...Electroslag Welding Electroslag Welding Electroslag Welding is a welding process, in which the heat is generated by an electric current passing between the consumable electrode (filler metal) and the work piece through a molten slag covering the weld surface. Prior to welding the gap between the two work pieces is filled with a welding flux. Electroslag Welding is initiated by an arc between the electrode and the work piece (or starting plate). Heat, generated by the arc, melts the fluxing powder and forms molten slag. The slag, having low electric conductivity, is maintained in liquid state due to heat produced by the electric current. Electroslag welding (ESW) is a highly productive, single pass welding process for thick (greater than 50 mm) materials in a vertical or close to vertical position. An electric arc is initially struck by wire that is fed into the desired weld location and then flux is added The slag reaches a temperature of about 3500°F (1930°C). This temperature is sufficient for melting the consumable electrode and work piece edges. Metal droplets fall to the weld pool and join the work pieces. Electroslag Welding is used mainly for steels. Electroslag Welding equipments Power source Wire feeder Electrode guide tube Retaining Blocks Welding head and Controls Power source 100 % duty cycle AC and DC (EP) power source 10,000 Amp OCV 60V (range is 30 V to 100 V) Remote controled Wire feeder Feed roller Drive motor Provide oscillation...
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...that is, the leather is a byproduct of the meat processing operation, the demand for shoes, belts and clothes which are made by leather directly contributes to preserve farms and slaughterhouses, since it is the most valuable byproduct of the meat industry. 70% of China’s rivers, lakes and reservoirs in China are now classified as polluted. ( Zi-jian W) Many companies, such as Nike, are link with China's textile factories that use dangerous substances discharged to water. Many chemicals released from the textile mills put threat to human health and the environment. Now china is suffering because most of their water is polluted, and is very difficult to reverse the damage. Nike spends a lot of money and CO2 in the process to manufacture their products. The waste of CO2 is one of the mayor cause of the global warming, we can see everyday in the news that glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up, also plant and animals have been change. According to the NASA there are some effects that are cause by the global warming such as hotter days and nights, Heat waves more frequent over most land areas, Increase in intense tropical cyclone activity in North Atlantic, Global area affected by drought has increased. (http://climate.nasa.gov/) Causes: -The huge demand of leather, beef and other cattle products produce the leading cause of deforestation in the Amazon and may make a climate change. Nike deals with manufactures in china that buys leather from a Brazilian...
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...80 percent of the world powers on fossil fuels and natural gases. Everyday large amounts of Co2 are emitted into the air. Miami should not be one of those cities surrounded by smog and numerous other deadly side effects of the burning of fossil fuels . Ocean currents / tidal energy and photovoltaic energy would bring many benefits to Miami, Florida. These sources would work very well in Miami, Florida because Miami is a very big city, that is sunny most of the time. These are important factors because tidal energy has an energy efficiency percentage of 80 percent, according to the Ocean Energy Council, which means it can produce enough energy for a big city. Since Miami is sunny most of time, solar panels are able to produce the maximum energy possible because all they need to produce energy is direct...
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...differ widely Fig. 13-2a, p. 301 Fig. 13-2b, p. 301 Fig. 13-2c, p. 301 Fig. 13-2d, p. 301 Energy resources with low or negative net energy need help to compete in the marketplace • Any energy resource with a low or negative net energy ratio cannot compete in the open marketplace with other energy alternatives with higher net energy ratios unless it receives financial support from the government (taxpayers) or other outside sources of funding. – For example, the low net energy yield for the nuclear power fuel cycle is one reason why many governments throughout the world must heavily support nuclear power financially to make it available to consumers at an affordable price. Section 13-2 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS? Fossil fuels supply most of our commercial energy • The direct input of solar energy produces several other forms of renewable energy resources that: wind, flowing water, and biomass. • Most commercial energy comes from extracting and burning nonrenewable energy resources obtained from the earth’s crust. – 87% from carbon-containing fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal). – 6% from nuclear power. – 8% from...
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...Globalization impact on the world Globalization has many advantages to the world economy and it also has advanced the world’s culture, like everything that has a positive sides it also has its own disadvantages, here are some advantages and disadvantages of globalization. Many people don’t really appreciate how efficient the world market is by efficiency I mean the supply and demand. The increase of supplies and demands allows the economies to grow and flourish and when a specific economy grow it helps other economies to grow too. In this way the economies across the globe benefits from this. And this is a result of an ecumenical globalization which is an absolute advantage. When a countries economy grows it competes with other countries which means in many cases countries would ignore the environmental dangers that comes along with an economy growth. To supply an economy growth more energy is needed like fuel for example which has a devastating impact on the environment because it emits Co2, trees are bulldozed down and replaced with factories which even produces more pollution. In time this would lead to global warming and possible irreversible damage to our environment. Countries around the world and especially the developed countries should come up with new rules and regulations to reduce the environmental risks due to globalization. In conclusion, globalization had its advantages but comes along with disadvantages as well, if countries come up with better ways to deal...
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...Introduction The goal of this paper is to identify the optimal level of styrene in the gel coating production for Cook Composites and Polymers Co. as well as to determine its environmental impact. Also, we will discuss potential production and environmental implications of getting involved into By-Product Synergy Initiative. The main question of the paper is to decide whether or not it is reasonable for CCP to invest into concrete coating production. Industry and company overview Gel coats are chemical compounds used in manufacturing industry to increase products’ durability and resilience as well as to provide color. The coating industry is estimated to be worth $85 billion. Half of the market is controlled by 10 major companies and the other half is fragmented. Gel coat producers usually work directly with other manufacturers and tailor their gel coats to meet the particular standards. Therefore, precision and reliability are very important. Cook Composites and Polymers Co. (later CCP) was founded in 1918 and one of its plants is located in North Kansas City, Missouri. The company manufactures resins and emulsions and has gel coating as one of its major products. In fact, in 2007 CCP was the world’s leader in gel coat manufacturing. Quality, customers’ satisfaction and environmental impact are all among the priorities for CCP. However, the production of gel coating requires CCP’s vice president to solve a dilemma. High-quality gel coating manufacturing requires the use...
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...Please write a short report on the advantages and disadvantages of international trade for the countries whose data you downloaded recently. You are required to illustrate your report with data and charts. I) Introduction: “The international trade is the exchange of goods, services and capital between countries” (Haekal, 2012). Trade exists for centuries but had known an international dimension with the globalisation. In this report, we will see some advantages and disadvantages of the international trade, through the examples of two countries: France and Italy. II) The advantages of trade: It exists many advantages to the international trade. We will see three of them, which are, meet the need of the country, create jobs and attract foreign investments in the country. 1) Meeting the need of the country: By open its economy to the world, a country...
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...Brandon Hernandez ICSM: Writing About Survival Prof. Stafford December 13, 2012 Energy of The Future In today’s day and age roughly sixty percent of citizen of the United States get their electricity from fossil fuels. This is not too bad but this is still a problem due to the fact that it causes a lot of pollution from the burning of fossil fuels. Out of one hundred percent, wind energy is responsible for giving four percent of the American population electricity. The atmosphere is not going to get better on its own so we must take action from moving from burning fossil fuels to renewable energy like wind energy. Although it would be a very slow process, the atmosphere and the wallets of every American family would benefit from the change. Wind energy, unlike fossil fuels, is available through wind turbines. These tall towers with huge blades move in a circular motion where they capture wind in between the blades. The blades in a turbine are connected to a shaft inside and this only has 18 rpm (rotation per minute), which is nowhere near enough to create electricity for homes. So because of this the shaft is connected to a series of gears that roughly has 1800 rotations per minute. With the gears moving 1800 times a minute this creates electricity, which is transmitted to a generator. From there, the turbine is connected to a transformer, which increases the voltage of the electricity in order for it to flow through the transmission lines. Once the electricity reaches...
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...Introduction East Africa has long been a major supplier in the international flower market. Most of Europe’s roses are imported from East Africa nations. The United States Aid program (USAID) has declared a plan to expand the flower exports in Africa. However, given the potential disadvantages related to economic, social and environmental sustainability, criticisms believe that the USAID should take a careful consideration about this proposal, before it implemented. Rationale Proponents of the proposal point out that export expansion in the flower industry has the real capacity to deliver both economic and social benefits to East African nations and their nationals. Olpacle (2009) cites the case in Kenya that the flower industry has contributed to $300 million for its foreign exchange earnings. Meanwhile, the flower farms in Kenya has created 40,000 job opportunities for local workers. In terms of environmental impacts, Whelau (2009) points to that compared with a Dutch hothouse, raising equivalent number of roses in Kenya produced much less amount of CO2. Objections Opponents of the proposal argue that expanding flower exports in East Africa may exacerbate human rights abuse and create community dependence on the flower industry. Research revealed that cut flower workers are often forced to endure unfair wages, Sh 70 a day for 8 to 12-hour workday, crowed housing and dangerous working conditions (Majtouyi, 2002). Furthermore, Bloomfield (2006) points to the potential...
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...our inability to verify inventories and reduction of emissions claimed by individual nations following implementation of new. The author of the article provides a survey of a recent research. According to this research, using satellite-based remote-sensing equipment can allow scientists, and therefore policymakers, to determine with accuracy whether (CO2), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides detected in the vicinity are truly from the plant. The article outlines the results of the survey, conducted by some well-known researchers. The author also monitored the isotopic 13C composition of CO2, which serves as a fingerprint of emissions from power plants and matched it to that of the local coal. The author's remote observations also show that 75 percent of the atmosphere (~10 km) in the region containing these two power plants is polluted. Semantic peculiarities of the text are to be regarded through the vocabulary. The majority of words are used in the denotative meaning in accordance with the informative function of the newspaper style. We were also able to trace some scientific terms, like “the isotopic 13C composition of CO2”, “carbon dioxide”, “solar spectrometers”, political terms, like...
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...about UK’a quality life UK, as a developed country, undoubtedly has a high quality of life and owns important international influence because of its strong economy and military. How does one island country become so powerful? The suitable environment, democratic politics system and colorful culture constitute the great country. UK’s nice environment not only be good for local people’s quality of life, but also influences the economic development of UK. First of all, UK has ample natural resources, the strategic resource played important part in UK’s history. For example, British took advantage of the abundant coal and oil finished its industrial revolution quickly, right now, UK’s CO2 emissions has been declining because it has finished its industrial transformation. It means UK has entered into era of science and technology, they do not need to spend much money on solving the CO2 pollutions, they can focus on the development of healthcare or education to improve British quality of life. In addition, the suitable environment is good for people’s health, so every year there are lots of aliens moving to UK because of the comfortable weather. For example, over 590000 immigrants moved to UK in 2010, but only 339000 British moved out UK, so there are about 252000 net migration came to UK in 2010(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15868793). It means UK’s high quality of life indeed attracted other countries’ people, also, these immigrants inevitably brought vast assets to UK, they...
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...Compare carbon taxes with emission trading schemes as government policy tools. Introduction Why do we need environmental control Over the last century and a bit the world have added 40% more CO2 to the Earth’s atmosphere. Every year the World collectively add more again than we did the year before. The Earth is on an accelerating drive to change our planet’s atmosphere. The main source of this additional CO2 is the burning of fossil fuels. There is a common consensus that global warming is an effect of increased carbon emission and only a few groups still hold on to the belief that there is no connection between emissions of greenhouse gases (Carbon) with the effect of global warming. The leading scientist have predicted Australia has 5 years to reduce its carbon emission to prevent dangerous climate change which may cause average temperate to increase on average by 2 degrees. For the benefit of Australian farmers, grazers and fisherman to enable them to have the best chance to feed the world, and Australian’s primary industry to have the best opportunities for sustainable growth, measures must be undertaken to reduce carbon emission. Government initiatives is required to correct because environmental control, air quality and climate change are all public goods. Public goods are those that everyone can enjoy and no one can be excluded from enjoying the goods. Since it is a public good, everyone can enjoy but no one actually pay for anything to enjoy the good. Public...
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...into the local community. Nike also operating in a local community could mean investment in the community in terms of reviving run down high street. Drawbacks; Nike opening new stores in a local community will be drawback for competing businesses in the same industry as Nike, as Nike is a major high street brand they are likely to drive out local businesses competing for same customers. The impact this has on the local communities is that less local businesses are being able to make a living which will eventually mean local business cutting their losses and closing down. This will mean that local jobs will be on stake if local businesses have to close down which will then means less choice and for local customers. Nike could take advantage of this situation being a powerful company they can ignore...
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...In this day and age, nuclear power is seen as a menacing and unnecessary solution to providing the world with its energy and electricity. However, when looking at the facts nuclear power is far more beneficial than harmful, especially compared to some of the most common sources of energy being widely used today. Nuclear power has many advantages, some of them being environmental, international relations and safety. Some may argue that nuclear power may damage the environment with waste and mining, however recent research has proved that nuclear power is one of the more environmentally friendly sources of energy. These advantages greatly outweigh the possible disadvantages, making nuclear power the better alternative for energy and electricity....
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...growing importance of three alternatives of oil that may rise to prominence in the future: algae biofuel, nuclear energy, and hydroelectric power. The first alternative that will be discussed is algae biofuel. In essence algae biofuels are the same as normal fuels except that the components of the fuel are organic and biological rather than fossil fuel based. Production is caused through a series of chemical reactions and is nontoxic and renewable. Algae sources can be re-replaced through more farming. The standard production method consists of planting lots of algae pods and letting them interact with the sun and bacteria to create oil. (Howstuffworks) Although this method releases a lot of CO2 it is all taken back again through growing more algae. This is of the many advantages of algae biofuel. Firstly its production yield far surpasses that of other variations of organic biofuels. In this diagram it can be seen that compared to all the other variations of organic biofuels, algae based ones produce 15000 gallons which is a great deal more than the others. Because it produces so much oil per acre, algae biofuel production does not require a lot of land to produce a lot of oil. (Biofueldigest) Algae biofuel also...
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