...Chernobyl and the Aftermath September 11, 2012 Chernobyl, near the border of Belarus and the Dnieper River, was a catastrophic nuclear accident that had occurred on April 26, 1986. This was a result of “reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear power plant exploded, triggering a graphite fire that lasted for 10 days” (Yablokov et al., 2010). As a result of the explosion and fire, weathering patterns throughout Europe and the Northern Hemisphere changed due to the large quantities of radioactive contamination that as released into the atmosphere. In Chernobyl on the day of the explosion, there was a sudden power outage and when the emergency shutdown was attempted, rather than the power turning off, there was an extreme strike in power output, which lead to explosions. The International Atomic Energy Agency calls Chernobyl to be “the foremost nuclear catastrophe in human history” (Yablokov, 2010). Also, according to the International Programme on the Heath Effects of the Cherobyl Accident (IPHECA), the radioactivity released by the explosion in Becquerel terms was 200 times that from Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs combined (Yablokov, 2010). Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Western Europe, and other areas of the Northern Hemisphere were covered by a radioactive cloud as a result of helicopter pilots dropping over five thousand tons of boron carbide, dolomite, sand , clay, and lead as an attempt to suffocate the flames. Immediately after the...
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...Chernobyl I am here to tell you about a place called Chernobyl and the infamous Chernobyl Accident. This is a kind of creepy place in Russia where this accident happened. But i’m mainly here to tell you about the horrible “accident” that happened. What happened was on April 26, 1986 Early, and I mean EARLY in the morning, there were 4 nuclear plants. I know those are big words but they're gonna be used a lot. one of these plants was operated by Incompetent… people and they messed a lot of things up. then the 4th reactor started going wrong and started melting down. at this time, people tried to use emergency shutdown but a few seconds after that the was power outage. then it Broke down and started exploding and it did many HORRible things. One of which was release extreme amounts of radiation. a few more is it basically created thyroid cancer. it made anywhere NEAR this place impossible to live in and yeah, I got facts about all of it....
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...Destiny Carter 11/08/12 Per.5 Geography Chernobyl On April 26, 1986, a hellish white glow bejeweled a small, little-known town in central Ukraine, now notoriously recognized by the international community as Chernobyl. During the early morning, operators had been running an ill-conceived experiment on reactor unit number four, during which a spike the operating level of the core caused a catastrophic explosion. The resulting eruption of radionuclide’s, both from the initial explosion and from the subsequently fires, turned the Ukraine contrary into a radioactive waste land. The accident on April 1986 at the Chernobyl power plant demonstrates that planning conducted at a national level alone cannot estimate the risks posed to all nations by nuclear energy. The scope of the challenge to make nuclear energy production safer is even greater than that shown by the accident at Chernobyl. At the nuclear power station itself, several attempts were made to clear away and contain chunks of graphite and other radioactive solids. They sent in volunteers, they were only allowed to be in the power station for 90 seconds or less. In 20-36 minutes at the power station, radiation would have over whelmed the nervous system and subsequently killed anyone as close as these volunteers were. The radiation levels were 15, 00 times greater than a normal person’s exposure in a year. For the past years, major accidents have contributed to our awareness in the nuclear power plant surrounding...
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...The Chernobyl Disaster Misty Schworn Post-1945 History FALB11 Sec B DeVry University The Chernobyl Disaster The Chernobyl Disaster happened on April 26th 1986. It was described as the most horrifying environmental disaster in the world. Chernobyl was an obscure town in the north central Ukraine. The plant was located fifteen kilometers northwest of Chernobyl. The world first learned of the accident from Sweden, where unusually high radiation levels were noticed at one of the At 1:23 am technicians at the Chernobyl Plant took some erroneous actions that will impact the course of Soviet events without exaggeration. Human error is what basically caused the disaster. These operators of the fourth unit slowly allowed power in the reactor to fall to low levels as part of a controlled experiment gone wrong. “The purpose of the test was to observe the dynamics of the RMBK reactor with limited power flow. Twelve hours after power reduction was initiated, power reached 50 percent. Only one turbine was needed to take in the decreased amount of steam, so no. 2 was turned off. Power was then reduced to 30 percent. One of the operators made a mistake. Instead of keeping power at 30 percent, he forgot to reset a controller, which caused the power to plummet to 1 percent. Now water was filling the core, and xenon built up in the reactor. The...
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...Big bang theory a. Explain how scientific discoveries have changed our understanding of that scientific concept or phenomenon over time. b. Include three specific, sequential examples that support your explanation of how your chosen concept has changed over time based on new knowledge and understanding. 1950-1965 Big Bang theory could explain both the formation and the observed abundances of hydrogen and helium, whereas the Steady State could explain how they were formed, but not why they should have the observed abundances. However, the observational evidence began to support the idea that the universe evolved from a hot dense state. In addition, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965 was considered the death knell of the Steady State, although this prediction was only qualitative, and failed to predict the exact temperature of the CMB. (The key big bang prediction is the black-body spectrum of the CMB, which was not measured with high accuracy until COBE in 1990). After some reformulation, the Big Bang has been regarded as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the cosmos. 1970-1980 most cosmologists accepted the Big Bang, but several puzzles remained, including the non-discovery of anisotropies in the CMB, and occasional observations hinting at deviations from a black-body spectrum; thus the theory was not very strongly confirmed. 1990-present time This showed that earlier claims of spectral deviations were incorrect, and...
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...Date: 08/11/15 YEARDATE | ECOLOGICALDISASTER ORCONTROVERSY | BRIEFDESCRIPTION | EFFECT ONPRIVATEINDIVIDUAL | EFFECTONCOMM. | EFFECT ONGOV. | April 26, 1986 in Chernobyl in Ukraine | Bhopal Gas Leak, Chernobyl | Several nuclear reactors exploded and killed 50 people. The real damage came later in the form of radiation-related diseases such as cancer and children with birth defects. The radiation released was 400 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima and has rendered the entire site barren for another 200 years at least. | 800,000 men risked their lives by exposing themselves to radiation in order to contain the situation. 25,000 of these have died and 70,000 are disabled.20% of those deaths were suicides. According to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 28 of the workers at Chernobyl died in the four months following the accident. | Since then, thousands of kids have been diagnosed with thyroid cancer, and an almost 20-mile area around the plant remains off-limits. Reactor No. 4 has been sealed off in a large, concrete sarcophagus that is slowly deterioratingThe environmental group Greenpeace places the eventual death toll at 93,000 cancer deaths worldwide. More than 5 million people live in areas that are considered to be "contaminated" with radioactive material from the accident | Some people have returned to the affected area with their families in order to take advantage of the government's compensation benefit.Late in 1986, Union Carbide filed...
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...Nuclear Power Professor: Dr. Timothy Scott Class: Senior Seminar – Environmental Ethics Date: June 9, 2010 By: CT Nguyen History The first successful experiment with nuclear fission was conducted in 1938 in Berlin by the German physicists Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman. During the Second World War, many nations get on the program to develop nuclear energy, focusing first on the development of nuclear reactors. Several nations began their own construction of nuclear reactors at this point,, although research was also being conducted into the use for civilian electricity generation , primarily research was for weapons use. Electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20, 1951 at the EBR-I experimental fast breeder station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100 kW. December 1953, a speech by President Dwight Eisenhower, "Atoms for Peace", set the US on a course of strong government support for the international use of nuclear power. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant that generated electricity for commercial use was officially connected to the Soviet power grid at Obninsk, USSR. The reactor was moderated; water cooled and had a capacity of 5 megawatts (MW). The second reactor for commercial purposes (1956) was Calder Hall in Sellafield, England, a gas-cooled reactor with a capacity of 45 MW. The Shippingport Reactor (Pennsylvania, 1957), a pressurised-water reactor, was the first...
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...Are Alternative Energy Sources The Answer? Jose Ortiz SCI 207 Bradley Wells April 16, 2012 Since the existence of mankind we have depended on this earth for food, shelter, and water. These are the basic necessities that are required for survival. With one of the necessities taken out of the equation mankind existence would become extinct. Worldwide humans have left an ecological footprint on earth that has made it difficult to sustain itself. Mankind has entered in a race against time trying to find alternatives to alleviate some the demands we have this earth and one that comes to mind is alternative energy resources. With oil at an all time high researchers have been searching for alternatives energy sources. The question is: are alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil? Although oil has a negative impact on our environment, oil is here to stay as many countries rely on it financially. Investing time and money in alternate energy source has potential rewards for the consumer and ultimately the sustainability of our planet. The possibility of being able to replace a fossil fuel such as oil would be a turn of the century. Fossil fuels are non-renewable in which it cannot be replace or replaced a very slow rate. Once it is used it is all gone (Turk & Bensel, 2011). At the rate of oil being used it is unable to replace itself in the natural process. Not only is there so much oil that can be used, but eliminating oil would...
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...Chevron’s Amazon Disaster Hallie Richardson ETH/316 May 14, 2012 Professor Jeff Codner Chevron’s Amazon Disaster In 2001, Chevron bought out Texaco Oil Company; as a global corporation Chevron also took on responsibilities that Texaco had left behind. Oil drilling had taken place in Ecuador’s rainforest region for 28 years, the cost-cutting methods that Texaco used caused many indigenous areas to be contaminated by this drilling. The environmental catastrophe was dubbed the “Rainforest Chernobyl” by experts (“Chevron Toxico”, 2012). The Issues The cultural issues that became apparent from this problem were environmental issues as well as human rights issues. Pollution and exposure to certain toxic waste affected nearby villages of indigenous peoples of Ecuador. According to "Chevron Toxico" (2012), “Texaco’s oil extraction system in Ecuador was designed, built, and operated on the cheap using substandard technology from the outset” (A Rainforest Chernobyl). The rainforest environment that was affected housed 350 oil wells and Texaco left behind roughly 1000 toxic waste pits. Toxic waste pits were not properly built; in America at this time it was known that these toxic pits were dangerous and precautionary items like a plastic pool were built to avoid seepage into the ground water and nearby rivers. However, in Ecuador, the same pits did not have these certain structures, therefore, seepage occurred and toxins were freely left to absorb into the groundwater and pollute...
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...Are Alternative Energy Sources The Answer? Jose Ortiz SCI 207 Bradley Wells April 16, 2012 Since the existence of mankind we have depended on this earth for food, shelter, and water. These are the basic necessities that are required for survival. With one of the necessities taken out of the equation mankind existence would become extinct. Worldwide humans have left an ecological footprint on earth that has made it difficult to sustain itself. Mankind has entered in a race against time trying to find alternatives to alleviate some the demands we have this earth and one that comes to mind is alternative energy resources. With oil at an all time high researchers have been searching for alternatives energy sources. The question is: are alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil? Although oil has a negative impact on our environment, oil is here to stay as many countries rely on it financially. Investing time and money in alternate energy source has potential rewards for the consumer and ultimately the sustainability of our planet. The possibility of being able to replace a fossil fuel such as oil would be a turn of the century. Fossil fuels are non-renewable in which it cannot be replace or replaced a very slow rate. Once it is used it is all gone (Turk & Bensel, 2011). At the rate of oil being used it is unable to replace itself in the natural process. Not only is there so much oil that can be used, but eliminating oil would have positive...
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...those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have emphasized the need for preparing structured decision support methodologies for use in any future emergency. This paper discusses the multi-attribute aspects of such decision support, i.e. methods for supporting decisions when there are several conflicting objectives. Considerable progress has been made in application of these methods over the past 4 or 5 years. In particular, the decision-conferencing format has proved successful in helping senior decision makers understand and deal with the issues that arise in considering long-term countermeasures made. Within the RODOS project, a European initiative to build a decision support system for emergency response, multi-attribute value and utility techniques for short-term and medium-term countermeasures are being developed. However, much remains to be done, particularly in relation to the incorporation of uncertainty when there is a risk of an imminent accident. KEY WORDS: Bayesian decision analysis; decision support for environmental emergencies; decision trees; multi-attribute resource allocation; multi-attribute utility analysis; multi-attribute value analysis; radiation protection decisions; RODOS 1. INTRODUCTION Major nuclear accidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have focused attention on the need for coherent decision support decision making on countermeasures. I became involved in such matters during the International Chernobyl Project which was run during...
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...Alexandra Rounds April 11, 2011 Professor Hammond English 101 Reawaking from disasters Natural disasters have destroyed lives and treasured possessions, but it is the way a people respond to the natural disasters that defines them and identifies them as a culture. Japan was hit by one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded on March 11. The magnitude-9.0 quake spawned a deadly tsunami that slammed into the small island nation, leaving a huge swath of devastation in its wake. Thousands of people are dead and many more are still missing or injured; almost half a million people are homeless. Numerous people and organizations rushed to their aid. Krista Mahr’s article “How Japan Will Reawaken” told of the suffering and anguish the people were feeling, but also depicted how they went out of their way to help one another. Anyone and everyone who was in need of help received it; even people who suffered and lost family or homes from these disasters went out of their way to help others. Cultural conformity and unity are trademarks of the Japanese culture compared to American culture. Mahr’s words told the story of the Japanese people and how, even after the worst natural disaster, they can be caring and think about people within their community and helping others instead of themselves. There was another such disaster that affected the United States, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and the surrounding area. The response reported in the news was unlike the response...
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...With the advanced technologies of the 20th Century came nuclear power and a host of powerful weapons, but also a promising alternative to fossil fuels for the new age of energy demands. In Jeff Goodell’s article, “America’s Nuclear Nightmare”, the topic of injustice for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and its affiliates is raised. We live in a society where more people are needed to be aware of preventable catastrophes, which is the matter that Goodell brings up. The injustice I refer to is that of the NRC’s negligence to comply with proper safety protocol and renovation to addressing the serious domestic threat of aging nuclear reactors. Since its inception, the NRC has pushed nuclear power to the people, but has since let its duty to the public fail the test of moral obligation. Skirting safety investigations and legitimate refitting of old nukes, the NRC and the industry it puppeteers could end up with a nuclear meltdown on its hands. The cost for such inaction may very well include billions of taxpayer dollars in cleanup and aid, and the untold millions of displaced or irradiated civilians. Though Goodell’s article does address the possibility of imminent risk taken by the nuclear industry, he falls short in conveying the sense of urgency that is needed in order to effect change for America’s nuclear industry, ultimately making his article more PAST than CUSP. My analysis and research will fill in the gaps of forensic evidence and touch on the due deliberation by improving...
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...Role of culture in the USSR between the October Revolution and 'Glasnost' The two most significant event in the Soviet Russia history are the Bolsheviks seizing power from the provisional government and the fall of soviet union under Gorbachev. Between this period of time the specific pattern on which leadership evolved is 'Culture'. The deep thought of social engineering brought into light by Lenin and carried out by many leaders following him. The permanent impact of this leadership was very vital on the cultural issues. While most of them wanted to strengthen the soviet regime, paved ways to the other leaders too through cultural influence. In this paper I will argue that, the use of culture throughout the period between October revolution and glasnost was to 'combine' the reformation of values ,renewal of economic system and establishment of leadership. Cultural is an essential tool to motivate the norms of behavior of the citizens. To analyze how this was done by the Bolshevik party and later on follow up leaders we need to understand the three factors associated with it. So based on this three factors I will establish logics associated with the reformation of the values using culture. Firstly, the intention of the Bolshevik party with cultural politics. The arts were a necessary component of the communist project. The Bolsheviks saw the arts as playing an important role in the creation of a truly communist society. It is clear that a progressive and 'proletarian'(1)...
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...Hillary Clinton Speech - Women's Rights are Human Rights The Hillary Clinton Speech featured is in the form of a transcript, extract, passages or lines from the Hillary Clinton Speech . The Hillary Clinton Speech demonstrates good oratory skills, a great public speaker with the ability to use clear words and text. Speech Example Topic / Subject Type: Persuasive, Inspirational / Inspiring Speech. Hillary Clinton Speech Women's Rights are Human Rights Women's Rights Are Human Rights Famous Speech by Hillary Clinton Beijing, China: 5 September 1995 Mrs. Mongella, Under Secretary Kittani, distinguished delegates and guests: I would like to thank the Secretary General of the United Nations for inviting me to be part of the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. This is truly a celebration - a celebration of the contributions women make in every aspect of life: in the home, on the job, in their communities, as mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. It is also a coming together, much the way women come together every day in every country. We come together in fields and in factories. In village markets and supermarkets. In living rooms and board rooms. Whether it is while playing with our children in the park, or washing clothes in a river, or taking a break at the office water cooler, we come together and talk about our aspirations and concerns. And time and again, our talk turns to our children and our families...
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