...Persistent low-grade inflammation has been identified as a significant contributor to the development of several chronic diseases, (Niklas et al, 2005) including heart disease and type II diabetes (Woods et al, 2009). Inflammation is indicated by an increased concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive protein (CRP) in the bloodstream (Niklas et al, 2005). This elevation may be due to a number of factors, including increased visceral adipose tissue secreting cytokines (Niklas et al, 2005), decreased circulatory levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (4) This essays aims to show the role that exercise can play in reducing inflammation, and will examine this effect in an obese, type II diabetic population. This reduced inflammation will be looked at in terms of three different mechanisms; the first is a reduction of visceral fat from exercise, leading to a decrease in adipokine secretion, the second is the increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokines from skeletal muscle contraction, and the third is the release of adrenal hormones, leading to a release of anti-inflammatory catecholamines. Inflammation can be acute or chronic and is indicated by a ‘two-to four-fold increase in circulating pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines’ (Woods et al, 2009) and by the presence of proteins such as CRP. The inflammation response can be due to trauma or as a result of factors such as obesity. Obesity can lead...
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...-Functions of Adipose tissue -regulation of insulin, blood pressure -changes in adipose tissue during obesity- obese with metabolic dysfunction( increase inflammation) -Vitamin D metabolism -Vitamin D status is inversely correlated with markers of adiposity -Vitamin D regulates adipose tissue function -Adipocyte differentiation- pre-adipocyte- early adipocyte - mature adipocyte -glucocorticoid and insulin promote adipocyte differentiation. Does 1,25(OH)2D Inhibits 3t3-l1 differentiation in a dose-dependent manner -Lipid storage in adipocytes(image) -1,25(OH)2D stimulates lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes -TAG storage in adipocytes -effect of 1,25(OH)2D on lipolytic protein expression. Conclusion: 1,25(OH)2D stimulates: -increased PKA-dependent lipolysis -increased HSL phosphorylation -increased CGI-58 protein expression -decreased ATGL protein expression Extracellular fatty acid accumulation does not account for reduction in TAG stores. 1,25(OH)2D stimulates fatty acid uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes 1,25(OH)2D reduces acetate incorporation into fatty acids 1,25(OH)2D stimulates: -decreased glucose incorporation into fatty acids -decreased ACC1/FAS activity Effect of 1,25(OH)2D on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: Increased fatty acid turnover -decreased glucose incorporation into fatty acids Implications: -Reduced TAG accumulation may alleviate chronic inflammation associated with expansion of adipose tissue. - Inhibition of de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue, coupled...
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...three mediator an cell proliferation. The data in the article shows a stimulative effect of substances produce by the adipose tissue on the breast cancer. Body weight cell specific proliferation suggests that obesity related adipokines and mediators enhance cell proliferation and increase the risk for breast cancer. A couple guidelines and recommendations that help to prevent obesity are physical activity and diets. Obesity is associated with poorer survival in women with breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. The purpose of this study was to determine if the associations of obesity with breast-cancer specific, all cause, and non-breast cancer mortality differ from between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with breast cancer. Also some other recent studies have shown that elevated BMI may be associated with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema. Introduction Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body, fundamentally genetic. Cancer is defined as “ a malignant form of tumors which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division”. Tumors occur when specific changes or mutations, occur in genes. The frequency and consequences of these genetic changes can also be altered by environmental factors. There are many different kinds of cancers. Cancer can develop in almost any organ or tissue,...
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...City University of Hong Kong GE1341 Life and Health: Innovative Essay Topic: Why Do we need to store fat in adipose tissue? Why people become obese? Name: Wong Ming Yan Cannis SID: 54404835 Introduction: In this piece of innovative essay, I am going to have a brief introduction on the structure of adipose tissue, including white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT): an indispensable part of our body with the function of energy storage and as an endocrine gland. After introducing the functions of adipose tissue, I will focus on topic: about the function of adipose tissue as a place for storage of fat. People become obese is partly due to adiponectin and leptin, the two hormones affecting adipose tissue and resulting in obesity....
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...Michelle Stewart Literature Review Landis FN340 30 April 2015 Introduction Fructose, commonly known as fruit sugar, is a major component of sweeteners such as table sugar, honey and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)1. Fructose is a simple monosaccharide that has been used as a sweetener in food and drinks, and current estimations suggest that sweetener consumption in the U.S. has increased to an average of 477 kcal/person, or approximately 24% of a typical 2000 kcal/day diet2,3. An increase in the consumption of sweeteners containing fructose has occurred in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity, suggesting that increased consumption of fructose may contribute to the current epidemic of obesity-related metabolic disorders, including increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome2. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a syndrome of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure (BP), and often precedes the development of diabetes4. In some studies, humans and animals that have been administered fructose have developed these symptoms, however they have not been observed with glucose or starch-based diets. Fructose and glucose are metabolized quite differently, and it has been hypothesized that this differentiation is the key factor in the development of pathologies associated with MetS5. Additionally, ingestion of fructose does not stimulate the release of the hormones insulin and leptin, nor does it suppress the secretion...
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...Sports is a rapidly growing lifestyle in the community. This occurs because of increased public awareness of their own health. They have discovered the many benefits of exercise. That fit the human body requires in order to run the activity. In my opinion, sports skills are not important than the willingness to doing sport and sports are not just the athlete. Doing sports doesn’t mean that people should go to the gym, but they still can doing exercise without going to gym. Activities such as walking and running are cheap and more accessible. Cheaper than other activities because it only requires running shoes. People can walk and jog everywhere such as parks. In addition, they can socialize with their neighbors and bring their pets to go for a walk. Meanwhile swimming requires swimming gear. Swimming is popular not only because of helping people to lose weight but also help fat people to lowering their risk of injury when they are doing sports. However, biking or cycling is also an option because it a low impact exercise. But, the cost of equipment should be consider before buying those gears. As a result of modern era and suitable with all age groups, dancing is one of the most popular sport. Dancing is an aerobic exercise. After doing sports, there are some benefits such as increasing immune system, improving the function of the parts of the body, reduce stress, and make the body better. This essay will discuss about activities and benefits of sports. The first benefit...
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...Studies conducted on obese children found that the left ventricle size and mass along with left atrial measurements were considerably larger than those with a normal BMI. Left ventricular mass is found by accounting for body size, including both height and weight (Sorof and Daniels, 2002). Left ventricle mass is linked with more epicardial fat in obese children. Epicardial fat is adipose tissue found around the walls of the heart and the membrane surrounding the heart which is a risk factor for CVD. Epicardial fat is usually found in individuals who carry their excess adipose tissue centrally along with an increase in ventricle size, rather than other places of the body and those who identify as having a BMI in the obese range (Cote et al., 2013). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), thickening of the wall of the left ventricle causing it to work harder than normal, is a potential precursor for CVD. LVH may be related to hypertension as a study of 115 children initially being tested for hypertension, 38% were found to have LVH (Sorof and Daniels, 2002)....
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...MICR140: Tesamorelin Treatment In HIV Patients West Coast University Shamara Illona This journal is an experimentation regard to tesamorelin, which is a synthetic drug that could aid in decreasing visceral adipose tissue (lypohypertrophy) by triggering human growth hormone. The background story of this research is concerning HIV patients that carry out antiretroviral therapy (ART) for long term use depend on one’s lypohypertrophy growth. If the lypohypertrophy increases; it will negatively affect the result of the antiretroviral therapy, self image, and quality of life. Beside this, increase in adipose tissue could lead to type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis. The hypothesis of this research is patients with HIV could lower their lypohypertrophy growth by consuming tesamorelin to obtain maximal antiretroviral therapy in shorter period of time and increase patients’ quality of life by avoid them from any obese related diseases. The method used in the research is by constructing a statistical model that will determine patients response after consuming tesamorelin and undergo ART for the next three to six months. This method used because we could easily measure the factors that play a part in the results and its features. For example, by using statistical model we could analyze the impact of tesamorelin with VAT through three ways; analyze change from baseline up to three months, from baseline up to six months, and from other factors...
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...country and that is a fact. One third of adults and roughly 12.7 million children are obese in the United States of America ("Overweight & Obesity.", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2015). Furthermore, the numbers of obese people are rapidly rising at an alarming rate. America’s excessive food consumption and lack of exercise is catapulting the obesity epidemic in America to reach new heights. The word “obese” describes an individual who has too much body fat in which 25 percent of the body weight is from fat (Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions 2012). On the other hand, obesity is a condition in which the body has accumulated too much fat. This condition occurs when there is excessive amount of adipose tissue (fat) that it negatively affects the person’s health (Mascie-Taylor and Goto 2007). This is a long-term medical condition that poses serious health risks. Obesity related conditions include, but are not limited to, diabetes, stroke, heart disease, high blood pressure, and cancer. This condition is now an epidemic in America and is being fueled by eating too much and not exercising. Presently, Americans consume more food than they used to 20 years ago. The popularization of supersized, double sized, and king sized meals have significantly changed how Americans eat. Through the years this has distorted what people now consider normal food portion sizes. A study published in 2013 compared food sizes 20 years ago to present day and the...
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...The effect of biologically active vitamin D on differentiating skeletal muscle cells Abstract Vitamin D deficiency can cause fat infiltration and this will lead to muscle 'quality' reduction. The probable mechanism of origin of these adipose cells is that abnormal trans-differentiation of myogenic precursor cells into adipocytes lead to the fat form within the intermuscular space. Myogenic precursor cells keep the potential to trans-differentiate towards the adipogenic lineage and VitD has potent effects on both adipogenesis and myogenesis. Therefore, the experiment is designed to investigate the effect of a broad range of concentrations of VitD3 active form (1,25(OH)2D3) on the capacity of the murine C2C12 muscle cell line to trans-differentiate towards the adipogenic lineages. C2C12 cells were cultured in adipogenic media and with increasing 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration (0, 10-13, 10-11, 10-9, 10-7 or 10-5M) for up to 6 days, the expression of muscle and fat gene markers were measured. The results showed that physiological concentration (10-13 and 10-11M) induces adipogenesis and myogenesis, while supraphysiological concentration (10-5M) inhibit both. (150) Introduction Nowadays, Vit D deficiency is considered as worldwide problem and influencing upwards of one billion people. Vit D deficiency can cause myopathy and atrophy of skeletal muscle (Holick 2006). Due to fat infiltration, there will be a concomitant reduction in muscle 'quality' (Ryall et al., 2008). The deficiency...
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...and Eating Disorders The body’s relative amount of fat to fat-free mass is what body composition is. People, who are healthier, move more easily and efficiently, have optimal body composition. Your overall wellness and improving your quality of life is from achieving a more optimal body composition. Body fat and fat-free mass, which is what all the body’s non-fat tissues are made of, are the two types of body composition. Things like bone, water, muscle, and tissues are what is included with fat-free mass. Body fat is literally fat located within the body. Fat also provides energy and helps protect internal organs, and regulates hormones that perform various functions in body regulation, making fat necessary for overall health. Having an excessive accumulation of body fat is how someone gets overweight or obese. According to “Point Medical Services”(2011) “ Body fat includes essential fats, such as lipids, and nonessential body fats; these fats make up around five percent of total body weight for men, and up to 12 percent for women. Nonessential fat is found mainly within fat cells and adipose tissue, below the skin and surrounding major organs. The amount of nonessential fat stored in the body is variable among individuals on factors such as age, gender, and diet. Excess nonessential fat can normally be attributed to consuming more food energy than what is burned through metabolic functions and activity”. The percentage of total body weight that is comprised of fat is...
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...[Name of the Author] [Name of the Instructor] [Date] Possible Health Concerns for Children Born To Overeating Mothers Executive Summary Increased using up of new energy-intense, nutrient-poor foodstuffs with very high sugar and saturated fats level, merged with reduced exercises, have led to corpulence rates that have increased three-times or more since 1980 in North America, Eastern Europe, the UK, the Pacific Islands, the Middle East, Australasia and China, as said by the UN-backed World Health Organization (WHO). A recent research reveals that Obesity in pregnancy causes a tremendous danger to the wellbeing of the unborn infant. Infants of overweight mothers are born as pre-diabetics or with severe birth imperfections that can cause kidney or heart disease, besides other troubles. These issues much strengthens in the age group 1year to 10 years. Overeating in pregnancy can have significant and numerous precarious health impacts on an unborn infant.[1] In this research paper, I have analyzed several factors of obesity in pregnant mothers that lead to health issues for their unborn infants and it will affect them through their lives. I have conducted a comprehensive interview with Executive Director of “The Consumer Wellness Center”, Mike Adams, who in detail describes the dangers associated with obesity in mothers and its effects on their children. Further a latest about the issue has been analyzed with a recommendation to mothers on how they can avoid this...
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...a perfect body, sustaining weight loss and fat burning. Just recently been proven to give individuals who regularly consume this product the upper hand in the battle against weight again and fat retention. This represents part of the sales pitch that the company offers, but what does science say? There is some proof for this product but nothing is certain and there were no human studies recorded so far for this product. It was tested on a few fat animals, like every other thing that we as humans think about. The majority of the tests were done almost 10 years ago. One of the results of this study concluded that the addition of raspberry ketone helped: Reduce body weight by speeding up processing of fat Reduce fatty tissue, especially liver fat stores These were studies made...
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...no layer between the two. Due to this the skin develops pits and valleys, and resembles an orange peel, or cottage cheese, or has a dimpled appearance. The appearance of cellulite is different in men and women, but the difference is not very significant. Causes of Cellulite The causes of cellulite in men and women differ. In women, the hormonal changes during menstruation, menopause, pregnancy, etc., which regulate the flow of blood, lymphatic drainage and fat, are mainly responsible for the formation of cellulite. Birth control pills, also cause a change in the hormones of a woman's body, so that can also lead to formation of cellulite. The hormones also control the tissues and fat to some extent. If the hormonal balance in the body is skewed, then this can cause a reduction in the thickness in the tissue, causing the cellulite to become more visible on the skin. Besides hormones, the genetic make up, lifestyle, race, gender, and age of the...
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...Somanabolic Supplementation By: Kyle Leon Being a supplement sponsored athlete you might think I would be promoting supplements and making claims like all of the other supplement sponsored athletes get paid to do. Well, that’s not the case at all. I will cut through all the crap and tell it like it is. In fact, I only signed a contract with Blue Star Nutraceuticals with the mutual understanding that I will only talk about products that I have actually used with measurable results. If I take something and it does nothing, that’s exactly what I’ll say. I don’t want anyone to go through the frustrating cycle of wasting money on crap like I did. If the owner of Blue Star wasn’t the most straight up CEO in the industry with the quality of his products being the most important thing to him, I wouldn’t have signed because of how I feel about supplement companies. I’ll say this- It takes a hell of a confident, stand up guy to sign me to a contract knowing where I stand with my brutal honesty about the industry. Without further ado, here is my straight talking report for you. Enjoy, and make use of it. Supplements are used by millions of people every year in the hopes of losing fat, building muscle and improving overall health. For our purpose, we will be talking about supplements that are being marketed to guys looking to build lean muscle mass. Supplements are a multi-billion dollar industry that is highly unregulated in comparison to other industries....
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