...Global and Public Health Jennifer Nurse NUR408 January 2011 Nancy Nurse, EdD, RN, PHN, LSN Epidemiology: Global and Public Health According to the Centers for Disease Control, “diabetes affects 25.8 million people, 8.3% of the U.S. population” (Center for Disease control and Prevention, 2012, par 1). Twice as many African Americans are likely to develop diabetes than Caucasian Americans. These statistics represent how serious diabetes has become for the black community. Epidemiology can focus healthcare efforts and interventions to help lower the incidence of diabetes of the African Americans. This paper will focus on the role of epidemiology in the observation of the frequency of diabetes in the morbidity and mortality of American of African decent. This paper will also include the definition and description of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle, types of epidemiology, and prevention that is related with diabetes in the African American community. Definition and Description of Epidemiology Epidemiology is defined as, “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems.” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, p. 243). Epidemiology has provided an understanding of the factors, which contribute...
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...Utilization of Community Resources An organization must have policies and procedures to run effectively and serve its mission to the community. Training employees and volunteers on policies and procedures is important to keeping the integrity and competency of an organization. How an organization manages the logistics and how the community perceives them is a huge factor in the success and effectiveness of an organization. One of the community organizations that will partner with the new group is Hearts to Nourish Hope. This non-profit organization is extremely vigilant about their process of employment for at-risk youth. All students ages 14-18 must go through a stringent application process including an interview. Once in a position whether it is at the organization itself or community partners, students must fill out daily journals and self-reports on work and the procedures. Hearts to Nourish Hope has a great tracking system for how youth are doing in their jobs with employers’ daily evaluations. Though this is tedious, it allows for the organization to continually check on youth in a holistic manner. Because the summer employment is funded through a federal grant, youth are paid which in turn helps them manage their money and have real world experience. The county’s population has over 80% African American and an article titled “Culturally Competent Collaboration: School Counselor Collaboration with African American Families and Communities” (2010) sheds...
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...Racial Profiling and Male African Americans Racial Profiling and Male African Americans INTRODUCTION Imagine driving to the store on a cold winter day, dressed in a hoodie to keep warm. You simply pull into the parking lot in hopes of getting something nice for your daughter for the holidays. Driving the posted speed limit, you pull slowly into a parking space in the back of the store. All of a sudden, a car pulls up behind you, blocking you in. You look in your rearview mirror only to find the community crime watch officer staring you down. The officer immediately treats you like a suspect, smothering you with questions concerning what you’re doing, where you’re going; yet never really had any reasoning behind the questions. After an aggravating experience, they send you on your way. Now imagine you are black and the officer is white. You have probably just experienced racial profiling. WHAT IS RACIAL PROFILING? One of the most important civil rights facing our nation today is racial profiling. The main source of those accused of racial profiling are police officers. In the eyes of citizens, racial profiling by a police officer can be defined as “any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity or national origin rather than behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity” (Ramirez, 2000). For instance, concerning traffic stops...
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...Child Abuse and Neglect 29 30 Dimensions and Critical Issues of Child Maltreatment in the African American Community: Causation, Consequences, and Prospects Presenter: Respondent: Joyce N. Thomas, R.N., M.P.H. Robert Pierce, Ph.D. Introduction African Americans, the largest minority population in the United States, suffer disproportionately from preventable diseases and deaths—(Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, 1994). This statement from the Office of Minority Health not only captures the tragic problem of health related issues of African Americans, it also applies to the social welfare problems of these children and their families. Each year over 2,000 children die at the hands of their parents or caretakers (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Abuse and neglect in the home are considered one of the leading causes of death for children four years of age and younger and the largest number of child abuse fatalities is due to severe head trauma. Homicide statistics are only part of the grim reality, with near–fatal abuse and neglect accounting for more than 18,000 permanently disabled children, and approximately 142,000 serious injuries (Baladerian, 1991). Findings from the report, A Nation’s Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States, indicate that African Americans are overrepresented in both fatalities and near–fatal injuries (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Research shows that...
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...critical care conditions were reviewed with a focus on studies evaluating factors and contributors to health disparities. Data Extraction: Study findings are presented according to their association with the prevalence, clinical presentation, management, and outcomes in acute critical illness. Data Synthesis: This review presents potential contributors for racial and gender disparities related to genetic susceptibility, comorbidities, preventive health services, socioeconomic factors, cultural differences, and access to care. The data are organized along the course of acute critical illness. Conclusions: The literature to date shows that disparities in critical care are most likely multifactorial involving individual, community, and hospital-level factors at several points in the continuum of acute critical illness. The data presented identify potential targets as interventions to reduce disparities in critical care and future avenues for research. There are racial, gender, and socioeconomic disparities in the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the United...
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...Denver’s third annual Black Sisterhood Retreat. The purpose of the retreat is to give an opportunity for Black and African-American women of a predominately white institution a chance to discuss issues that are impacting their experience at the University of Denver. In hope that acknowledging these issues that Black and African-American women endure will create a sense of hope and empowerment. This dialogue will identify resource for success and build a safe inviting community among women of color on a predominately white institution. The societal concerns being discuss can bridge the understanding of the oppressed women of color. These women typically face systematic and institutional oppression and discrimination. Infractions, such as these, can play a large role of possible cognitive distortions. This particular retreat can also provide insight on how one may handle traumatic experiences. The infractions may unconsciously cause traumatic stress disorder (post and acute), depression and social phobias. These experiences may also lead to a multitude of mental disorders depending on the severity of the experience....
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...political, sociological, religious or otherwise. An example in this regard can be of a straight white Polish American Catholic Northwestern Biomedical Engineering Ph.D. Candidate male or, an African American United Methodist lesbian female ordained woman. In the United States, the gender identity and sexual orientation are quite important to one’s identity and life as a person. For students of theology and seminarians here in the U.S., the conversation about one’s gender identity,...
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...Darius Norris History: 150 Dr. Linda Wynn Research Paper 4/1/2015 Darius Norris Dr. Linda Wynn History: 150 April 1, 2015 Male African Americans & Racial Profiling in American INTRODUCTION Considering our time and age racial profiling one of the most untouched subjects in history, especially in the law-enforcement community. Most people get it confused with criminal profiling which is not the same. Racial profiling is any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being or having been, engaged in criminal activity. Criminal profiling is any police- initiated action that used the compilation of the background, physical, behavioral, and motivational characteristics for a type of perpetrator that lead the police. Now imagine driving to the store on a cold winter day, dressed in a hoodie to keep warm. You simply pull into the parking lot in hopes of getting something nice for your daughter for the holidays. Driving the posted speed limit, you pull slowly into a parking space in the back of the store. All of a sudden, a car pulls up behind you, blocking you in. You look in your rearview mirror only to find the community crime watch officer staring you down. The officer immediately treats you like a suspect, smothering you with questions concerning what you’re doing, where you’re going; yet never...
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...races. A well known name throughout the North and South, King gained extreme popularity within the African American community. When Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated a wave of sorrow spread across the nation. With rage, sadness, and hopelessness in the public eye, clearly the assassination hurt more than just one man, it hurt a nation. A single shot killed 39-year-old Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. At the Lorraine Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, a sniper from about “50-100 yards away,” shot and struck Dr. King’s neck, while instantaneously killing him (“Martin Luther King Slain” 139). From the crime scene, F.B.I. investigators traced a “white Mustang automobile,” and an “‘unusually large’ amount of physical evidence” (Waldron 1). With fingerprints, the actual rifle, and eyewitnesses as definite pieces of evidence, F.B.I. agents concluded that a Caucasian man executed the assassination and that he would be very easily caught (Waldron 1). Eyewitness testimony even stated that the “saw a white man [ran] from the house immediately after the shooting” (“Martin Luther King Slain” 140). As a shocking and horrific event, the assassination of Dr. King proved to test the nation’s character. Shortly after the news of Martin Luther King’s assassination spread, “sporadic violence erupted in Harlem and Brooklyn’s . . . section . . . in two predominantly Negro communities” (Johnson 1). With a total of twelve men arrested and violence breaking out all around the section,...
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...POVERTY AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WHITES IN LATIN 2 AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES Abstract This article reports the relationship between the United States immigrant and African- American families presented by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his 1965 report to President Lyndon Johnson remains the most popular folk model for explaining success, failure and mutual aid in “poverty.” The Moynihan model is an enduring part of popular discourses on race, intensified by contemporary immigrant successes narratives. The participant observation research among homeless African-American families and Latin American families had participated in a small business creation in New York City which happened more than three years ago. When kinship norms are typically American, it is said that certain immigrant family forms are more suited to mutual aid crisis. The African- American family is misused as being dysfunctional. It gives an overview of the demographic of “poverty” and how these demographics have changed since 1979. It also considers trends that have emerged over the last few decades and reconsiders the successes and failures of past public policy. It also identifies the growing feminization of poverty and the growing Latino population as the primary challenges currently facing public makers...
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...PUBLIC HEALTH DISTRICTS WITH THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST RATES OF INFANT DEATHS IN GEORGIA INTRODUCTION Infant rate mortality in Georgia is extremely high and is an indicator of the overall poor status of health among women and children in this state. Between 1990 and 2000, it is reported that Georgia was among the states with the highest rate of infant deaths. In 1990 the infant morality rate in Georgia was at 12.4 deaths for each 1,000 live births and decreasing to 8.5 per 1,000 in 1998. The infant death rate among the white population is 6.1 per 1,000 while the African American population was stated at a much greater rate of 13.5 per 1,000, which is over twice as high as infant death rates among the white population in the state of Georgia. (Georgia Department of Human Resources: Infant Mortality Fact Sheet, 2000) PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to investigate Infant mortality in African American women in Georgia for the years 2000-2005 in five public health districts with the highest rates of infant mortality and five public health districts with the lowest infant mortality rates (so we are looking at 10 public health districts total that can be found on the OASIS website) in the state of Georgia). LITERATURE REVIEW It is stated by the Georgia Department of Human Resources in the work entitled: “Infant Mortality: Fact Sheet” that the primary cause of infant deaths in the state of Georgia has been found to be low birthweight, or babies who are born...
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...controversial observation: these policies may have created a permanent shift in American society which, as a result, disenfranchised minorities since they went into effect over thirty years ago. This particular idea or theory is exceptionally contradictory and has been distorted by not only various media outlets but by subsequent pro-Reaganomics politicians over the years. A closer look at the actions taken place under Reagan’s administration will explicate Reagan’s administration detrimental effect on members of minority groups which, in some cases, still affects these groups today. These policies include but are not limited to the reduction of social programming, the impoverishment of black people, the “War on Drugs”, the administration’s response to crises such as AIDS, and its approach to Civil Rights and LGBT rights (or lack thereof). When former President Ronald Wilson Reagan was first elected into office in 1980, the country’s inflation rate was the highest it had been since 1947. After his election, President Reagan wasted no time in implementing his domestic policies for the economy. His economic policies were based on a school of thought called supply side economics. His economic plan included the following propositions: “reduce the growth of government spending, reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital, and reduce regulation, and control the money supply to reduce inflation”. As a result, the administration afforded the American taxpayers the...
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...this report was to raise awareness about abused women in Lebanon and try to promote their rights. Research for this report included true based stories from reality shows and social media, furthermore, literature on web-based tuitions and interview with a professional social worker who deals with abused women. This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current and prospective of women abuse concentrating in South of Lebanon. Other calculations include rates of numbers of women being abused including statistics of women educated in Lebanon. We also found two reality shows where men clarify why women are allowed to be abused and that it is the right thing to do in certain situations. Furthermore, we inserted KAFAA’s point of view on this matter including what type of situations they dealt with. Also, we have a valid report on the behaviors of the victim and the abuser by a Dr. from psychology department. The interview reveals reasons to why women are abused and how should they react to it. The report finds that even though the government tried to pass a bill that will give women some rights, the religious groups withdrew the law by claiming that it is against their beliefs and that the Shariaa is more than enough. It is a true fact however; if the Shariaawas fully implemented then it would have worked perfectly as said by Dima El Dassouki, a social work in AUH who works with abused women. Finally, through unlimited research and observation, this report recommends...
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...generally develops over a long period of time. Most often, vital organs like the kidneys and eyes may damage or other diseases may occur before it is detected; for this reason, it is often called the "silent killer (American Heart Association, 2014). According to Woo & Wynne (2012), a report from the World Health Organization indicates that suboptimal blood pressure higher than 115mm Hg (systolic) is liable for 62% of all cardiovascular disease and 49% of all ischemic heart disease. A normal blood pressure level is systolic reading of blood pressure (SBP) less than 120mmHg with diastolic level (DBP) less than 80mmHg. Hypertension disease has the following stages. A pre-hypertensive level is SBP 120-139, and DBP 80-89. Hypertension stage 1 is SBP 140-159, with DBP of 90-99. Hypertension stage 2 is SBP greater than or equal to 160 with DBP of 100 or more. Stress and emotional tension may temporarily increase blood pressure; but it would not be considered as hypertension unless it remains that way after the situation dissolves or improves (Woo & Wynne, 2012). Epidemiology studies depict that up to about 60% of the condition is inherited but environmental factors can also play a large role in it (Nadar, & Lip, 2011). In the United States, African Americans make up 12.8% of the population, but their...
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...In An Intersection of Biography and History: My Intellectual Journey, Mary Romero attempts to investigate social mobility and racism. She mentions that her study is a field research--the so-called ethnography: participation and observation (inductive-qualitative). The author herself used to participate in the activities of domestic workers. She states that the attitudes of the American middle-classes have towards their workers are rooted in history. When Us Territorial lands were taken away from Mexicans after the Spanish-American War, they were forced to become workers instead of landowners, and since then, Americans have developed a sense of superiority above the Mexican workers. Historical background gives us a sense of where we are coming from, and it explains certain behaviors in our society today. It...
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