...Radioactive Isotopes Introduction: - Radioactive isotopes are kind of isotopes, which have an unstable nuclide and react in assorted ways, they are derived from isotopes that also hold an unstable nucleus but they do not react as radioisotopes do. These factors are categorized by the extra energy which is present in them and which would be used to react and produce some other particle. The reaction, which would result in various emissions of Gama, rays, alpha particles, beta particles. The reaction, which causes these emissions, is called radioactive decay (Radioactivity). The discharge of the radioactive decay is harmful in various ways, only due to the progress in technology now these disadvantages have been converted to advantages and now radioisotopes are used in several facial expressions, which also let in various medical aspects, which would be compensated in the report. The concept of Radioactivity was found by a French physicist, Antoine Henri Becquerel. As most of the discoveries, this also was by a very honest observation and accidental. During the research of phosphorescent materials (The elements which glow in black). Studying Uranium for his research, he kept the uranium on the photographic film, it was a routine for him to hold it under the sunlight for some days and then examine it later. On a cloudy day, he kept the film and the uranium inside. Later on some days he took an observation when he watched the video, the image of the uranium appeared in the film...
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...GRAIN BASED DISTILLERY OPERATION : 86 KLPD WATER BALANCE ALL FIGURES IN METRIC TONNES (MT) INPUTS PROCESS WATER IN LIQN BOILER FEED WATER DM WATER for DISTILLATION SOFT WATER for COOLING TOWER DM WATER BLENDING RW for BOTTLE WASHING SOFT WATER DISTILLATION SOFT WATER PUMPS SEALING FERMENTER WASHING FLOOR WASHING DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OUTPUTS 473 533 659 774 50 65 129 129 22 20 5 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT 2860 RECYLCE STREAMS STEAM CONDENSATE THIN SLOPS R/E to DISTILLATION PR LEES TO FERMETATION STEAM CONDENSATE SPENT LEES PR SPENT LEES RECTIFER SPENT WASH (GRAIN SLOPS) WATER IN PRODUCT CASES WATER IN BY PRODUCT BOTTLE WASHING CT EVAPORATION & DRIFT LOSSES PUMP SEALING PROCESS CONDENSATE MT BOILER BLOWDOWN DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION MT 420 112 659 137 MT MT MT MT 50 155 65 774 129 322 16 22 2860 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT ` 420 137 573 22 BOTTLE WAHING PUMP SEALING Total Recycling /Re-utilisations of water per day 50 129 1331 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT TOTAL FRESH WATER INPUT 1163 WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT PROCESS CONDENSATE 322 COOLING TOWER BLOWDOWN 93 BOILER BLOW DOWN 16 DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION 22 FLOOR WASHING 20 BOTTLE WASHING 15 PRC LEES 69 TOTAL WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT 488 REUSE WASTE STREAMS AFTER TREATMENT 366 WATER FOR GREEN BELT 122 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT NOTE : FIGURES GIVEN ABOVE ARE ONLY INDICATIVE AND SHALL VARY BASED ON GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND OVERALL PLANT OPERATING PARAMETERS...
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...CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Equilibrium occurs when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction. Concentration of the reactants and the products remain the same. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the processes do not stop and forward and reverse reactions still continue in both directions at the same rate. A homogeneous reaction is a reaction wherein all the reactants and products are in the same phase e.g. all are gases. A heterogeneous reaction is a reaction wherein all the reactants and products are not in the same phase. If there is no interaction between the system and its surroundings, i.e., a system from which no substances in the reaction can escape, we say it is a closed system. Calculation of the substance amount and concentration at equilibrium We can determine the concentration of the substance by dividing the number of mol of the substance at that stage of the reaction by the volume of the container in dm3, i.e.: c= n/V where c or [ ] = concentration of the substance in mol.dm-3 n = number of mol of the substance V = volume of the container in dm3 It is handy to use a table to determine these values. Example 1 A mixture of 5 mol H2(g) and 6 mol I2(g) are placed in a sealed container of 2 dm3 at a temperature of 4580C. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: Equilibrium is reached after a certain time. At equilibrium there is 4mol HI(g) in the container. Calculate the concentrations...
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...------------------------------------------------- Abstract The atoms in a compound are held together by a chemical bond. There are two types of chemical bond: ionic and covalent bond. An ionic or electrovalent bond results from the electrostatic attraction between metal and non-metal atoms by the transfer of electrons. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The atoms in a compound are held together by a chemical bond. There are two types of chemical bond: ionic and covalent bond. An ionic or electrovalent bond results from the electrostatic attraction between metal and non-metal atoms by the transfer of electrons. One example is the formation of bond between a sodium metal atom and a chlorine non-metal atom [1]. In contrast, covalent bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between non-metal atoms. A covalent bond becomes polar when there is unequal sharing of bonding electrons. This happens when the elements involved in the bond has a significant difference in their electronegativity, such as in hydrochloric acid, HCl. Equal distribution of bonding electrons leads to the formation of a non-polar covalent bond. This happens when there is small or no difference in electronegativity between the atoms in a bond. Chlorine gas, Cl2, has a non-polar covalent bond. Electrical conductivity, the flow of electric current, can be used as a basis for determining the type of chemical bond present in a compound. An ionic compound, when dissolved in an...
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...The difference between a mixture and a compound is that a mixture is a substance made by mixing other substances together. Most of the time two or more substances that are chemically united and they do not exist in fixed proportions of each other. Unlike a compound a mixture can be physically separated into pure compounds or elements. For example a cake is made up of different substances that are mixed together that are separated. A compound on the other hand is just the opposite of a mixture. A compound has a constant composition with fixed ratio of elements. It can have properties different from its constituents as a new substance is formed when they are chemically combined. The difference is that a compound can only be separated by chemical methods. That is like taking platinum and gold and melting them both down together. You get platinum gold which is a mixture of two elements combined together. 2. Suppose that you have a pure substance. How can you tell whether it is a compound or an element? You can tell the difference because a compound is a mixture of two or more elements. An element on the other hand is a single thing. It is actually divided into pure substances and mixtures. When we have two or more things that are not chemically combined that is called a mixture. They can be divided into homogeneous, like the particles that are throughout milk or heterogeneous, in which we can tell it is mixed like sand and salt. A pure substance on the other hand is when...
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...heard about a company named BASF before, I was worried about writing a research paper about it. However, when I visited its website, my worries disappeared, because the website had lots of valuable information that informs me about what they did in the past and what they plan to do in the future. The BASF is a chemical company that was established in 1865 in Germany. The company name, BASF, stands for Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory). The company has more than 140 years of history and has gone through dramatic changes, which has lead to it becoming a universal modern company. According to its website, there are more than 110,000 employees and 385 production sites all over the world, and its goal is to be a “world’s leading chemical company.” The BASF produces various chemical related products, and these are six main product categories: chemicals, plastics, performance products, functional solutions, agricultural solutions and oil & gas. A few of its competitors are Bayer AG, Dow Chemical and TOTAL. Those companies have similar business products as BASF; however, BASF seems to be the only company that does everything, from chemical related to products to oil & gas. Therefore, the BASF is pretty competitive. By doing some research about this company, I was able to find many attractions that would make students want to work for the company. First, it is a world-wide company that one can work in different regions including Europe, North America...
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...CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical Bonds I. Introduction Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms called a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are the covalent bonds and ionic bonds. Covalent bonds are bonds in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Covalent bonds, in which the sharing of the electron pair is unequal, with the electrons spending more time around the more non-metallic atom, are called polar covalent bonds. In such a bond there is a charge separation with one atom being slightly more positive and the other more negative, i.e., the bond will produce a dipole moment. On the other hand, Ionic bonds are bonds in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. In the extreme case where one or more atoms lose electrons and other atoms gain them in order to produce a noble gas electron configuration, the bond is called an ionic bond. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non-metallic atoms which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent bonds. Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond is a type of bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged...
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...com/019189_human_medical_experimentation_ethics.html#ixzz2PRSCAji3http://www.naturalnews.com/019189_human_medical_experimentation_ethics.htmlThese stories must be heard because human experimentation is still going on today. The reasons behind the experiments may be different, but the usual human guinea pigs are still the same -- members of minority groups, the poor and the disadvantaged. These are the lives that were put on the line in the name of "scientific" medicine. Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/019189_human_medical_experimentation_ethics.html#ixzz2PRUouzlLAs you read through these science experiments, you'll learn the stories of newborns injected with radioactive substances, mentally ill people placed in giant refrigerators, military personnel exposed to chemical weapons by the very government they served and mentally challenged children being purposely infected with hepatitis. These stories are facts, not fiction: Each account, no matter how...
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...Polarity Management of Cost and Quality Dustin Klinger Kaplan University Polarity Management of Cost and Quality Polarities are interdependent pairs that support a common purpose yet tend to be contradictory of one other (Polarity Partnerships, para. 1). Some examples of polarities include: stability and change, individual and team, long and short term, autocratic and participatory and my topic, cost and quality. Any of these pairs are known to counter the other. In my case, it is important to note that when quality improves, cost generally increases and vice versa. Throughout this paper I will discuss managerial approaches to utilize these two concepts to your advantage without ever overlooking either of them. It is important to embrace the fact that there are polarities everywhere we turn and instead of trying to fight against them, we should develop their concepts to make us more complete. Larry Hirschhorn has argued that in order for managers to become proficient in managing polarities, they must develop a set of “rules of thumb” for when they encounter different circumstances. They establish these rules with the hopes of somewhat standardizing their way of thinking as well as how to allocate resources for each instance. The guidelines are generally developed to recognize patterns and opportunities. Hirschhorn recommends managers create a 2 x 2 table to help illustrate this concept and to categorize its different states. Each axis would include a “hi” and...
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...Honors Chemistry Chapter 2 Success Sheet This success sheet is filled with questions and prompts that will guide you as you prepare for the Chapter 2 test. Write your answers to each question on a separate sheet of paper. Chapter 2 – Activity 1 1. What is a pure substance? 2. Explain the difference between an element and a compound. 3. How can a mixture of salt, sand, and iron filings be separated? 4. What kind of separation is needed to change a compound into its elements? 5. What do the subscripts mean in a chemical formula? Chapter 2 – Activity 2 6. Explain what happens to the energy of particles as a substance is heated form a solid to a liquid to a gas. 7. Explain what happens to the temperature of particles as a substance is heated from solid to liquid to gas. 8. What happens to the volume of a gas as it is heated? 9. Explain why dry ice sublimates at room temperature. What is the identity of the white vapor that is observed? 10. Draw a heating curve for water and label the following: solid, liquid, gas (vapor), melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation. 11. Explain sublimation and deposition. Chapter 2 – Activity 3 12. What is a solution? Name at least 3 properties of a solution. 13. What is a suspension? Name at least 3 properties of a solution. 14. What is a colloid? Name at least 3 properties of a solution. 15. How can a suspension be separated? 16. Give an example of a solution, a suspension, and a colloid...
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...About Syria attack, President Obama is attempting to employ U.S. military to act against Syria. And there is some of my point of view about this incident. * Three affective tactics to persuade people of the USA and other country about attacking Syria. 1. On the summit of the Group of 20 (G20), Obama tried to persuade the leader of those countries to interfere the Syria war by telling them the people of Syria is suffering from the Sarin ( the poison gas) if they don’t stop the government force there. Some of the country, like France, is showing their support toward U.S. intervention. There were ten countries signed up to the call for a strong international response with U.S. that they want the president of Syria to stop using chemical weapons. 2. Showing the video about how the people of Syria are suffering from the Sarin to the Congress. And some of the congressman took the advice and try to care about the human right in Syria. 3. He seeks the permission from the US Congress and attempts to show the respect to people. Consequently, he didn’t establish any military moves toward Syria now. "I was elected to end wars and not start them" he said. It seems persuasive to me. * One thing that he didn’t to but I think it’s affective Tell the American what is worthy this time when the United States interfere the war of Syria. Every time U.S. interferes some war that is not in the USA, people died because of “the world peace”? And it also cost a bunch of...
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...IRAC Brief: JP Morgan Chase Settles the London Whale This is a case study analysis of a current legal case regarding the governance principles of regulatory compliance and the methods used to manage risk arising. The briefing of this case will utilize the IRAC method of case analysis to give a breakdown on the case of JP Morgan Chase on regulatory violations and risk management. The IRAC method will address I - Issue, R - Rule, A - Analysis, and C - Conclusion which will provide a researched assessment of the trading loss violations on this case. Please read and review this analysis of the case utilizing IRAC method of case analysis. Issue JP Morgan Chase permitted traders in its London office to allocate magnified values to transactions and cover up huge losses as they continued to explode. Two traders could face criminal charges for fabricating records to cover up losses. JP Morgan’s charge to the $6 billion oversight in trading loss is the first for a main company since the Securities and Exchange Commission revised its practice of letting firms pay fines without admitting fault. An admission by JPMorgan could provide a pattern for pursuing other admissions in Wall Street cases. The Justice Department is aggressive in getting JPMorgan to admit that from 2005 to 2007, it sold mortgage securities to investors without fully warning of the risks. By wanting the bank to admit some responsibility, officials hope it will caution other corporations to double check before taking...
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...Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholinesterase Abstract: A series of three labs were combined to observe the effects of some common biological enzymes: Catalase, Tyrosinase, and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Enzymes are catalytic proteins, that when present in a chemical reaction, are able to lower the action potential needed to create the reaction without being destroyed or altered themselves in the process. In Part A, my hypothesis stated that when Catalase is combined with H2O2 the rate of conversion to water and oxygen gas should double when 5-10 drops of enzyme is added and quadruple when 10-20 drops are added. In Part B, my hypothesis stated that increases in enzyme concentration or buffer pH the substrate of the final product will yield increased substrate, also, if the substrate concentration is increased then the enzyme will be less diluted, the buffer pH will increase, or there will be a temperature increase. In Part C, my hypothesis stated that tacrine will have an inhibitory effect on AChE, and that those effects will increase as the level of concentration increases. In all three labs I postulated that increases in temperature and concentration levels and would increase the rates and decrease time to form chemical reactions. We setup each lab with a series of increased concentrations and a control trial using DiH2O. We observed the results using the following instruments: LabQuest and LabQuest App, a Spectrometer, an Oxygen Gas Sensor, LoggerPro software, and class...
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...The purpose of this experiment is to examine the effect that enzyme concentration has on reaction time and the effect that substrate concentration has on enzyme reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that catalyze different chemical reactions. In general, enzymes are proteins and they are each specific to specific chemical reaction. In order for enzymes to process properly, they should maintain a specific three dimensional structure. When enzymes function, they combine with their substrates (reactant) to form susbtrate-enzyme complex. Then this complex converts into a product and unaltered enzyme. Substrate + Enzyme Substrate-Enzyme Complex Product + Enzyme OR Substrate –Enzyme Product (From this equation, in general, the reaction of enzyme is irreversible.) Some of the factors that affect the rate of reaction are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, product concentration, etc. The rate of reaction is affected by the level of pH. The extreme level of pH can denature enzyme and result loss of its action. The optimum pH is 14 and this is the level of pH where the rate of reaction is the highest. Temperature also affects the rate of reaction. As temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases as well; however, it increases until the optimum temperature. After optimum temperature, the enzyme denatured. The concentration of enzyme and substrate affect the rate of reaction. In theory, the higher the concentration of substrate, the...
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...EDAHOD5 ASSIGNMENT 2 UNIQUE NUMBER : 198446 DUE DATE 18 SEPTEMBER 2013 QUESTION 1 Assessment Activity : Conduct a practical investigation to determine the effect on the rate of a chemical reaction by one of the factors of temperature, surface area or concentration. Assessment Checklist Learners Name & Surname : Physical Sciences Task : Practical Investigation of Effect on Rate of Reaction by temperature, surface area or concentration Date : Criteria Investigative Question Hypothesis Variables Correctly Identified Table of Results Graph of Results Conclusion Yes/No Grade 12 Assessment Grid Learners Name & Surname : Physical Sciences Task : Practical Investigation of Effect on Rate of Reaction by temperature, surface area or concentration Date : Criteria Investigative Question clearly stated Hypothesis Formulated Independent, Dependent and Constant Variables Correctly Identified and stated Experiment designed and steps clearly set out Results of experiment tabulated Results represented graphically Conclusion and Evaluation TOTAL MARKS : 20 Marks 2 2 3 5 3 3 2 Grade 12 RUBRIC TO ASSESS PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT ON RATE OF REACTION BY TEMPERATURE, SURFACE AREA OR CONCENTRATION NAME OF LEARNER : DATE : CRITERIA LEVEL0 LEVEL1 LEVEL2 LEVEL3 LEVEL4 GRADE 12 Conducts a practical investigation Did not attempt or completely incorrect. Correctly plans a practical investigation by identifying correct investigative question, hypothesis, variables and apparatus...
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