...capacity to methylate mercury compounds present in pollution. Mercury is most commonly found in industrial waste, mine tailings, agricultural drain water impoundments, and atmospheric disposition from electrical power. The effects of methyl mercury found in fish have more negative than positive effects on our diet and environment. With the growing pollution in our City Rivers and other areas mercury found in fish is becoming more of an anomaly. With many studies it has been proven that the effects of methyl mercury can be devastating in certain situations and in others has somewhat of a positive outcome, however the positives are not from in taking methyl mercury, the only benefits are from eating the proper servings suggested by the American Heart Association. With my research on whether you should cut back in consuming fish because of the contaminates they may carry have been based more on emotion than fact. However, I have found many useful facts that have left me with the conclusion that living aquatic organisms, such as fish, hold great nutrition when measured in appropriate servings for your diet. Even with the threat of methyl mercury in fish it still is a part of a healthy diet. Fish and other aquatic organisms are the major sources of healthful long-chain omega-3 fats and are also filled with other nutrients such as vitamin D and selenium, high in protein, and low in saturated fat. Eating fish is not a bad thing it is just important to watch the amount you eat and most importantly...
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...society has become increasingly important. Everything an expectant mother eats, drinks, and puts into her body goes directly into her fetus’ bloodstream. The actions a mother takes during pregnancy sets the course of her baby’s entire life. This is the idea at the core of the science of fetal origins. The science of fetal origins is a recently developed science that focuses on the effects of all actions a mother takes during a pregnancy. Are certain foods more important to eat than...
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...defined by the 2012 Merriam-Webster dictionary, an Encyclopedia Britannica Company, an abortion is, “the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus as a spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation--miscarriage, the induced expulsion of a human fetus, or the expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy.” Abortions have always been and will probably always be a controversial topic in which everyone will not agree upon. In the midst of the controversy, two groups have emerged. These groups are referred to as pro-life and pro-choice. According to Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context, pro-life supporters claim that life begins at conception, therefore, abortion at any stage in the pregnancy is murder. They believe that life is valuable and the life of the unborn baby has the same rights as the mother. Pro-choice supporters, on the other hand, claim that it is the woman’s right to choose what she does with her body. These pro-abortionists claim that anti-abortionists are truly against the rights of women and free choice rather than the termination of the fetus. Pro-life and pro-choice advocates differ in many of their opinions, specifically, concerning when life begins, affects abortions have on the mother, and how politics and religion play a role in abortions. In...
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...the issues of abortion. These questions have caused long and brutal arguments between pro-life and pro-choice supporters. It is my personal belief that an unborn fetus is not a living being and abortion or birth of that fetus should be left up to the pregnant woman. I also believe that the present abortion laws according to Roe v Wade should be upheld in the United States. Roe v. Wade was a landmark decision that legalized abortions in the U.S. It was the case of a poor, pregnant woman who filed a lawsuit against the state law of Texas, which stated that abortions were illegal. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court, which meant that the decision made affected the nation on a whole. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Jane Roe and stated that the 14th amendment guarantees an adult woman the right to seek termination of her pregnancy until viability (capable of living outside the uterus). From this day on, abortions in the United States were legal. No matter what people may believe abortion is neither right nor wrong. It is a matter of personal opinion. However, the question still remains; should abortion be legal? Though many may not agree on this point, the truth is that legalized abortion is the only way to protect the lives of American Citizens. Pro-life supporters believe that a fetus’ right to live comes first, before the rights of a pregnant woman. This group believes that abortion should be banned because life begins at conception. They also...
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...Jean-Marie Lux Biology 121 Stem Cell Research Paper September 12, 2012 Stem cell research is a relatively new field and has made huge advances in the past fifty years. The idea of stem cells was first made public by a Russian-American Scientist named Alexander Maksimov in 1908. However it was not until 1963 that two Canadian Scientists were able to actually demonstrate the existence of self-renewing cells found in the bone marrow of mice. The Scientists were James E. Till and Ernest A. McCulloch. So although Maksimov was the first person who put the idea of stem cells out there, it is really Till and McCulloch who are credited with proving that stems cells actually existed. Since Till and McCulloch, many Scientist have contributed to the huge advances in stem cell research. In 1968, the first successful bone marrow transplant was conducted on two siblings suffering from Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), a primary immune deficiency which typically results in the onset of one or more serious infections within the first few months of life. These infections are usually serious, and may even be life threatening. In 1978, the presence of Haematopoietic stem cells were discovered in human cord blood cells. Haematopoietic stem cells, are multipotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types. In 1981, Scientist were able to derive embryonic stem cells from mice. One of the biggest advancements in all stem cell research came in 1997 when a link between...
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...Conceiving Risk, Bearing Responsibility: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the Diagnosis of Moral Disorder: Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University, 2003.) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a mental and physical defect that a fetus can suffer in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. FAS was named in the United States in 1973 by two dysmorpholosgists, Dr. Kenneth Lyons Jones and Dr. David Weyhe Smith of the University of Washington Medical School in Seattle. The article identifying FAS was first published in 1973, in the British Medical Journal, The Lancet. The two doctors helped to define the morphological defects and developmental delays that can affect children born to alcoholic mothers. These observations include prenatal and postnatal deficiencies, facial abnormalities, and damage to the brain that can cause learning, behavior, and cognitive abnormalities. FAS occurs when a pregnant mother consumes alcohol. The alcohol enters the blood stream and crosses the placenta. The alcohol could also interfere with the delivery of oxygen to the fetus's brain. The more alcohol that is consumed during pregnancy, the greater the risk of FAS. The first few weeks are the most critical weeks in the womb. During these weeks, the facial features, the heart, and other major organs are the most at risk studies show...
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...pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus. When this happens there is no way to save the pregnancy. According to American Lung Association, “women who smoke during pregnancy are estimated to count for 20%-30% of low birth weight babies, Up to 14% of prematurely deliveries and about10% of all infant death” (Biradar, Bhagavati, & Swamy, 2006, p. 1).Those babies born with low-birth weight are more vulnerable to many more newborn problems than normal-weight babies. Low birth babies are more vulnerable to many health problems such as breathing difficulties and long- term healthy problems in adulthood. The mother’s oxygenated blood runs in and out of the fetus through veins in the umbilical cord. If this course is obstructed, the fetus will not receive enough oxygen to develop properly. Smoking not only exposes the baby’s fetus to poisons in tobacco smoke, but it also harms placental function. There are more than 4,000 chemicals in cigarettes. Among these chemicals, there are several life-threatening health issues that can happen to both the smoking mother and her baby during pregnancy and after the babies are born. Naturally this disturbs...
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...the nicotine, carbon monoxide, and the other chemicals that the mother inhales with every cigarette are passing into her baby’s body. Ectopic pregnancy is an uncommon pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus. When this happens there is no way to save the pregnancy. Most of the parents with children know that babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy weight less at birth than those born to nonsmokers. Low birth babies are more vulnerable to many health problems such as breathing difficulties and long- term healthy problems in adulthood. The mother’s oxygenated blood runs in and out of the fetus through veins in the umbilical cord. If this course is obstructed, the fetus will not receive enough oxygen to develop properly. Smoking not only exposes the baby’s fetus to poisons in tobacco smoke, but it also harms placental function.. Naturally this disturbs the fetus of the baby negatively. Placental abruption is problem that occurs from smoking during pregnancy. It is a condition in which the placenta separates away from the uterine wall. Placental abruption is a major cause of death for unborn and born babies. This is because the breakage of the blood vessels reduces the oxygen supply to the unborn baby Cigarette smoking increases the danger of...
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...forty-six chromosomes in each cell. A congenital abnormality that results from an extra copy of chromosome eighteen is called Edwards’ disease or Trisomy eighteen. During Meiosis, chromosome eighteen is duplicated three times, causing developmental issues that are life threatening. This genetic defect in most cases causes the fetus to be stillborn at birth (Trisomy 18 foundation, 2010). According to Thomas Weiss, “Edwards' syndrome is associated with a broad spectrum of abnormalities which consist of greater than one-hundred and thirty discrete defects involving the brain, heart, craniofacial structure, kidneys and stomach.” The purpose of this paper is to examine what Edward’s syndrome is: diagnosing, symptoms, treatment/management and prognosis. Diagnosing Diagnosing a Trisomy Eighteen infant, starts with genetic testing when the infant is in utero. A Trisomy Eighteen chromosomal defect occurs one out of every six thousand births. Genetic testing is preformed after ultrasound detects abnormalities. An ultrasound alone is not able to diagnosis an infant with Edwards’ Syndrome. This is used as a routine check-up to look at the growth and development of the fetus. Ultra sounds can...
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...will know that the child will need medical attention to adjust to their abnormal development. The treatments that are given to the child will vary on their symptoms and necessities. Constant visits to the doctor’s office will occur throughout their lifetime for medication and therapy. Common doctors that are helpful in the child’s development are: cardiologists (for low muscle tone in the heart), ophthalmologists (eye doctor), physical therapists (to help with mobility issues dealing with abnormal muscle development), and speech therapists (for the displacement of the tongue). The physical development of a child without Down-Syndrome is extremely different from a diagnosed child. As an infant, crawling will lead to walking with the help of a parent, but a diagnosed child will have difficulty due to the condition of their muscles. Throughout their school age and adolescence, they will be able to adapt to their environment, in terms of language and...
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...value (examples: Reflexes, crying, social interactions (attention-seeking); self-control/independence; * In maturational theory, development reflects the natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan; Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)Critical Period – imprinting (Konrad Lorez 1903-1989), language) The Learning Perspective * Classical Conditioning – Watson’s little Albert Experiment * Operant Conditioning – B. F. Skinner (reinforcement and punishment) * Bandura’s social cognitive theory: children are actively trying to understand what is going on in their world; what is reinforced and punished tells children about the world; The Psychodynamic Perspective * Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Early childhood experiences are related to adult behavior. Development is determined by how a child resolves conflicts at different ages. Freud’s components to personality -- id, ego, and superego The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective * Development reflects children’s efforts to...
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...believe that a woman has the right to decide what to do with her own body. Many of their arguments begin with the idea that if a woman is raped she has the right to abort the pregnancy because it could traumatize her even more. Some women use abortion as a form of birth control and feel that it is their right to do so. No matter how one looks at abortion, it will always be a topic of extreme disagreement among people. According to the video, people who take a pro-life stance on abortion are people who are against abortion. These people strongly believe that the life of an unborn fetus is just as important as the life of the mother. Many pro-lifers feel it is their responsibility to be a voice for the unborn child. Women should be educated on all of the issues they may face physically as a result of abortion. Abortion can be a life altering event for the mother even after the death of the fetus. Another issue of importance is the negative psychological effects of abortion on the woman. Many women may silently suffer and have no one to turn to when trying to deal with their feelings following abortion. A lot of women do not even tell anyone they are having an abortion because of the shame they feel. Many teenagers choose abortion because of the fear of telling their parents and abortions centers bring them in complete the...
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...child develops cognitively and can increase their chances of mental illnesses later on in life. The average women in 2015 reported a stress level of 5.3 out of 10.(apa 2015)18.1% of adults 18 and older in the United States are suffering from anxiety. 8.2% of adults in the US are suffering from either major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder.(adaa facts and stats) If a mother is in the top 15% in the population for depression and anxiety symptoms, the risk of the child having behavioral and emotional problems doubles.(Glover 2015). It is becoming apparent that research is showing patterns between the infant in the womb/after birth and stress, anxiety, and depression....
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...Unit 4: P1 Key Words Growth- An increase in some measured quantity, such as height or weight. Development- Complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities. Developmental Norms- Description of an average set of expectations with respect to an infant or child’s development. Developmental Milestones- Developmental milestones can describe the skills children may be expected to develop during the first months and years of life. Life course- A life course is a map of what is expected to happen at the various stages of the human life cycle. Maturation- When development is assumed to be due to a genetically programmed sequence of change. Life expectancy- An estimate of the number of years that a person can expect to live (on average). Holistic Development- A person’s physical, intellectual, emotional and social development as a whole. Development can be analysed under each of the individual categories to help identify issues but, in life, the categories can interact. Physical Development- Physical development is the changes within the body over periods of time for example the development and growth of organs, muscles and bones. These developments are often marked by stages such as puberty. Intellectual Development – We do not simply learn more as we grow older- we also develop more useful ways of thinking. It is believed there are four stages of intellectual development which mature or ‘unfold’. Your ability to use formal logical thought...
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...capacity to divide and create more identical stem cells, or to specialize and form specific cells. “Embryonic stem cells” which can only be derived from embryos that is still in the womb. They also have the ability to form cells of all tissues of an adult. So they can be manipulated to create new body parts for any human. This research can help with many new and exciting fields in medicine. HES cells are derived from the ‘inner cell mass’ of human embryos that develop in culture in 5 days of fertilization. It does not contain Extra embryonic tissue, which is needed for complete human development, which develop things such as the placenta and membranes of the fetus. So they cannot create a complete new individual in any way shape or form. Just spare parts for a lack of better words. This is why this research is so controversial to almost everyone who knows anything about it. Even the scientist who first discovered this technic have argued about it being just as controversial as abortion because you have to have a fertilized fetus to obtain the cells needed to do this process. So it touches an issue that has been around for years. When does life really start? When an egg is fertilized or when the mother has given birth? Or once the fetus has developed a brain? Really tough question, however I don’t believe it’s that deep of a question, and I will explain why. The most important potential use of hES cells is in transplantation medicine, where they could be used to develop...
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