Free Essay

Advanced Technology

In:

Submitted By ashley01
Words 919
Pages 4
-------------------------------------------------
2G, 3G and 4G TECHNOLOGY
2G Technology 2G refers to second generation wireless telecommunication technology. While its predecessor, 1G, made use of analog radio signals, 2G uses digital radio signals. Based on what type of multiplexing is employed, 2G technologies may be categorized by whether they are based on time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). Code division multiple access is a digital radio system that transmits streams of bits (PN Sequences). It permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike time division multiple access, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards. The main 2G TDMA standard is: * GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)--is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world. It makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from 1G in that both signaling and speech channels are digital.

The main 2G CDMA standard is:

* IS-95 (Interim Standard 95) is the first CDMA-based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. The brand name for IS-95 is cdmaOne.

Capacity Since 2G technology uses digital signal between the handsets and the towers, it increases the system capacity in two ways: 1. Digital voice data can be compressed more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth.

2. Digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant that cells could be smaller, so more cells could be placed in the same amount of space.

Advantages 2G technology has many advantages over 1G technology such as follows: * The battery life of a 2G handset lasts longer, due to the lower-powered radio signals. * 2G offers additional services such as SMS and e-mail through digital signals * Its lower power emissions also made 2G handsets safer for consumers to use. * Error checking, a feature allowed by digital voice encoding, improved sound quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor.

3G Technology 3G refers to the third generation of developments in wireless technology, especially mobile communications. 3G is generally considered applicable mainly to mobile wireless; it is also relevant to fixed wireless and portable wireless. 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
System Capacity 3G technology provides you with the data transmission speed of up to 2Mbps when you are using the phone in stationary mode. It also provides high degree of connectivity and increased networking and most importantly the resistance to noise. The technology has in fact increased the bit rate thus enabling the service providers to provide high speed internet facilities, increased call volumes and host of the multimedia applications to their customers. In fact, the capability to support circuit and packet data at high bit rates are: * 144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility (vehicular) traffic * 384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic * 2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic

Advantages 3G is an improvement over 2G providing wireless access to the data and information to the users from anywhere and anytime. It offers the potential to keep people connected at all times and in all places. 3G have many advantages over 2G and 1G technology such as follows: * 3G provides you with faster connectivity, faster internet access, and music entertainment with improved quality.

* Downloading games and songs is much faster with this technology.

* Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-mail, paging, fax, videoconferencing, and Web browsing).
4G Technology 4G technology refers to the fourth generation and provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an anytime, anywhere basis, and at a higher data rates than previous generations. One of the strongest objectives for 4G technology will be to create a system capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors with premium quality, making tasks like video conferencing, VOIP, and music and video downloading much smoother than what is currently available. High security will also be a priority as developers work to create new 4G systems. While a full-scale deployment of 4G is still a ways off - likely in the 2010-2015 range - there are emerging new technologies already being tested and, in some cases, deployed. In conclusion, technology is rapidly advancing from 1G technology generation to now 4G technology generation. Each speed generation is advancing and providing faster speed to access data at a faster rate.

REFERENCES
Geek Interview, What is 2G Technology? January 2005-2009. Retrieved on February 2, 2009 from http://www.geekinterview.com/kb/what-is-2g-technology.html
Federal Communication Commission, Third Generation Wireless. November 2002. Retrieved on February 2, 2009 from http://www.fcc.gov/3G/
Pappalardo, Denise. What You Need to Know About 4G. Network World, Inc. May 2007. Retrieved on February 2, 2009 from http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/052107-special-focus-4g.html?page=4

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Effects of Advanced Technology on Teenagers

...Name Instructor Course Date Effects of Advanced Technology on Teenagers In the modern day, technology advancements are constantly perceived through everyday life. There more and more services available for example, portable Internet, cell phones, iPods, laptop computers, 3D TVs among others (Clinton 24). Technology appears to possess a lot of detriments; however, it also has a more positive impact on the society. In some of the situation, Internet has negative consequences when it comes to sociability. Therefore, this paper aims at informing the reader about both negative and positive impacts of technology on teenagers. Specifically, the research focuses on how teens use it to share information, raise their grievances, and how it helps them in their academic process. About negative impacts, it will be imperative to center the research on how technology causes violence, social barrier, health issues, and addiction as well as dependence. According to Clinton, a journalist at the CNN investigates the explosive growth of the social media and Internet. Clinton relays on his knowledge and numerous statistics to develop his argument about the use and impact of technology on teenagers and children. Clinton also acknowledges the massive growth of technological gadgets such as Smartphones. The author says that one of the immense impacts of technology on teens is the use of the Internet that offers numerous positive opportunities. Primarily, the Internet makes information...

Words: 2566 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Advanced Technology or the Changing Work Environment

...Advanced Technology or the Changing Work Environment William Smith Abstract The use of technological advancements in the workplace to stay connected was inevitable. Its pervasive usage has changed the face of successful organizations. There is evidence that supports technology’s impact on businesses has created equal change in its chosen user’s daily lives. To better understand the impact, Stoner, Stephens, & McGowan’s “Connectivity and work dominance: Panacea or pariah” (2009) addresses weather work-connecting technologies (WCT) and the changing business environment has caused an imbalance between young managers and professionals’ use of technology and work-life balance. An analysis of the article describes the current generation of professionals engrossed with technology and tries to determine the impact. The articles denouement concluded both positive and negative perceptions in professional groups who went beyond the boundaries and expanded their connectivity. The advanced technology and the changing environment Technology has become part of today’s accepted culture and allowed both employee and employer to increase workloads whether voluntary or not. Utilizing WCTs should temperate communications allowing a win – win for both the worker and the organization. Work-connecting technology’s usage allows for the most sought after commodity in the young workforce, flexibility. WCT commonly includes BlackBerry’s, cell phones, PDAs, faxes...

Words: 1521 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Diminishing Literacy in an Age Characterized by Advanced Communication Technologies

...Diminishing literacy in an age characterized By advanced communication technologies When you think of how you or some of us send a text, most of the time it is not in proper grammar or even spelled correctly. The term “IDK” replaces “I don’t know” and “u” replaces the word “you”. All this change was to help make texting easier at the time when texting first started. People had the want and need to communicate using text lacking the time and convenience to type out full words, sentences, and paragraphs. It was at this time Techs language a group of individual words or fragments of sentences in languages that deals with texts as communication systems was formed. Now we as a people have become so use to our text language, it has made it that much harder own grammar. The toll it has taken it proven evident when some of us sit down to write a letter, paper, fill out a form or write an essay with pen and paper. We fail to be able to express our feelings and write in a way that is understandable to the reader as pen and paper have no spell check attached to them. It has been proven in Penn states media effects research laboratory said the use of these shortcuts hinders a teen’s ability to switch between techs speak and the normal rules of grammar. One cannot help but notice that this is a hindrance that college students face in today’s society as we watch the professors post notes and emails begging that we all take the time to check are grammar...

Words: 616 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Advanced Technologies

...Name: John Smith Date: 11/13/12 Case Name: Advanced Technologies, Inc. Section I: Advanced Technologies, Inc. was a leading supplier of equipment for the semiconductor industry. Headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, ATI had plants in Arizona and California and a sales and service network of 21 offices in North America, Europe, Japan, Korea, and Asia-Pacific. In October 1997, the CEO was reviewing a five-year financing plan. Sales of semiconductor equipment soared at a 52% annual compound rate during 1993-1996, or approximately twice the growth rate during the prior seven-year period and three times the sales growth of the semiconductor industry. Equipment providers were suddenly faced with capital spending cutbacks, order cancellations, and requests by customers for extended terms. Over the long-term, demand for semiconductor equipment was expected to resume its double-digit growth. New uses were growing far beyond the computer-in communications, transportation, medical technology, automation, and a host of consumer products: pocket-size cellular phones, interactive video games, digital VCRs, laser scanners, camcorders, and high-definition TV. To be competitive, suppliers must advance complex chips from the drawing board to the printed circuit board and provide production-worthy systems that can be supported on a 24 hour, worldwide basis. Section II As an external consultant, I recommend selling another convertible subordinated debenture with the coupon interest rate...

Words: 326 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Advanced Medical Technology

...ADVANCED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CORP CASE 2. BA 280.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The case analysis focused into determining whether Tom Winter (Western National Bank) shall approve Peter Haskins’ (Advanced Medical Technologies) application for an $8M loan. Advanced Medical Technologies, a young company who has invested in research and development and marketing in its three years of operations (1983-85), is seeking for WNB’s approval of the said loan to fund their growth to 1986. This was despite the fact that the company has already availed of short-term loans from Sunnyvale and two other banks and in all accounts fell short of meeting their responsibilities. On top of this, AMT has also opened itself to Biological Laboratories’ buying of shares and possible merger. Using Tom Winter’s perspective, the 3-year financial statements of AMT was analyzed and revealed that the company’s operating expenses have continually increased over the 1983-85 period, overdrawn credit limit at Sunnyvale. Despite these seemingly negative indicators of AMT’s financial health, the company still presents itself as a strong player in the industry with its Gross Profit (GP) Ratios which increased from 48 to 55% from 1983-853. For AMT to realize its full potential, it must ensure that it has facilities in place to support production. Hence, the group came to a conclusion that Mr.Winter should approve the entire $8M which AMT applied for. Furthermore, so as for WNB to continuously support AMT’s financial needs...

Words: 2003 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Advanced Technology Is Addicting

...Advanced Technology is Addicting Jennifer Akin AIU Online   Abstract There are all different types of technology, from cell phones to computers to tablets. The reason why there is so much technology is because it helps the world become more modern. It seems to be the more modern the world becomes the more people get lazy. People like to use technology every day and all day. What they do not realize is that there is such thing as technology overload. There is so much technology that can be used that it makes people addicted. There is technology you can use for just about anything. Advanced Technology is Addicting Advanced technology is being invented every day. Ipads and cell phones are becoming more upgraded. Even marketing tactics and social networks are becoming more popular. “The more technology advances, the more we force that technology to do our work for us, and the less we realize how lazy we are getting.” (Mohan,2011) People become more and more addicted the more advanced technology is being invented. “Technology does many great things in our lives but, "Technology overload” may lead to some unhealthy results.” (Mack, 2012) It is unhealthy to be on the computer all day every day. There are many different things to do on computers. There is shopping websites to buy clothes, shoes, etc. Sherilynn Macale says, “you can easily buy shoes, books, makeup, groceries, and even underwear or specialty gifts like personalized...

Words: 1065 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Advanced Medical Technology Corporation

...Advanced Medical Technology Corporation (AMT) Background Advanced Medical Technology Corporation, AMT, is a company that develops, manufactures, and sells medical instruments that offer an alternative to traditional surgical procedures at less risk and lower cost. Due to the innovative nature of the company and their need to sustain growth patterns they invest heavily on research and development and in their sales force. At the present time, AMT has been able to grow their sales in excess of 30% annually. However, it should be noted that Peter Haskins, AMT President, believes that the sales trend the company has experienced will continue and if the company fails to meet sales demand it will compromise it’s market position. Thus far, AMT has relied on short term credit, lease agreements, and the establishment of a connection with Biological Labs Inc. to meet the demand for their products and continue R&D patterns. Peter Haskins recently approached our bank because he had become dissatisfied with his loan agreement of $6 million at Sunnyvale Bank. Mr. Haskins explained that Sunnyvale Bank did not make an effort to understand his company and that they had adopted a very restrictive attitude that has limited AMT’s room for expansion. In the body of the memo we will provide the following: a general analysis, financial statement analysis, a review of the 5 C’s of Credit, and an investigation of Biological Labs ability to back AMT. At the conclusion of this memo we...

Words: 2480 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Advanced Science and Technology Have Made Great Changes to People's Life, but Artists Such as Musicians Painters and Writers Are Still Highly Valued. What Can Arts Tell Us About Life That Science Cannot?

...Advanced science and technology have made great changes to people's life,but artists such as musicians painters and writers are still highly valued. What can arts tell us about life that science cannot? Nowadays, the improvement of people’s living standard owes much to advanced technology and science. So, the functions and significance of art are contested by many people. In my point of view, arts can convey some messages that science can never be able to convey. First, it is clear that the arts represent human thoughts, whereas science represents natural order. In other words, the arts lead people to perceive the world while science aims at discovering the nature of things. This means arts is a part of culture and have various forms in different societies, can be give different meanings by different people. By comparison the established theories and principles of science would hardly alter and always be applied to the whole world. So, arts is subjective and can promote people’s creativity and imagination. Moreover, arts can enrich individual’s cultural life. This is because science and technology enhance the social productivity and enrich material wealth, only arts can satisfy their spiritual and emotional needs. For example, the Chinese traditional art forms Beijing Opera and cross-talk have been welcomed by lots of people and brought enjoyment of spirit to them for many years. Last but not least, the arts can sometimes change individual’s attitudes toward life...

Words: 300 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Effects of Advanced Technology to Production of Food

...Economics EFFECTS OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCTION OF FOOD A Review of Related Literature submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Economics Crystalgene D. Silorio August 10, 2015 INTRODUCTION The world has progressed through hunter–gatherer, agricultural, and industrial stages to provider of goods and services. This progression has been catalyzed by the cultural and social evolution of mankind and the need to solve specific societal issues, such as the need for preservation to free people from foraging for food, and the need for adequate nutrition via consistent food supply year round. These forces led to the development of the food industry, which has contributed immensely to the basis for a healthy human civilization and helped society prosper and flourish (Lund 1989). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, our population is increasing, and we need a 70% increase in food production. We have to grow, harvest, distribute, and consume our food more efficiently to feed all those people. We are not gaining more farmers or any other resources, and the production of our food is not as fast as our growing population, so the use of technology for the innovation of food production is a great help in addressing the issue. EFFICIENCY OF TECHNOLOGY The production of food is not always the same, it also depends on our resources, area, and climate. The natural disasters we experienced also affects the production. Technology has a great impact ...

Words: 987 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Advanced Information Management and the Application of Technology

...tissue • Semicritical items (such as endoscopes, which contact mucous membranes), • Noncritical items (such as stethoscopes, which contact only intact skin) Based on the classification of the device determines whether the device requires sterilization, high-level disinfection, or low-level disinfection, correspondingly. Pre-cleaning must be the most important thing to perform prior to high-level disinfection and sterilization (FDA, 2009) Compliance to these indications should enhance care and handling of medical device practices in health care facilities, in so doing improving outcomes by lessening the rate of infections related with tainted patient-care objects. Todays healthcare environment is always changing with new technology such as medical devices that assist with diagnosing and treating patients with the latest and...

Words: 2366 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Risk Assessment

...42890 4G Mobile Technologies Research Topic Assessment Task-3 Research Proposal on “Handovers within 4G-LTE Networks (intra e-UTRAN)” Topic Title: Handovers within the 4G-LTE Networks (intra e-UTRAN) Group Members: Md Mazharul Islam (Student No.: 12126429) Samiha Alam (Student No.: 11840877) Archana Kotadia (Student No.: 11944737) List of Deliverables and Dates: Research proposal submission: March 12, 2015 Research draft presentation submission: April 16, 2015 Research topic presentation: May 14, 2015 Approximate Contents of Presentations: * What is Handover?? * Handover in LTE (Characteristics, types & techniques) * e-UTRAN Architecture * Difference between ‘Intra e-UTRAN Handover’ & ‘Inter e-UTRAN Handover’ * Intra-LTE (Intra-MME/SGW) Handover Using the X2 Interface * Intra-LTE (Intra-MME/SGW) Handover Using the S1 Interface * Handover Measurements * Handover Optimization and Design Principles * Handover Parameters * Handover Evaluation Mechanisms * Handover Failures in LTE * Conclusion. References: 1. Han, J., & Wu, B. (2010, October). Handover in the 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) systems. In Mobile Congress (GMC), 2010 Global (pp. 1-6). IEEE. 2. Iñiguez Chavarría, J. B. (2014). LTE Handover performance evaluation based on power budget handover algorithm. 3. Rao, V. S., & Gajula, R. (2010). Interoperability in LTE. White...

Words: 259 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Jaime Alfonzo Escalante

...computer teacher at Garfield High School in downtown Los Angeles, California. To his surprise, the school lacked the computers he needed for the class, so he took an alternative position as a math teacher. In that first year of teaching, Mr. Escalante was confronted with many obstacles. The school was in the verge of loosing its operative certification; many students scored poorly in their academics, had problems with drugs or were involved in gang violence. As a new teacher, he constantly felt frustrated, with a sense of guilt for not inspiring his class to love math the way he did. Subsequently, and against all the odds, Mr. Escalante made a great contribution in the lives of students, and transformed the face of the College Board’s Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). Most...

Words: 1046 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

5 Steps to a 5 Ap English Langauge

...Copyright © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-180360-1 MHID: 0-07-180360-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-180359-5, MHID: 0-07180359-9. E-book conversion by Codemantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Trademarks: McGraw-Hill Education, the McGraw-Hill Education logo, 5 Steps to a 5 and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of McGraw-Hill Education and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property...

Words: 76988 - Pages: 308

Premium Essay

Technology In The 1970's

...Technology back then wasn’t as useful as it is nowadays. Especially in the 1970’s. Back then all they had was simple things unlike what we have now. Today we have smart phones that do fit in your pocket, laptops, tablets, flat screen TV’S, and even better cameras than they had back then. In the 1970’s, Technology was affected by NASA and many other things. One of the big things NASA did in the 1970s was Apollo 13-17 which inspired people to better technology. The black hole theory was also one of the biggest reason people started making technology more advanced in order to study the black hole. Back then all they had was crappy printers. They also had some phones which were too big to fit in your pocket, some big computers which costed a...

Words: 309 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Gebski On Technology

...What affects technology have had on our lives? Technology is a major part of both our professional and personal life whether if It’s at work, school, or home. According to Gebski’s article, he argues that “Technology is now so integrated with our lives that going without it can cause severe anxiety for some and It’s not hard to see why Technology has taken over” (2015). I completely agree with Gebski, because we depend so much on technology that going a day without it is impossible. With the level of technology use in our society “Modern technology has become such an important facet of our lives that without it, the world would be radically different” (Asset AmeriCorps Blog, 2011). In addition, technology has made our lives so easier because...

Words: 1179 - Pages: 5