...Introduction Credit rating agencies play a key role in todays and the last century’s financial life. Their function is to analyze and then publish country’s and firm’s or basically any financial entity’s/product’s creditworthiness. However, their defining impact on today’s economics is goes way beyond their definition. The Three Big, Moody’s, S&P and Fitch are in possession of 95% market share, that means the competition is negligible. The lack of competition multiplies their individual effect on the markets and raises the question of whether they work with the moral standards today’s stakeholders are expecting from them. (The Role Played by Credit Rating Agencies in the Financial Crisis, Asian Development Bank Institute, 2012) Major investors and creditors are knowingly deciding about their financial moves based on a very narrow and far from comprehensive information. The three bigs ratings are certainly part of these data and they do have major consequences on whether a company will invest in a certain country or on what terms will a bank lend capital to a given enterprise. If we go even further, we can see that credit ratings will have impact on a country’s fiscal and monetary policies, industries’ success or in many case failure, and through that, on people’s everyday life and economic well-being. Now that the concept of ratings are not so abstract, let’s take a look at how they relate to the financial crises. The 2007 credit crisis were caused by the overvaluation...
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...CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study Mobile Money Transfer Providers are economic organizations or business organizations that can be family firms, partnerships or limited companies that have been formed with the aim of fulfilling a certain objective that is set. The providers engage in business ventures that range from vendors, manufacturing, and customer service. The providers juggle different types of businesses with the aim of making ends meet for themselves while ensuring they remain enterprising and retaining customer base and thus in most cases may be specialized in a certain industry and still engage in another for revenue purposes (Dichter, 2007). Globally the providers have evolved from family firms that have been set up and passed down in generation as family dynasties having their set ups in neighborhood and sub urban areas. Most of them are small vendors running coffee shops, restaurants, supermarkets or basic retails who supply household goods. Their aim is for continuity geared towards sustainability of their wellbeing and families (Gowan, 1999). In order to stay abreast with customer demands and market evolutions through technology, providers have tremendously changed their operations as they have set out to have partnerships with similar business organizations geared towards meeting and surprising the demand; leading to growth in the providers in Kenya and around the world. The Mobile Money Transfer Providers have contributed greatly towards the...
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...Pick a company of your choice either products Or services and write a term paper of not more than 10pages double spacing (1) Compare how it’s doing (2) Challenges (3) How it started (4) Policies (5) Sources of funding (6) Countries they operate in (7) Evidence that data was collected (8) Conclusion and recommendation should be made. Introduction G4S is one of the top worldwide integrated security Companies that specializes in providing security products, services and solutions. It is active in over 120 countries and is the biggest employing Company quoted on London stock Exchange having over 618,000 workers and a secondary stock exchange listing in Copenhagen. It mainly specializes in outsourced business processes and amenities in regions where security and safety hazards are deemed a strategic threat. In risk assessment and delivery, G4S works in partnership with governments and other organizations to offer incorporated solutions to the security threats. It as well, protects rock stars and sports stars, individuals and property, together with some of the world’s important buildings. In addition, G4S provides security services of delivering cash to bank branches, pay packets to ATM’s, and ensuring visitors have a safe enjoyable experience in ports and airports among many others [ (Corporate Social Responsibility Report, 2009) ]. Background of G4S G4S started in the early 20th century, whereby two enterprising personalities, Philip Sørensen and Marius Hogrefe, founded the guarding...
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...EFInA: EVALUATION OF AGENT BANKING MODELS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Oxford Policy Management Ltd October 2011 Evaluation of Agent Banking Models in different countries ii Oxford Policy Management Evaluation of Agent Banking Models in different countries Table of contents Table of contents Abbreviations Executive summary Agent banking regulation and impact Permissible agent activities Volume and value of different types of activities Introduction 1 1.1 Analysis of agent banking regulations Colombia 1.1.1 Background & implementation of regulations 1.1.2 Definition of agent, approval by the regulator & types of entities that can be agents 1.1.3 Rules governing exclusivity/non-exclusivity of agents 1.1.4 Permissible activities 1.1.5 Roles and responsibilities & minimum standards 1.1.6 Typical remuneration structure Brazil 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 Peru 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 Kenya 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 India 1.5.1 i iv vi viii x xi 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 1.2 6 Background & implementation of regulations 6 Definition of agent, approval by the regulator & types of entities that can be agents 7 Rules governing exclusivity/non-exclusivity of agents 7 Permissible activities 8 Roles and responsibilities & minimum standards 8 Typical remuneration structure 9 9 Background & implementation of regulations 9 Definition of agent, approval by the regulator & types of entities that can be agents10 Rules governing exclusivity/non-exclusivity of agents 10 Permissible...
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...Basel I DEFINITION OF 'BASEL I' A set of international banking regulations put forth by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision, which set out the minimum capital requirements of financial institutions with the goal of minimizing credit risk. Banks that operate internationally are required to maintain a minimum amount (8%) of capital based on a percent of risk-weighted assets. Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords, (now extended and partially superseded[clarification needed] by Basel III), which are recommendations on banking laws and regulations issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. BREAKING DOWN 'Basel I' The first accord was the Basel I. It was issued in 1988 and focused mainly on credit risk by creating a bank asset classification system. This classification system grouped a bank's assets into five risk categories: 0% - cash, central bank and government debt and any OECD government debt 0%, 10%, 20% or 50% - public sector debt 20% - development bank debt, OECD bank debt, OECD securities firm debt, non-OECD bank debt (under one year maturity) and non-OECD public sector debt, cash in collection 50% - residential mortgages 100% - private sector debt, non-OECD bank debt (maturity over a year), real estate, plant and equipment, capital instruments issued at other banks The bank must maintain capital (Tier 1 and Tier 2) equal to at least 8% of its risk-weighted assets. For example, if a bank has risk-weighted assets of $100 million, it is required to maintain...
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...American history there has always been a conflict between the federal government intervening in the banking business vs. the Federal government staying out of the banking business * In 1830 when Andrew Jackson (the founder of the Democrat Party) was elected president. He terminated the fed government sponsored US Bank, and resolved the conflict. * The fed government basically stayed out of the banking business until the ’30s, when FDR took office, and the fed government intervened deeply into the ‘banking business,’ which was defined by the IRS, FDIC, Comptroller of the Currency, SEC (if public-owned), and State Bank Supervisors etc. * By defining what the ‘business of banking’s was the statutes, regulations, and enforcement personnel administering these laws, bankers were boxed into doing business as defined by state and federal governments. * Still In present day Banks are financial institutions that hold too much control over the economy and if they fail there are enormous consequences hence the need for government bailouts, in which government financial assistance is provided to banks or other financial institutions who appear to be on the brink of collapse. WHY THE NEED FOR REGULATORS * Bank regulations are a form of government regulation which subject banks to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines. * To create transparency between banking institutions and the individuals and corporations with whom they conduct business. * To reduce...
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...interoperability is a loosely linked network model. It is a model of independent agencies illustrated by the concepts of cloud computing and smart phone apps. A second model is a formal network of small, independent organizations illustrated by interoperability in the travel industry. A third model is a large organizational model illustrated by interoperability in the banking system (Schoech, 2010). Loosely Linked Network Model: Cloud Computing and Smart Phone Apps One interoperability model can be illustrated by software as a service, and smart phone apps. Software is more of a service than a product in this model. Agencies only use applications and tools that are needed to achieve their goals. This method lowers overall infrastructure costs because system wide activities are minimized. The model is highly scalable and modular with connectivity and growth as needed. It also allows maximum agility and flexibility on the part of agencies. This models impact on practice is small and anticipated because agencies would buy into larger infrastructure when needed and ready. In the loosely linked network model, the IGHI will have difficulty functioning since it lacks components and has no central infrastructure entities (Schoech, 2010). Travel Industry Model The travel industry model is more formal. Central guidelines and standards have been established for entities to become part of the global structure. Each agency would screen clients in or out of its particular services instead of into...
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...Glass-Steagall Act, also known as the |activities of investment banks and commercial |banking activities. | |Banking Act of was passed by Congress in 1933|banks. |Prohibited commercial banks sales of | |during a nationwide commercial bank failure |To get rid from the Great Depression of the |securities | |and the Great Depression. Two members of |economy. | Created the Federal Deposit Insurance | |Congress put their names on what is known |Commercial banks were accused of being too |Corporation (FDIC), which insures bank | |today as the Glass-Steagall Act (GSA). |speculative in the pre-Depression era, not |deposits with a pool of money appropriated | | |only because they were investing their assets |from banks. | | |but also because they were buying new issues | Public confidence was restored by the act in | | |for resale to the public. |banking practices of U.S. government during | | | |the Great Depression | |The Banking Act of 1935: |Permanent establishment of the FDIC as a ...
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...The Significance of Basel 1 and Basel 2 for the Future of The Banking Industry with Special Emphasis on Credit Information Abstract This paper examines the significance of Basel 1 and Basle 2 for the future of the banking industry. Both accords promote safety and soundness in the financial system with Basel 2 utilize approaches to capital adequacy that are appropriately sensitive to the degree of risk involved in a banks’ positions and activities. These approaches –and especially the one to measure credit risk- will require information from external credit assessment institution and information collected by banks about their borrowers creditworthiness. Maher Hasan Central Bank of Jordan To be presented in the Credit Alliance/ Information Alliance Regional Meeting in Amman 3-4 April 2002 1. Introduction The soundness of the banking system is one of the most important issues for the regulatory authorities. There are two main questions facing the regularity authorities regarding this issue: First, How should banking “soundness” be defined and measured? Second, What should be the minimum level of soundness set by regulators? The soundness of a bank can be defined as the likelihood of a bank becoming insolvent (Greenspan 1998). The lower this likelihood the higher is the soundness of a bank. Bank capital essentially provides a cushion against failure. If bank losses exceed bank capital the bank will become capital insolvent. Thus, the higher the bank capital the higher is...
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...definition of a bank. However, if you look at banks, you will see that they take many types of deposits and make many types of loans. In addition, if you are familiar with banks, you will notice that they act as intermediaries in many financial transactions. The banking is a vital function of the economy; without banks, the economy will not function properly. Why? The answer is that banks provide the link between savers and borrowers. In the US, people are net savers and businesses are net borrowers. Without banks and some other financial institutions, the borrowers, businesses, will not be able to raise finds by borrowing from people, the savers. This function takes many forms. We will look at some if these forms in this course and in other courses in the finance concentration in the MBA program. The Nature of Banking in the US See Chapter 1 in the Textbook With a population of 30 million, Canada has 11 banks; Britten has 4 or 5 banks to serve 60 million citizens. Other countries have similar ratio of banks to population; about 3 to 6 million to a bank. How many banks does the US have to serve 300 million in population? The US has about 7,500 banks; this number does not include other companies that provide banking...
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...Cumulative Bank Services and Balance In the world of banking, it is often speculated that the more accounts and services a client holds with a particular financial institution, the longer they will stay with that bank. The idea is, the more accounts they open for each client, the more dependent these clients will become to their services, and closing several accounts to join another institution requires time and effort. Avoiding these tedious tasks will manipulate a client to stay with the given financial institution longer as well as prompting them to maintain majority of their funds under the same roof. There are many studies conducted to prove this scenario that is the reason why the “cross-selling” technique has been adopted by the banking industries. The ultimate goal is clear, and all financial institutions believe that “those who die with the most money win”. Whether or not these techniques create a false sense of loyalty, the question is: Does account balance exhibit any correlation to the number of services a client holds with the bank? Numbers don’t lie, we will explore and evaluate this hypothesis using statistics and data sets from Century National Bank to prove whether or not this idea holds true. Hypothesis Statement “Does account balance exhibit any correlation to the number of services a client holds with the bank?" The banking industry as a whole has changed over the past decade in which customer are able to use technology to update account information, view...
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... Abstract: Basel II Capital Accord and implementation implications in Albania 2 I. What is New Basel Capital Accord and its Evolution 4 II. Adoption of Basel II 5 BCBS Countries 5 In Other Countries 6 Banking Supervision Improvement Priorities 6 III. History of Banking Supervision in Albania (Banking System in Albania and Supervisory Process. 7 IV. Three Pillars of Basel II and the implications related to the implementation in Albania: 10 1.Pillar 1 – Capital Defined 11 1.1 Pillar 1 – Credit Risk 11 1.2 Pillar 1 – Market Risk 15 1.3 Pillar 1 – Operational Risk 16 2. Pillar 2 – The Supervisory Review Process 16 3. Pillar 3 – Market Disclosure 18 V. Reference List 21 Abstract: Basel II Capital Accord and implementation implications in Albania I. The first part is concentrated in what is new Basel Capital Accord and its Evolution. Supervisors have long sought to ensure that banks maintain adequate capital to cover all risks. In 1988, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision agreed the 'International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards', more commonly known as the Basel Capital Accord which in most countries is fully implemented in 1992. The evolution of banking worldwide led the Basel Committee to initiate revisions to the 1988 Accord. First proposed in 1999, and due to come into effect in many jurisdictions by the end of 2008 the revised Capital Accord – Basel II – is a comprehensive...
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... In Canada recession was less severe and they face no banking failure due to the size and diversification in their large institution has maintained their stability. New Entrant was limited by Canadian government and I exchange chartered bank with provide them financial stability, in Canada focuses on banking sector that’s why brokers dealers and security market remain much at smaller .The banking system of branch was oliogiopolisty that imply the system which has limited supply of banking services and cost as compared to their competitors . In our previous work (Bordo et al., 1994) we analyzed that the Canadian banking is not categorized in higher cost as compared to US. The banking of Canada same returns on equity and largely used MMMFSs After 1987 they became a vital part of Canada banking, at that time government had given them permission to create MMMFs and half of total MMMFs are kept at bank which means that they are within the banking system. According to (Byung kyong & Niamh Sheridan,2012) Canada’s three large bank weighted average is two an half time smaller than Australia’s four major banks however non performing rate of housing loans in Australia and Canada are almost same in recent years. The mortgages in Canada are provided by Canada mortgage and Housing Corporation own by Government are assigned at weight of zero risk, therefore the lowest risk of residential mortgages of four large Canadian banking is almost 70% in comparison with 40% of major Australian...
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...III Difference 8 3.3. Implications of Basel III 9 3.4.4. Global Banking System 9 3.4.5. Banking System in Australia 9 3.4.6. Banking System in Japan 10 3. Conclusions 11 4. Reference List 12 1. Introduction The financial system is beyond indispensable in the global economy, with commercial banks playing a vital role as the main form of a financial institution. Within the financial system it is crucial to have regulations and guidelines for financial institutions such as commercial banks to abide by and have the expectation that a minimum standard is to be consistently expected. Prescribing prudential standards for supervision of the banking sector is a necessity in increasing reliance and resilience with confidence in the banking sector, which is why the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has introduced Basel III in 2013. This report focuses on...
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...of international banking cooperation. Through quantitative and technical benchmarks, both accords have helped harmonize banking supervision, regulation, and capital adequacy standards across the eleven countries of the Basel Group and many other emerging market economies. On the other hand, the very strength of both accords—their quantitative and technical focus—limits the understanding of these agreements within policy circles, causing them to be misinterpreted and misused in many of the world’s political economies. Moreover, even when the Basel accords have been applied accurately and fully, neither agreement has secured long-term stability within a country’s banking sector. Therefore, a full understanding of the rules, intentions, and shortcomings of Basel I and II is essential to assessing their impact on the international financial system. This paper aims to do just that—give a detailed, non-technical assessment of both Basel I and Basel II, and for both developed and emerging markets, show the status, intentions, criticisms, and implications of each accord. Basel I Soon after the creation of the Basel Committee, its eleven member states (known as the G-10) began to discuss a formal standard to ensure the proper capitalization of internationally active banks. During the 1970s and 80s, some international banks were able to “skirt” regulatory authorities by exploiting the inherent geographical limits of national banking legislation. Moreover...
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