my sister, Yong Seok Ting for all the moral support given during the stressful periods. I would like to thank Ms. Angeline Goh Lee Ying for the guidance of SPSS program. I would like to give special thank to my senior Sebastian Ong for guidance me in this study and sharing his experience, which has helped me to open my eyes and explore various possible. I would like to thank my friends, Low Yew Kong, Joshua Teo, and Wang Hui Ni for their continuous support and wise counsel that I value and appreciate immeasurably. I also would like to thank the principal of SMJK Pei Yuan for giving me chance to distribute survey forms to students. I would like to express gratitude for all the participants of this study for their willingness to participate in this study and also for their patience during...
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...addicted to smoking. (6 marks) Sally has low self-esteem which is a factor that makes a person more vulnerable to addiction. Research has shown that some smokers have low self-esteem, however this is correlational and doesn’t tell us whether the low self-esteem came before the addiction or after the addiction, or whether they are both affected by a third factor. Sally’s low self-esteem also makes her more vulnerable to peer pressure from her already smoking friends. Bricker’s study found that childhood friends and parents play a great role in the initiation and maintenance of addiction. Sally’s parents also smoke which means Sally was 2 x more likely to become a regular smoker. The Social Learning Theory also tells us that Sally will look at her parents as role models and imitate their smoking. Once the smoking has been initiated, structural changes in the brain happen which plays a part in dependence, cravings and tolerance as the brain adapts to the increased dopamine and nicotine. This means addiction is maintained as withdrawal effects make relapse likely and this combined with her attitude towards smoking, her friends smoking too and her lack of self-esteem makes the addiction hard to quit because she wants to fit in with her friends and doesn’t feel she has the strength to stop smoking on her own, so the addiction is maintained. Sally may also explain her addiction using external attributions such as ‘society demands that I should be thin and smoking decreases my appetite’ which...
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...What is Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD)? What "Internet addiction disorder" (IAD) is still difficult to define at this time. Much of the original research was based upon the weakest type of research methodology, namely exploratory surveys with no clear hypothesis or rationale backing them. Coming from an atheoretical approach has some benefits, but also is not typically recognized as being a strong way to approach a new disorder. More recent research has expanded upon the original surveys and anecdotal case study reports. However, as I will illustrate below later, even these studies don't support the conclusions the authors claim. The original research into this disorder began with exploratory surveys, which cannot establish causal relationships between specific behaviors and their cause. While surveys can help establish descriptions of how people feel about themselves and their behaviors, they cannot draw conclusions about whether a specific technology, such as the Internet, has actually caused those behaviors. Those conclusions that are drawn are purely speculative and subjective made by the researchers themselves. Researchers have a name for this logical fallacy, ignoring a common cause. It's one of the oldest fallacies in science, and one still regularly perpetrated in psychological research today. Do some people have problems with spending too much time online? Sure they do. Some people also spend too much time reading, watching television, and working, and ignore...
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