...million kidnapped Africans were forced into the Transatlantic slave trade and shipped to the Americas, only a little over 10 million made it. The Transatlantic slave trade was a small segment of the popular global slave trade network and was responsible for the deaths of over two point two million future slaves. This mass kidnapping of oblivious Africans occurred across the Atlantic from the early sixteenth to nineteenth century and was the second part of the “Triangular Trade”. The Triangular Trade or Triangle Trade was a trading system between Europe, Africa, and the North America in which commodities such as arms, slaves, sugar, and coffee were transported between the three nations (Lewis). The...
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...Before the ascent of European colonization, the true onset of imperialist aggression and diplomatic pressures, Africa stood as a unique, untapped continent home to many peoples and cultures since ancient times. In fact early African history, prior to the late nineteenth century, is characterized by the rapid growth of a diverse mix of indigenous people through involvement in trade in the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. Considering various influences, from the spread of Islam to the increased sale of ivory and slaves, one can begin to identify recurring instances of innovation and diversity in practically every aspect of pre-colonial Africa. As the desire for African products grew around the world, innovation in the streams of African exports and finance rose to prominence to most adequately meet the consistent demand in ports like Zanzibar. Further, with the large influx of foreign...
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...Walmart’s African Expansion Case Study 2 Case Study Author: Karen Robson, Stefanie Beninger Presented to: Dr. Doreen Sams Analyst Name: Joe Slade Date Submitted: September 28, 2014 Contents Introduction 1 The Eclectic Paradigm and African Expansion 2 Conclusion 3 References: 4 Introduction Walmart had humble beginnings. The first store was opened in Rogers Arkansas in 1962 by Sam Walton. Sam Walton wanted to have a store that provided as many items as possible but doing so in a low price way. By 1967 the Walton family owned 24 stores, ringing up $12.7 million in sales. During 1970, Walmart went public. In 1972 the company was listed on the New York Stock exchange. By 1980 the company had 276 stores in 11 states under the Wal-Mart banner. Through a joint venture with Cifra, a Mexican retail company, Walmart went global, opening a Sam’s Club in Mexico City in 199. This marked the first foray into global expansion (Walmart Corporate Site, 2014). However, not all expansion into foreign countries went well. When Walmart decided to enter the German market in 1997, they did so by buying two retail store chains, Werkauf and Interspar. This was a difficult expansion process as neither one of these companies operated like Walmart. Walmart had issues with their distribution network and the German people were not used to shopping at a big box store like Walmart (Robson, Beninger, 2013). This did not deter Walmart into the global expansion...
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...while the Americas and Africa hoped to gain resources they could use for their own gain. Resources such as plants, foods, and animals are native to different lands around the world; over time, as cultures came into contact, it was inevitable for global interactions between Europe, the Americas, and Africa to arise. Without these cultures coming into contact, the expansion of each of these countries developments would not have happened. Between the 1400’s and 1800’s, European mariners had a series of expensive voyages that took them to all the earth’s waters. These voyages helped them discover the world’s geography, but helped them gain something much more. European merchants established a network of communication, transportation, and interaction. The reason behind establishing these networks was to search for basic resources and lands to grow cash crops, establish trade routes, and to expand the influence of Christianity. One European voyage that took place was by Amerigo Vespucci. He traveled to the coast of Brazil and sailed as far south as the Rio de la Plata. Vespucci describes the areas in great detail the outstanding things he saw as pleasing and things he saw as out of the ordinary. When Vespucci arrived the first thing he noticed was how pleasing the land was and how “full of an infinite number of very tall trees which never lose their leaves and through the year are fragrant with the...
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...recession, which started in the US and engulfed the whole world in a short span of time. India could be able to secure respectable rates of growth even post-crisis years (except last two years 2012-13 and 2013-14), which were the second highest in world after China. The recent revision has improved the GDP growth rates of the last three years as well, though it raises the suspicion about its accuracy owing to opposite evidences at other fronts. This was mainly because of the domestic-led demand of the Indian economy and stimulus measures initiated by the government at the fiscal and monetary policy levels. However, the exports of India suffered a great deal as a result of the sagging demand in the world economy in general and its main trading partners’ economies in particular. During 2015-16, India's exports of goods shrank by nearly a quarter in September from a year ago, falling for a 10th straight month and threatening Prime Minister Narendra Modi's goal of boosting economic growth through manufacturing. "We see no signs of revival in exports in the near future," said Ajay Sahai, director general of the Federation of Indian Export Organisations. "We will be lucky if exports could even touch $265 billion to $270 billion for the whole year." This is in-spite of the slew of measures to boost up the exports. The last measure to promote the exports included the concession granted to exporters on loans meant for exports . Other schemes include Merchandise Exports From India Scheme(...
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...Inayah Shabazz May 5th, 2013 Within Ancient Africa the East and West African Societies were well known. The three west African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai arose in the Sahel and grew strong by the power of trade and cultural diffusion. In the east villages along the east coast begin to develop important trading cities along the east coast such as Kilwa, and The Great Zimbabwe. Together both the East and West African Societies each had many similarities and differences that each made them unique but brought them together through the power of both trade and cultural diffusion. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai controlled West Africa between A.D. 1000 and 1500. Each empire thrived on the trade of goods across the Sahara and was affected by the exchange of culture and belief systems along the trade routes. As each empire declined, the next empire took its place. Many great kings led these empires for example, Mali's Mansa Musa helped spread West African culture and resources around the world through his hajj. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai developed on trade networks where culture was "traded" along with salt and gold. Like the empires of West Africa, the trading cities in East Africa grew wealthy by controlling all incoming and outgoing trade. In East Africa the city state Kilwa became the wealthiest, most powerful coastal city-state. Kilwa grew rich because it was as far south on the coast as a ship from India could sail in one monsoon season. Therefore...
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...influenced by a variety of different culture groups. Africans and their descendants have affected Latin American in many diverse ways and still affect many cultural practices today. One of the major events the Africans were apart of in Latin America was the slave trade. In this project, African’s affects to Latin America through the slave trade will be described, particularly focusing on the region of Colombia and contributions made on the Panama Canal. The history of African descendants in Latin American countries is very complex and controversial. The amount of African people in Latin America is surprisingly very high which resulted in the transatlantic slave trade in these countries. However, not all of these Africans were slaves, and the ones that were experienced a widely diverse set of conditions depending on a variety of factors. Spaniards felt that Indian slaves were inefficient and preferred to buy African slaves whenever possible. These African slaves were much more hard working and reliable than the previous Indian workers. Africans were also favored because of their ability to survive better under harsher conditions compared to the Indians. African labor was essential in all of Colombia. The Latino people used this newly found labor provided by these African slaves in every form and place they possibly could. Beginning in the 16th century, the slave trade took place across Latin American countries and has influenced African descendants drastically. On the other end...
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...place in most economies of the world. The primary function of a financial market is to enable funds to be sufficiently allocated from the surplus units of the economy to the deficit units for productive investment. The greater the transmission efficiency is, the higher the rate of growth of the economy (Olowe, 1997). The money market trades only in securities or debt instruments maturing in less than twelve months, while in the capital market, longer term debts as well as equity instruments are traded. The complementarity between money market and capital market is necessary for a balanced development of the financial system. (NSE Fact Book 2010) The money market is a market for the mobilization, allocation and trading in short-term funds. It is, thus, a market for trading in short-term financial instruments. The major participants in the money market include individuals, companies, banks, discount houses and government. The...
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...one of the most popular trading ports in Africa. Somalia lies on the East African coast of the Indian Ocean bordering Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya. Over 80% of the country’s population is ethnic Somalis of Afro-Asiatic descent. Somalia has a rich history of poetry and is believed to be the first region Camels were domesticated. It is also one of the first areas of Africa were Islam was adopted. A sea full of fish and land full of natural resources one would assume this coastal country would be one of the thriving African nation states in the 21st century; those assumptions were valid a few decades ago. With the push of democracy and the pressure of Western Powers to eliminate authoritarian leader Siad Barre, eventually caused a civil war beginning in the early 90’s. Mogadishu was named the most dangerous city in the world year after year. Many Somalis fled to neighboring Kenya or to North America and Europe. The other numerous millions were abandoned by the world having to deal with civil war, droughts, and famine. Numerous failed attempts of legitimate political leaders gaining power lead to a radical Islamic Militant group rise. Al-Shabaab has been reigning terror in Somalia and neighboring East African for near a decade. With the recent push for democracy in Somalia, a western backed election resulted in a victory for Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in 2012. President Mohamud became president backed up by the world powers and the African union. His main mission...
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...Adoption of Mobile Payment Systems in Ghana Winfred Ofoe Larkotey#1, Prince Yaw Amoako*2, Ebenezer Afotey Laryea#3 , Ernest Dey#4 # Institute of Computer Science, Valley View University Box AF 595, Ghana 1 winfred.larkotey@gmail.com 3 afotey@gmail.com * Valley View University Institute of Computer Science, Ghana 2 4 papaprince@vvu.edu.gh ernest.dey@gmail.com Abstract— It may be said that no technology has increasingly broadened faster around the globe reminiscent of the mobile payment systems. Mobile payment systems are being embraced in many countries but its growth remains slow in most African countries. According to [9], this is mainly due to the lack of legal frameworks, inefficient banking and telecommunication systems, absence of security instruments and high illiteracy levels. Mobile payment systems level the playing field, presenting the opportunity for developing countries to compete equally with developed countries [5]. Hence, there exists a potential impact on socio-economic development if developing countries can harness this technology. However, there is a scarcity of research on the factors that influence mobile phones adoption and usage among micro-enterprises. This research seeks to address this gap by investigating the factors that influence mobile payment systems adoption and usage among in the Ghanaian society. The theoretical model based on the technology acceptance model is used to analyse survey of the adoption and the use of these...
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...Influences on the Middle East and trans-Atlantic slave trade In Race and Slavery in the Middle East An Historical Enquiry, the author, Bernard Lewis, tackles difficult subjects such as slavery and racism without prejudice and manages to explain the slave trade development in the Middle East along with the great influence and contribution it had on the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Whether it was by enforcing institutions, networks, commercial patterns or Middle Eastern concepts or by following different ways of the slave trade. With his impartial academic analysis, the reader is able to comprehend the history behind the region where slavery lasted the longest. His twenty-four colorful illustrations where the reader can appreciate the culture of slavery are a great example of local perceptions in the Middle East. Slavery in the Middle East was a tolerable institution. From the very beginning the reader can appreciate that “the institution of slavery indeed had been practiced from time immemorial” and thus establishing the slave trade in the Middle East as something passed down from ancient civilizations. Although the methods for obtaining slaves changed throughout the time something that stay in consistency about the slave trade in the Middle East was tolerance. Tolerance, for the Middle Eastern, not only meant acceptance but compassion. All communities were united in order to urge slave owners to treat their slaves as humanely as possible and to ensure this policy was followed...
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...Islam in West Africa some economic motivations, highlight the draw of Islam’s spiritual message. The presence of Islam in West Africa was related to trade and commerce in West Africa. Trade between West Africa and the Mediterranean preexisted Islam, however, North African Muslims strengthened the Trans-Saharan trade. North African traders were major factors in introducing Islam into West Africa. The past of Islam in West Africa can be explained in three stages, control, socializing, and reform. In the first stage, African kings controlled Muslim influence by segregating Muslim communities, in the second stage African leaders merged Islam with local traditions as the population selectively appropriated Islamic practices, and finally in the third stage, African Muslims forced for change in an effort to free their societies. Several factors led to the growth of the Muslim merchant-scholar class. Islam facilitated long distance trade by offering valuable tools for merchants for example the contract law, recognition, and information networks. They had the important ability of written script, which helped in the administration of kingdoms. Muslim communities in the forest zones were minority communities often linked to trading Diasporas. Many of the traditions in the forest zones still reflect the tradition of Saurian which focused on responsibilities of Muslims in a non-Muslim society. The boundaries of the ancient Kingdom encompassed the Middle Niger Delta region, which consists of modern-day...
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...forecasts predicted further increase. While Africa has had its share of inter-state wars, the majority of its conflicts were internal, and these internal conflicts appear to be increasing, as elsewhere. A tragic factor in this is that the civilian populations bear the brunt of the casualties in such conflicts, estimated at some 80-90 per cent of total casualties across the world. These conflicts cause not only casualties and refugees but contribute vastly to the spread of disease, malnutrition and starvation, social and economic decline and moral deterioration. AFRICAN CONFLICTS AND VIOLENCE There have been signs that the era of nation-states is fast fading but nowhere is this clearer than in Africa. The sort of conflicts that plagued African states is typical of those afflicting states in Eastern Europe and Asia. Sources of Conflicts They could roughly be grouped as follows: 1. Boundary Conflicts: African states’ frontiers which are more fluid than at independence...
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...CULTURAL DISTANCE | KENYA | UGANDA | NIGERIA | Diversity | 13 ethnic groups and 27 sub groups. | 3 Major Etnic Tribes: Baganda, Basoga and Bagisu. | 3 Major Ethnic Tribes: Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani and Igbo | Language, Religion, Ethnicity | The Most Spoken Languages are English and Swahili. | The Most Spoken Languages are English, Swahili and Arabic. | Over 250 languages. English is the official language | Gender | 1.02 Males/Female | 1.03 Males/Females | 1.031 Males/Females | Inequality (GINI) | 47.7 % | 44.3% | 42.9% | Individualism | Collectivist Society | Collectivist Society | Collectivist Society | Quality of Life (Interpersonal Relationship Vs Material Aspect) | Interpersonal Relationship are Valued. Influence of “Ubuntu” | Interpersonal Relationship are Valued. Influence of “Ubuntu” | Interpersonal Relationship are Valued. Influence of “Ubuntu”.Concept of extended family.“Male egotism “ | Long Term or Short term orientation | Long Term Orientation | Long Term Orientation | Long Term Orientation | Asian Paints should take into account the diversity of Kenya & Uganda while selling different shades of its products. The major implication will be in the marketing communication where language has to be kept in mind. Packaging & designing the product has to be as per the ethnic color preferences. Since interpersonal relationships are family time is valued – Asian paints should push more pastel shades in the market. Long term orientation implies that more...
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...order to have a better comprehension of the possible issues, opportunities and challenges that may occur upon entering the market. 3.3.1 The economic environment Since the 2008 global financial crisis, the South African economy has demonstrated uneven growth, with an average increase of above 2%. This is largely due to the effect of the global economy in addition to the country’s strong ties to advanced economies (Statistics South Africa n.a.). According to Schwab et al. (2013), South Africa was ranked as the 53rd most competitive country worldwide, overtaking Brazil to take second place among BRICS-countries. Regardless of some soft macro- economic indicators such as an extremely high unemployment rate (25.4%) and rising inflation (5.9%) (Trading Economics 2014), direct foreign investments (FDI) continue to flow into the county. As shown in Figure 1, South Africa is ranked as the 13thmost attractive FDI destination globally, coming ahead of Switzerland, Spain and Italy. This positive rating is a result of numerous successful large merger and acquisition (M&A) deals. Figure 1. FDI Confidence Index 2014. Ranking and Scores For instance, the British oil giant BP has announced its decision to invest $550 million in its refinery, terminal and service station retail network in South Africa. It is also partnering with Pick n Pay1 to open 120 'Pick n Pay Express' stores across the country (A.T. Kearney 2014). Furthermore, South...
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