...Addison’s disease is named after Dr. Thomas Addison (1793-1860) and is caused by a lack of aldosterone and cortisol production due to primary adrenocortical insufficiency. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of blood pressure and the salt and water balance of the body. Cortisol helps the body respond to stress, maintains blood pressure and cardiovascular function, regulates energy and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, maintains arousal and a sense of well being, and modulates neuronal and immune-cell function. The symptoms of Addison’s disease include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, weight loss, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, and salt craving. Addison’s disease is actually a clinical syndrome by which its signs and symptoms characterize primary adrenal failure. Addison’s disease can occur after tuberculoses or by any malignant disease which causes damage to the adrenal glands and inhibits their ability to produce cortisol. Inadequate secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland will also cause a cortisol deficiency. Addison’s disease can prove tricky for doctors to diagnose. Aside from a pattern of symptoms in a patient’s medical history and the telltale dark tanning of the skin, Addison’s disease is primarily diagnosed through a series of biochemical lab tests. These tests include the measuring of blood pressure, serum sodium and potassium, cortisol, ACTH, serum...
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...Addison’s disease Addison’s disease happens when the adrenal glands do not produce the hormones there are supposed to. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoid hormones, and sex hormones. Addison’s disease can be caused by a number of things such as infections, blood loss, tumors, or some medications. All these things cause trauma to the adrenal cortex and less hormone is produced. Infections such as tuberculosis and AIDS are two of the most common that cause Addison’s disease. An adrenal crisis is a complication of the disease (Rennert). Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease are commonly mistaken for other disease. Addison’s disease is rare so doctors will often diagnose patients with anorexia nervosa or some type of mental illness. Chronic diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite are common symptoms (Professional Guide to Diseases 629). They are common symptoms of several things so doctors do not associate Addison’s disease with this right away. Other symptoms can be changes in heart rate or blood pressure, darkening of the skin in some places, paleness, extreme weakness, fatigue, slow or sluggish movement, mouth lesions, salt cravings, mental confusion, and loss in libido. Addison’s disease can be diagnosed by several test. Some test may show an increase in potassium, low blood pressure, low cortisol levels, low serum sodium, and normal sex hormone levels (Rennert). This...
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...Addison's disease From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Addison's disease | Classification and external resources | ICD-10 | E27.1-E27.2 | ICD-9 | 255.4 | DiseasesDB | 222 | MedlinePlus | 000378 | eMedicine | med/42 | MeSH | D000224 | Addison’s disease (also Addison disease, chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism, and hypoadrenalism) is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). It is characterized by a number of relatively nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness, but under certain circumstances, these may progress to Addisonian crisis, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure and coma. The condition arises from problems with the adrenal gland, "primary adrenal insufficiency", and can be caused by damage by the body's own immune system, certain infections, or various rarer causes. Addison's disease is also known as chronic primary adrenocortical insufficiency, to distinguish it from acute primary adrenocortical insufficiency, most often caused by Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. Addison's disease should also be distinguished from secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency, which are caused by deficiency of ACTH (produced by the pituitary gland) and CRH (produced by the hypothalamus), respectively. Despite this distinction, Addisonian crises can happen in all forms of adrenal...
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...Addison’s Disease Addison's disease is a disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well. Also called adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease occurs in all age groups and affects both sexes. Addison's disease can be life-threatening. Treatment for Addison's disease involves taking hormones to replace the insufficient amounts being made by your adrenal glands, in order to mimic the beneficial effects produced by your naturally made hormones. Symptoms Addison's disease symptoms usually develop slowly, often over several months, and may include: * Muscle weakness and fatigue * Weight loss and decreased appetite * Darkening of your skin (hyperpigmentation) * Low blood pressure, even fainting * Salt craving * Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) * Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting * Muscle or joint pains * Irritability * Depression * Body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women Acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis) Sometimes, however, the signs and symptoms of Addison's disease may appear suddenly. In acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis), the signs and symptoms may also include: * Pain in your lower back, abdomen or legs * Severe vomiting and diarrhea, leading to dehydration * Low blood pressure * Loss of consciousness ...
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...lives at home with her spouse and has a few friends she sees on a regular basis. The patient states she has never smoked, nor has she ever drunk alcohol and no one in the house does either. She does consume 3-4 diet pops a day that contain caffeine. The patient states she has no medical training or knowledge other than the conditions, which she has a history of. She seems to have memory deficits of unknown etiology and very high anxiety issues with very high dependency or separation issues (needing someone near her at all times and demanding). The patient’s medical history consists of kidney stones, urinary tract infection (UTI), high cholesterol, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes mellitus (Type 1), acid reflux, allergic rhinitis, addison’s disease, osteoporosis, osteopenia, anxiety, and depression. She has a surgical history of: cholecystectomy, colonoscopy, liver biopsy, and hysterectomy. After asking the patient how she learns best, she states “I learn better with a hard copy and someone going over the information me and my husband.” Also assessed were her needs. The acute stage she needs IV access, pain meds, a strict diet of nothing by mouth or minimum, sips of water, IV fluids for dehydration, glucose control, urine sample, stool sample. The next stage of care would most likely consist of a gastroenterologist consult, x-ray (abdomen), CT scan (abdomen), colonoscopy, gastroscopy, and eventually a...
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...P. Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark Correspondence should be addressed to J. Lindholm, j.lindholm@ofir.dk Received 15 January 2011; Accepted 17 March 2011 Academic Editor: Marian Ludgate Copyright © 2011 J. Lindholm and P. Laurberg. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The last part of the 19th century was a period of great achievements in medicine and endocrinology. The thyroid gland evolved from being considered a rudimentary structure to an organ related to specific diseases. The singular importance of iodine became acknowledged. Graves-Basedow’s disease was described. Surgical treatment evolved with extraordinary speed. Theodor Kocher observed that the clinical picture in patients after total thyroidectomy was similar to the one seen in cretinism. In 1850, the first case of hypothyroidism or myxedema was described. Less than 50 years later, effective treatment was introduced. Another 50 years later, autoimmune thyroiditis was ascertained as the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism (in areas with no iodine deficiency). This paper gives a short survey of the history of hypothyroidism and its treatment. 1. Introduction During the 50 years preceding World War I, medicine saw a wealth of new ideas and novel procedures, not in the least within the field...
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...From Medscape Nurses Medication Error Prevention for Healthcare Providers Faculty and Disclosures CE Information There are between 44,000 and 98,000 individuals who die every year in hospitals due to preventable medical errors.[1] It has also been reported that this is only part of the problem, as thousands of other patients are adversely affected by medical errors or barely avoid injuries that are nonfatal.[2] These medical errors not only cost the loss of lives, but carry a financial burden that is estimated to be in a range of $17 billion to $29 billion annually. Additionally, there is physical and psychological pain and suffering related to these errors.[1] Another consequence is that medical errors diminish trust and satisfaction in the healthcare system and in healthcare professionals.[1] Ginette A. Pepper, PhD, RN, FAAN, a Professor and Helen Lowe Bamberger Colby Presidential Endowed Chair and Associate Dean for Research, University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, spoke on medication safety for the geriatric nurse practitioner (GNP).[3] Dr. Pepper was trained as a pharmacologist with a nursing focus. She was one of the first NPs to add "geriatric" to her title as well as one of the first NPs to have prescriptive authority. Safety Principles and the Medication Use Process Dr. Pepper noted that safety issues are of the utmost importance for all healthcare providers.[3] Nursing as a profession has a long history of regarding patient safety as a primary...
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...NCLEX-RN® DETAILED TEST PLAN 2010 NCLEX-RN Detailed Test Plan ® Effective | April 2010 Item Writer/Item Reviewer/Nurse Educator Version Mission Statement The National Council of State Boards of Nursing, composed of member boards, provides leadership to advance regulatory excellence for public protection. Purpose and Functions The purpose of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN ) is to provide an organization through which boards of nursing act and counsel together on matters of common interest and concern affecting the public health, safety and welfare, including the development of licensing examinations in nursing. ® The major functions of NCSBN include developing the NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN examinations, performing policy analysis and promoting uniformity in relationship to the regulation of nursing practice, disseminating data related to NCSBN’s purpose and serving as a forum for information exchange for NCSBN members. ® ® Copyright© 2010 National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) All rights reserved. NCSBN , NCLEX , NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN are registered trademarks of NCSBN and this document may not be used, reproduced or disseminated to any third party without written permission from NCSBN. ® ® ® ® Permission is granted to boards of nursing to use or reproduce all or parts of this document for licensure related purposes only. Nonprofit education programs have permission to use or reproduce all or parts of this document...
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...Stress (biology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about biological stress. For stress in physics and mechanics, see Stress (mechanics). |[pic] |This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. | | |The following WikiProjects or Portals may be able to help recruit one: | | |• WikiProject Biology· Biology Portal • WikiProject Medicine· Medicine Portal •WikiProject | | |Neuroscience· Neuroscience Portal | | |If another appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. | Stress is defined as an organism's total response to an environmental condition or stimulus, also known as a stressor. Stress typically describes a negative condition that can have an impact on an organism's mental and physical well-being. |Contents | | [hide] | |1 Ambiguity of the word | |1.1 Biological background | |2 Neuroanatomy | |2.1 Brain ...
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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...Essentials Ruth E. McCall, BS, MT (ASCP) Retired Program Director and Instructor Central New Mexico Community College Albuquerque, New Mexico President, NuHealth Educators, LLC Faculty, Emeritus Phoenix College Phoenix, Arizona Fifth Edition Cathee M. Tankersley, BS, MT (ASCP) Acquisitions Editor: Peter Sabatini Product Manager: Meredith L. Brittain Marketing Manager: Shauna Kelley Designer: Holly McLaughlin Production Services: Aptara, Inc. Fifth Edition Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress...
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...Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан Кокшетауский государственный университет им. Ш. Уалиханова An Outline of British Literature (from tradition to post modernism) Кокшетау 2011 УДК 802.0 – 5:20 ББК 81:432.1-923 № 39 Рекомендовано к печати кафедрой английского языка и МП КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, Ученым Советом филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, УМС КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова. Рецензенты: Баяндина С.Ж. доктор филологических наук, профессор, декан филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова Батаева Ф.А. кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры «Переводческое дело» Кокшетауского университета им. А. Мырзахметова Кожанова К.Т. преподаватель английского языка кафедры гуманитарного цикла ИПК и ПРО Акмолинской области An Outline of British Literature from tradition to post modernism (on specialties 050119 – “Foreign Language: Two Foreign Languages”, 050205 – “Foreign Philology” and 050207 – “Translation”): Учебное пособие / Сост. Немченко Н.Ф. – Кокшетау: Типография КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, 2010 – 170 с. ISBN 9965-19-350-9 Пособие представляет собой краткие очерки, характеризующие английскую литературу Великобритании, ее основные направления и тенденции. Все известные направления в литературе иллюстрированы примерами жизни и творчества авторов, вошедших в мировую литературу благодаря...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...NEW EDITION HIGH SCHOOL English Grammar & Composition BY WREN & MARTIN (With New Appendices) REVISED BY N.D.V. PRASADA RAO S. CHAND Page i New Edition HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION By P.C. WREN, MA. (OXON) and H. MARTIN, M.A. (OXON), O.B.E. Revised By N.D.V. PRASADA RAO, M.A., D.T.E., Ph.D. Dear Students, Beware of fake/pirated editions. Many of our best selling titles have been unlawfully printed by unscrupulous persons. Your sincere effort in this direction may stop piracy and save intellectuals' rights. For the genuine book check the 3-D hologram which gives a rainbow effect. S. CHAND AN ISO 9001: 2000 COMPANY S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI -110 055 Page iii PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION Wren and Martin's monumental work High School English Grammar and Composition now appears in two editions. One is a de luxe edition, illustrated in full-colour, and the other is an ordinary edition without illustrations. The material in the book has been further updated where called for. It has been felt necessary in particular to revise some material in the chapters dealing with adjectives, active and passive voice, articles and prepositions. Appendix I, which deals with American English, has been expanded. Appendix II has been replaced with a newer set of tests covering the important areas of grammar. It was in the year 1972 that the shrewd visionary Mr. Shyam Lai Gupta obtained the permission of Manecji Cooper Education Trust for the revision of this book...
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