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Addressing Literacy Skills

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Introduction
Literacy is one of the most foundational skills that one can have. However, literacy continues to be one of the most prolific problems today. Addressing literacy skills at a young age can have quite the effect on one’s later life. There are many interventions used to address literacy, one of them being phonological awareness, or more specifically phonemic awareness. Phonological awareness is the umbrella that encompasses phonemes as well as larger units of words including syllables and rhyming words. Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate the smallest units of words otherwise known as phonemes. In the English language there are 41 phonemes and they are used to form larger units such as syllables and words …show more content…
Twenty children were selected from the 23 in the original PA group, twenty children were selected from 38 who did not receive some type of PA training in original study, and twenty children were selected from the normal comparison group in the original study. The results showed that the majority of children who had received PA intervention had retained their skills learned in decoding and word-recognition. Those who received PA intervention were reading at or above the expected level for their age at the follow-up assessment. It is important to remember not every child who receives PA may improve reading …show more content…
C., Nunes, S. R., Willows, D. M., Schuster, B. V., Yaghoub-Zadeh, Z. and Shanahan, T. (2001) put together a meta-analysis to better understand individual studies and what their outcomes mean. The meta-analysis used 52 studies that had PA instruction and a control group receiving non-PA instruction or no special instruction. The studies kept in mind three groups when searching for studies to use. Those three groups were students were had no reading problems, students below 2nd grade who were at-risk for reading difficulties, and those classified as reading disabled. The studies varied in how phonemic awareness was taught in terms of using a single phonemic component, two phonemic components, or 3 more phonemic components. Students typically learned PA through identification, categorization, blending, segmenting, deletion of phonemes or manipulation of onset-rime units. There was a large effect size when teaching one or two phenmic awareness skills and a small effect size when teaching 3 or more. The skills of blending and segmenting phonemes appears to be the most beneficial when transferring phonemic awareness skills to reading. Interestingly, the study also found that a greater effect size was established when the use of letters was used in addition to sounds. The insruction of phonemix awareness had the largest effect size compared to one on one intervention or whole classroom intervention. Programs that were long-lasting had a smaller effect size than shorter

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