...exceeded, such as peanut oil is very easy to be contaminated with aflatoxin, and the content of aflatoxin sometimes as high as 1000-10000ug/kg. So the SQUEEZE PEANUT OIL takes the oil to be refined to consume. Yellow aspergillus toxin belongs to the drama of poison, its toxicity is higher than potassium cyanide, is the most chemical carcinogens in currently found, carcinogenicity was 900 times of yellow butter, and 75 times than dimethyl nitrosamine induced hepatoma capacity. Aflatoxin can accumulate to a very high level in adipose tissue, and it is highly toxic. Aflatoxin can inhibit the coupling of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the squeeze peanut oil, which is toxic to the mitochondria, which is the common cause of the common causes of poisoning and biochemical damage. After being contaminated by aflatoxin, poultry consumption is associated with acute, subacute or chronic toxic effects in the edible part of its edible part and in the milk. Human consumption of aflatoxin contamination of food, the incidence of liver cancer, many of which can be associated with hepatitis B virus to induce liver cancer. So the squeeze peanut oil needs refining. The heat resistance of aflatoxin is not easy to break down at the temperature of the common cooking process, which is more than 280 degrees Celsius. Thus, the squeezed peanut oil can be removed by refining the toxin. In our country, the content of aflatoxin in general edible oil is less than 10ug/kg, and the squeezed peanut...
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...Impact of Aspergillus flavus on groundnut, Arachis hypogaea Ntambo Mbuya Sylvain Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Africa University P.O Box: 1320 Mutare, Zimbabwe Email: sntambo2009@gmail.com Abstract Good quality seed has reasonable varietal and physical purity, a high germination percentage and is free of external and internal pathogenic organism. An experiment to study the impact of Aspergillus flavus on groundnut seeds was conducted in the laboratory using the blotter method. Groundnut seeds sample from Mutsamba were provided and four petri dishes were prepared containing each ten seeds placed on two to three sheets of wet (but not dripping with water) blotter papers. The petri dishes were incubated in the laboratory for two weeks. The results had shown that Aspergillus flavus was the seed borne fungi detected affecting the germination of seeds with 23.3%. The identification of this fungus was through use of a stereo microscope for habit characters identification and a compound microscope for conidia identification of the fungus. Keywords: Impact of Aspergillus flavus, groundnut seeds, stereo microscope, compound microscope. 1 Introduction Groundnut is one of the most nourishing foods and it contains five important nutrients such as food energy, protein, phosphorus, thiamin and niacin. However, the crop is affected by a number of fungus diseases among which Aspergillus flavus is a part (Singh and Oswalt, 1992). Aspergillus flavus grows...
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...To whom it may concern, I have after extensive research found that there is a problem in our little community that poses a serious problem for the health and safety of everybody living here. All around me, people ranging from children up to the elderly have been getting sick and everyone has been displaying the same symptoms. Therefore, I started to find out what might be causing this issue. The first thing I did was a survey in the neighborhood of who had symptoms and what the symptoms were. Additionally, I asked them when their symptoms started and what they were doing before the symptoms started. The survey allowed me to see how everyone’s illness connected as everyone displayed the same symptoms and it allowed me to narrow down the possible causes for the illnesses based on what people were doing before getting sick. The next thing I did was take my findings to an expert to see what could cause these symptoms. The expert was able to rule out infection, bacteria, viruses, and point to pollution as the cause for the illnesses. The next thing I did was get a research expert to test many variables of what might have been polluted such as the water, soil, or the plant life. The expert was able to determine that the soil, water, and plant life had all been polluted by gas. I did additional research to find out where the gas was coming from in order to pollute our community. By researching community blue prints and development plans I found out that there are gas lines running...
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...based factories. PC company policy allows contamination cleanup when required by environmental legislation. The company also needs to install smoke filtering systems before the law is instituted early next year. PC is concerned with the financial accounting treatment for two environmental issues: (a) environmental cleanup, and (b) smoke filter installation for year 20x2. Both issues, if not resolved, could lead to legal action against PC if not followed by a prescribed date. The Company needs to determine if the contaminated soil and smoke filter requirement should be disclosed on the financial statements as an asset retirement obligation, loss contingency, or an environmental obligation. APPLICABLE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 410 Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450 Contingencies DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES The following section will address the alternative treatments accounting for both the remedial action and smoke filtration system under US GAAP. Recording both issues as a loss contingency will be discussed first, followed by soil contamination as environmental remediation, then applying the asset retirement obligation treatment for pollution from normal operations. Alternative 1: Contaminated Soil and Smoke Filter Disclose both environmental issues as a loss contingency using a footnote. Soil contamination and smoke filters both meet the definition...
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...outside sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. for Reference: Map of Chernobyl retrived from http://www.greenfacts.org/en/chernobyl/figtableboxes/map-chernobyl.htm The novel emphasizes that the "dead zone" around Chernobyl is actually rich in plant- and wildlife (which have tolerance levels for radiation different than humans). In this area, wild animals such as wolves have not only flourished in the absence of human activity, but have no fear of the humans they do encounter. http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html Flora and fauna There has been an ongoing scientific debate about the extent to which flora and fauna of the zone were affected by the radioactive contamination that followed the accident. Cases of mutant deformity in animals of the zone include partial albinism and other external malformations in swallows[2][3][4] and insect mutations.[5] A study of...
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...Environmental Affects on Human Health Principles of Health and Wellness/SCI 162 October 25, 2012 Yolonda Agnew While there are many things we do daily to keep ourselves healthy, many environmental factors can adversely affect our health: the air we breathe, the land we live on, and the water we drink. Bad air quality can irritate our eyes, throat, and nose, cause breathing problems, aggravating asthma and other respiratory problems. In addition, breathing bad air for extended periods can cause more severe health problems, such as heart disease, and can increase the chance of developing cancer. The elderly and young children and people with health problems are affected more often from bad air quality than healthy adults. While the United States is among the safest water in the world, we are still at risk. Any substance that leaks into the soil can enter the water supply; polluting the water, causing us to become ill. Drinking polluted water can cause stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. There are times when communities in the United Sates will issue boil-water alerts, asking residence to boil their water before using it to cook or drink, showing that our drinking water is at risk and can become infected. A large amount of the pollution that ultimately infects our water starts out polluting the land we live on. Soil pollution can be the cause of many illnesses, starting with headaches, fatigue...
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...Bioremediation is the use of microorganism metabolism to remove pollutants. Technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioleaching, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation. Bioremediation can occur on its own (natural attenuation or intrinsic bioremediation) or can be spurred on via the addition of fertilizers to increase the bioavailability within the medium (biostimulation). Recent advancements have also proven successful via the addition of matched microbe strains to the medium to enhance the resident microbe population's ability to break down contaminants. Microorganisms used to perform the function of bioremediation are known as bioremediators.[1] Not all contaminants, however, are easily treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. For example, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organisms. The assimilation of metals such as mercury into the food chain may worsen matters. Phytoremediation is useful in these circumstances because natural plants or transgenic plants are able to bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts, which are then harvested for removal.[2] The heavy metals in the harvested biomass...
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...material releases. The disaster was caused by a tsunami ranging to 15 meters The tsunami had been caused by strong earthquake- the strongest earthquake to ever hit Japan. It affected the cooling systems of three Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors by stopping the cooling as a result of interruption in the power supply. With no cooling in the reactors, the energy released from radioactive decay rose threatening not to be handled by the containment structures at the plant (Eisler 17). Water exposed to high levels of radiation threatened to damage the containment structure due to hydrogen build up. With damage to the containment structure, the environment was at high risk of full blown radiation contamination. The danger posed by the accident was the accident was the spread of radioactive contamination to water or the environment that the nearby residents came into contact with. This is why the Japanese government budgeted close to $14 billion for the radiation clean up and immediate relocation of residents (Eisler 29). One of the isotopes still found in the accident site is Cesium-137 that decays according to the following equation 55Cs^137 --> 56Ba^137 + -1e^0. The isotope could lead to development of acute radiation syndrome in humans that affects the skin, digestive system and hair (Loveland et.all 45). Cancer can develop as a result of not receiving appropriate radiation treatment. Nuclear energy is a safe way of producing energy if the right protective measures are taken. In...
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...Energy Inc. Date: October 19, 2013 Prepared by: Yuehan Zhang (Stefanie) Reviewed by: Professor Robert Elya ISSUE: Accounting for Energy Inc.’s environmental obligations, income tax and install smoke filters. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF COMPANY Energy Inc. (Energy) is a public company that operates in the oil industry. As of December 31, 2011, Energy recognized $ billion in revenue for the sale. Sometimes, Energy’s operations result in soil contamination and Energy should clean up this contamination when legislation requiring under the laws of the particular country. In addition, Energy has a widely published environmental policy in which it undertakes clean up all contamination that it causes. Energy is currently involved in environmental obligations, such as clean up the lands. ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Does Energy recognizes and accrues the liability of clean up costs in this year? What is the accounting treatment? 2. Is Energy has the obligations to undertake soil remediation in Dirty country? What is the accounting treatment for this operation in Dirty country? 3. What is the accounting treatment for new income tax? What is the accounting treatment for training employees? 4. Does Energy have obligations to install smoke filters this year? What is the accounting treatment for installing smoke filters in Energy’s factories next year? SUMMARY CONCLUSION ON ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Energy should recognize and accrue the liability of clean up...
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...Radioactive contamination With the development of the science and technology, nuclear energy is replacing conventional energy rapidly. It produces enormous energy by few resources. However, nuclear leak caused by an earthquake in Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant last year lead to a severe radioactive contamination. This raises great attention to nuclear safety. Radioactive contamination is the harm to individuals or equipment by the unregulated radioactive materials, such as radioactive gases, liquids, or particles. Almost everything can become contaminated by radioactive materials in environment. Anyone can intake of radioactive materials in the case of unconscious, even taking a walk or eat. A number of events can cause radioactive contamination. A well-known example is the explosion of the nuclear weapons. Previously, it was used as a mass destruction especially used in Second World War. Radioactive contamination also occurs when radioactive materials are not properly sealed. Laboratory mistakes and natural disasters are the most important reason. The effects of radioactive contamination vary. It depends on the degree of radioactive substances leaked. A low degree of contamination is more likely to be diluted by environment. It may not cause obvious harm. On the other hand, high levels of contamination can significantly threaten both people and the environment. If individuals live in a radioactive contamination, his body will suffer Serious destruction, especially...
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..."Discuss with reference to this BP case study the problems of corporate risk and liability entailed by the factors of uncertainty and lack of reliability of equipment. (in this case the blow-out preventer) State other examples and analyse them. How can companies plan for such contingencies and manage a major disaster when it arises in a damage limitation exercise?" The Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 22 April 2010 is perhaps the most striking example of a corporate disaster due to a company’s lack of certainty regarding some of its operations. First, it is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of oil industry, then it took the authorities and the companies almost three months to stop the leak and finally the spill caused extensive damage to wildlife and marine habitats and to the Gulf’s tourism and fishing industry, leading to one of the most complex trial of the US. And even more important, this accident was not caused by a natural disaster like Fukushima’s nuclear disaster was. What is more is that the responsible for this disaster are said to be BP and Transocean, hence companies with the means and power to prevent and stop such a disaster from happening. One might expect from a firm like BP to have efficient and safe equipment, especially when one knows how dreadful an oil spill can be. It seemed however that building oil gusher at such depths made it almost impossible for them to be absolutely sure of their equipment safety, a problem combined to a series...
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...SOIL ECOLOGY AND BIOREMIDIATION Faculty of Engineering and Architecture CIVE 652-Environmental biotechnology By: Contents INTRODUCTION 3 SOIL MICROORGANISMS 3 Bacteria and Actinomycetes 3 Protozoa 3 Algae 4 Fungi 4 Macrofauna and Mesofauna 4 SOIL UNDER OXIC AND ANOXIC CONDITIONS 4 SOIL CYCLES 5 Carbon Cycle 5 Nitrogen Cycle 6 Sulfur Cycle 7 SOIL POLLUTION 7 Main Causes of Soil Pollution: 7 Main Effects of Soil Pollution: 7 SOIL BIOREMEDIATION 8 EX SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 8 EX SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Ex situ thermal processes 9 2) Ex situ chemical/physical remediation ( Soil scrubbing ) 9 EX SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Composting 10 2) Land farming 11 3)Biopiling ( Heap technique) 12 4) Bioslurry reactor 13 IN SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 13 IN SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 14 1) Bioventing 14 2) Biosparging 15 3) Bioaugmentation: 15 4)Biostimulation 15 4) Bioslurping : 16 5) Phytoremediation 16 IN SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 16 1) In situ thermal processes 16 2) In situ chemical/physical process: Pump and treat processes 16 INFLUENCING FACTORS 16 CONCLUSION 17 Table of figures: Figure 1. Soil microorganisms pie chart 3 Figure 2. Acquisition of phosphate by Mycorrhizal roots………………………………...3 Figure 3. Mycorrhizal roots……………………………………………………………….4 Figure 4. Carbon Cycle 5 Figure 5. Nitrogen Cycle 6 Figure...
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...Bioremediation Methodologies Summer Teeters COM/172 June 23, 2014 Sherry Howard Salois Bioremediation Methodologies What is bioremediation? According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Science (2008), bioremediation is any process that purifies an environment polluted by organic or inorganic contaminants with the utilization of microorganisms or other such creatures. Intensive industrialization and inadequate disposal of organic and inorganic compounds have brought about long-term persistent sources of contamination of our environment. This is a major environmental, policy and health issue facing numerous countries today. Current methods for remediation of polluted environments incorporate chemical and physical remediation, incineration and bioremediation. These conventional physicochemical methodologies are for the most part costly and the remediation process is frequently incomplete. However, since its first commercialized use in the 1970s, experts in the environmental field claim that bioremediation has proven itself to be an economically viable and socially acceptable process to remove hazardous wastes from our environment (Cummings, 2010). In the ever-growing bioremediation field, recent advancements in technology have helped develop new methods of removing contaminants from soil more efficiently and cost effectively. The three primary methods of bioremediation incorporate the utilization of microbes, plants and enzymatic remediation. Every one of these three methods...
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...Fukushima Radiation Causes Growing National Concern: Time for New EPA Policy Eric Zoppi 3279672 2 December 2013 On March 11th, 2011 the Tōhoku earthquake and the resulting tsunami wreaked havoc upon Japan. Unfortunately, this natural disaster resulted in the largest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, as the tsunami crippled the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Following this severe breach in security, numerous radioactive isotopes and radioactive particles were released into the environment, specifically the Pacific Ocean and the surrounding air/atmosphere, thus contaminating groundwater, soil and seawater, as well as effectively shutting down a myriad of Japanese fisheries. The ocean and air mainly came in contact with high levels of Iodine-131, Cesium-137, and Cesium-134, as well as lower levels of Tellurium, Uranium, and Strontium, which were concentrated closer to the surrounding area of the nuclear power plant. However, the impact that these radioactive materials will have upon the United States, in particular, has caused quite the national controversy. Despite heavy national acceptance of the occurrence of the disaster, two popular and opposing hypotheses have formed as a result of the Media’s lack of focus on recent analyses of the impending effects of Fukushima Disaster upon the U.S.: (1) the radioactive material that leaked as a result of the TEPCO nuclear power plant failure will not have a drastic, threatening...
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...Sunflowers in Fukushima Fukushima, Japan, faced a terrible outlook as of March, 2011. After the devastation of an earthquake, tsunami and a nuclear power meltdown, the city was left with a huge cleanup not for the faint hearted with radioactive isotopes filling the air, water and earth beneath them. With terrible agricultural and medical consequences looming, scientists had to act fast and on a very large scale. Using lessons from Chernobyl, scientists have enlisted the assistance of sunflowers and their fast growing capabilities. Could sunflowers be the ray of hope for this country left devastated? Sunflowers in Fukushima How Fukushima became contaminated Similar in severity to Chernobyl’s 1986 Nuclear Disaster, in March, 2011, Fukushima and the surrounding area went into crisis. Fukushima was hit hard with an earthquake followed by a tsunami which breached the power plant and lead to disaster. With safety measures catastrophically failing, pressure was building in Fukushima Daiichi and engineers had no choice but to open the unfiltered vents to release the pressure from the reactor (Bunn / Heinonen, 2011). Overall the disaster was a series of safety failures, equipment failures and nuclear meltdown which all resulted in the release of radioactive materials into the environment. Consequences of contaminated soil Soil containing radioactive isotopes is particularly concerning to humans in the immediate area. Due to the agricultural aspect of Fukushima, farming...
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