...important in semantic web in order to achieve the goals of semantic web vision. In this paper two approaches of implementing trust have been discussed. One approach is strong and secure i.e. Policy based systems, the other approach is more of a social approach which takes feedback from the users in order to build and maintain trust. Also discussed in this paper are pros and cons of both the techniques. Keywords-component; semantic web;Trust; Policy Based Systen; Reputation Based Sytems Introduction The idea behind semantic web seems great and offers a lot but why one should trust in semantic web. Who would trust such a system where anyone can say anything. We say that it is going to be a smart web, it will be intelligent and it will know the semantics. It will know what we are looking for. But what happens when a person says that x is yellow and another person says x is not yellow. Would semantic web fall apart? The idea behind SW is its authenticity of information which isn’t available in today’s web. Information comes from different sources which could be wrong or write and for a specific situation. So how are we going to determine which is reliable and whom should we believe? To tackle these kinds of situations we have semantic web trust. In this paper we are going to discuss different methods of implementing trust in SW. 1 Day to Day trust policies Trust policy is a subjective practice used for the evaluation of the trustworthiness of information in...
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...signed the lease. It has been signed by a third party agent appointed by the company to place and receive orders on their behalf, while one of the owners states that the agent is not authorized to sign any documents on the company’s behalf. This paper aims to discuss if the contract formation was achieved and if a third party agent was authorized to sign a contract on behalf of the company. Second, the paper discusses the policies and procedures, which, if pre-defined by Quick Takes Video, would have avoided such a situation from arising. Third, the paper discusses another option, besides arbitration, which the companies can use to work through this dispute in a timely, low-costing and effective manner. Contract Creation and Management In the abstract above Karen, one of the owners of Quick Takes Video, raises her concern that the third party agent Janet was not authorized to sign any document on company’s behalf. But according to Hal, Janet is responsible for most of buying for the company and has been signing the receipts in the past. So it seems that Janet does have some implied authority to sign a document on behalf of the company. Also Janet was told to ‘work out the details’ with the Non-Linear Pro salesman. This statement translates to giving her the apparent authority to sign any deal on behalf of the company, more so in the absence of any specified rules that limit the authority of the third party agent. There were no instructions to guide her regarding...
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...roles and functions of central banks? Why do they need Economic staff? How far should central banks get involved in data collection and areas such as seasonal adjustment, as well as economic analysis? Introduction Though Central Bank is viewed as one of the primary mechanisms of macroeconomic stabilization there are a number of arguments about other areas of Central Bank’s involvement. This paper will explore the different areas, including the role of Central Bank in effecting monetary policy and intervening body in exchange rate trades, Central Bank as a Last Lender Resort (LLR), and Central Bank as a regulatory body of the financial sector. Prior to further discussion, it is important to stress that the role of Central Bank and the scope of its involvement may vary due to the effect of different legislations and the presence of various stakeholders. Thus, US Central Bank does not act as a regulatory body of the financial sector (Driffill et al., 2005), whereas the intervention activity of Japan Central Bank requires the approval of other governmental bodies (Fujiwara, 2005). This paper discusses the importance of Central Bank's publications of economic forecasts and other information related to Central Bank's views of the further state of macroeconomic trends. The discussion shows that this information is highly important for other market players and forecasting agencies as it reduces the information asymmetry. The role of Central bank in macroeconomic stabilization Chandavarkar...
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...IRDA Agent Licensing Question paper (1) Potential purchaser of product is called ________________ (a) Prospect (b) Consumer (c) Customer (d) Client (2) If policyholder is in grievance,__________________ will solve (a) Grievance officer (b) Court order (c) Ombudsman (d) All the above (3) 20,000 policies in the 5th year are to be made from _________sector (a) Rural (b) Social (c) None (d) Urban (4) Insurance Agent is governed by ____________________ (a) Contract act (b) Insurance Act (c) IRDA (d) All above (5) Doctors appointed by insurers will be _____________ (a) General Physicians (b) Specialists (c) Surgeons (d) All of above (6) __________is the document produced to establish one’s age (a) Birth Certificate (b) Affidavit (c) License (d) Proof of age (7) Who is the person who identifies the customer and get the necessary insurance for him ? (a) Intermediary (b) Retailer (c) Broker (d) Agent (8) Which kind of Insurance plan can meet all need of a proponent? (a) Endowment (b) Money Back (c) Multipurpose (d) None of them (9) The principal is responsible for __________ agent (a) All the acts of agent (b) Specified acts of agent (c) Some of acts agent (d) None of them (10) Which of the following statements are True: a) It is the agent’s responsibility to ensure that...
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...Because present actions entail future consequences, all agents deliberately form rational expectations. That is, they exploit all expectations available information at all times since it is in their best interests to do so. 2 New Classical Economics (2) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Agents adjust their decisions and actions so that their plans will be fulfilled optimally when their expectations are correct. Therefore, expectations (and information) play the information dominant role in determining the state of the economy at any point in time. They replace the deterministic setting with a stochastic one. People habitually suffer from expectational errors. It is the errors that explain economic fluctuations. Fluctuations and unemployment can be traced to voluntary deviations of supply and demand. Thus the business cycle is an equilibrium phenomenon, phenomenon and is therefore optimal. 3 Two Types of Monetarism Kevin Hoover, JEL (March 1984) Monetarism (Friedman) – Marshallian: • • Small (partial equilibrium) models Aggregate Prices – – – Money can “fool” agents on the short-run Mistakes can cause agents to act in ways apparently inconsistent with optimization Transient behavior occurs as agents “learn” (adaptive expectations) Walrasian: • • New Classicals (Lucas, Sargent-Wallace, Barro) – Large (general equilibrium) models Relative Prices – – – – Decisions made entirely on real factors Agents (to the limits of their information) act in ways...
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...Weapons, Force, and Personal Protective Gear William A. Childress CJA 585 September 5, 2011 Professor Brain Kissinger Weapons, Force, and Personal Protective Gear Law enforcement officers and personal protection agents use much the same in weaponry, tactics, force, and personal protective gear in the performance of their daily duties. Within this paper those vital elements will be examined. Weapons used by the police and personal agents will be examined, beginning with offensive weapons, next will be defensive weapons, followed by tactical weapons. The use of force by the police and protection agents will follow weapons, and the paper will finish with an examination of protective gear, to include Kevlar® vests, neck and shoulder protection, and full body suits. Weapons Weapons are just as much a part of an officer’s or a protection agent’s uniform as his clothing. The weapon can be offensive, defensive, nonlethal, or a combination of these. What follows is a brief synopsis of some of the classes of weapons. Please note that many of the weapons can cross over into other classes, e.g. a water cannon may be used either offensively or defensively. Offensive Offensive weapons are used by law enforcement and protection agencies in the performance of their daily duties. These weapons include can include water cannons, rubber bullets, and percussive or flash explosive devices – meant to disorient the subjects involved temporarily. A sniper...
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...On Exploiting Agent Technology in the design of Peer-to-Peer Applications Steven Willmott, Josep M. Pujol and Ulises Cort´s e Universitat Polit`cnica de Catalunya e a Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform`tics Campus Nord, M´dul C5-C6, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona (08034), Spain o {steve, jmpujol, ia}@lsi.upc.es Abstract. Peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures exhibit attractive properties for a wide range of real world systems. As a result they are increasingly being applied in the design of applications ranging from highcapacity file sharing and global scale distributed computing to business team-ware. The objective of this paper is to outline a number of areas in which Agent techniques for the management of social problems such as decision making or fair trading amongst autonomous agents could be used to help structure P2P actions. In particular we focus on approaches from mechanism design, argumentation theory and norms / rules and electronic institutions. 1 Introduction Peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures exhibit attractive properties for a wide range of real world systems. As a result they are increasingly being applied in the design of applications ranging from high-capacity file sharing and global scale distributed computing to business team-ware. In addition their benefits however, P2P systems also fundamentally change the networking paradigm used in an application often causing tensions with other application goals such as security, predictability, performance guarantees...
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...Current financial crisis Economic growth involves metamorphosis of the financial system. Forms of banks and bank money change. These changes, if not addressed, leave the banking system vulnerable to crisis. There is no greater challenge in economics than to understand and prevent financial crises. The financial crisis of 2007-2008 provides the opportunity to reassess our understanding of crises. All financial crises are at root bank runs, because bank debt—of all forms—is vulnerable to sudden exit by bank debt holders. The current crisis raises issues for crisis theory. And, empirically, studying crises is challenging because of small samples and incomplete data. *Written as a contribution for Trade, Globalization and Development: Essays in Honor of Kalyan Sanyal, edited by Sugata Marjit and Rajat Acharya (Springer Verlag; forthcoming). Some of this essay draws from material in my book Misunderstanding Financial Crises (Oxford University Press; forthcoming November 2012). I worked at AIG Financial Products as a consultant from 1996-2008. I thank Doug Diamond, Bengt Holmström, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Guillermo Ordoňez for comments.1 1. Introduction Economic development does not result in the elimination of financial crises. The recent financial crisis of 2007-2009 in the United States and Europe shows that market economies, however much they grow and change, are still susceptible to collapse or near-collapse from financial crisis. This is a staggering thought...
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...|Entrepreneurial Paper | |Dameron-Jones Insurance Agency | |Della McCrory – Owner/Agent | |Rebecca Erin McCrory MGMT 485-02 | |12/3/2009 | An entrepreneur is a person who has possession of an enterprise, or venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome. Entrepreneurship has worked up its way to become one of the most interesting subjects to learn. It has appealed to dynamic youths as in the past we have witnessed the rise of many entrepreneurs from having nothing and being nothing to become the wealthiest and the most influential people in their societies, countries or even globally. Their achievements have inspired the youths of their times and the many who came after them. The subject of this paper is an entrepreneur that I know well, my mother, Della McCrory. She is the owner and agent of Dameron-Jones Insurance Agency. Dameron-Jones is a small hometown based business that has withstood the very turbulent times in the economy and maintained its roots in the community and so...
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...THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MBA-EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME 2009/2010 RESEARCH PROPOSAL By KIBIKI YUSTIN, L.M TITLE: MANAGEMENT OF CAPITATION GRANTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF TANZANIA: A CASE OF KIGOMA DISTRICT COUNCIL PROPOSED SUPERVISOR: DR MBOGORO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS –UDOM 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Problem Sound Economic Governance is essential for the achievement of the desired reduction in poverty levels and improvements in economic growth in Tanzania. Good Public Financial Management (PFM) is important for efficient, effective and equitable utilization of scarce national resources (REF). Whilst the extent to which policy makers are held accountable to their constituents is an excellent indicator of good governance. Accountability and transparency go hand in hand in developing open and participatory decision-making processes. In 2005, the government of Tanzania reviewed the financial management practices and processes at the central government level. In 2006, the focus has shifted to local government, which now accounts for an increasing proportion of expenditures and is primarily responsible for service delivery in sectors such as primary education and primary health (URT, 2004). This kind of study is therefore wanting to provide a snapshot of how the resource allocation, resource management and control, resource utilization and accountability processes take place...
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...Learning in Shooter Games Michelle McPartland and Marcus Gallagher School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering University of Queensland St Lucia, Australia {michelle,marcusg}@itee.uq.edu.au Abstract This paper demonstrates the applicability of reinforcement learning for first person shooter bot artificial intelligence. Reinforcement learning is a machine learning technique where an agent learns a problem through interaction with the environment. The Sarsa( ) algorithm will be applied to a first person shooter bot controller to learn the tasks of (1) navigation and item collection, and (2) combat. The results will show the validity and diversity of reinforcement learning in a first person shooter environment. Introduction Over the past decade substantial research has been performed on reinforcement learning (RL) for the robotics and multi-agent systems (MAS) fields. In addition, many researchers have successfully used RL to teach a computer how to play classic strategy games such as backgammon (Tesauro 1995) and go (Silver, Sutton, and Muller 2007). However, there has been little research in the application of RL to modern computer games. First person shooter (FPS) games have common features to the fields of robotics and MAS, such as agents equipped to sense and act in their environment, and complex continuous movement spaces. Therefore, investigating the affects of RL in an FPS environment is an applicable and interesting area to research. FPS bot artificial...
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...situation in which model best applies | Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory and Force Field Analysis | Kurt Lewin’s theory model has three stages of change including: freezing, change or moving, and refreezing. The first stage of freezing involves finding methods to help people relinquish learned habits that were inefficient. Recognizing the need for change occurs in this stage. According to Schein (2002), the moving stage “allows members of the group to change from one set of behavior to another, such as new job responsibilities, new roles, and new job skills” (p. 37). The third stage of refreezing makes the change the standard operating procedure, the change becomes permanent. Without this last stage, individuals can revert back to the pre-change policies and procedures. Lewin’s theory believes that behavior is “a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directions” (Lewin, 1951). He acknowledged that there are driving forces that cause change to occur, pushing individuals in the desired direction. Restraining forces counter driving forces, pushing an individual in the opposite direction. Examples of restraining forces include personal defense mechanisms or group “norms.” The goal within a force field of driving and restraining forces is to move to gain equilibrium. Equilibrium is a state of being where driving and restraining forces are equal. In this state no change is occurring. | “This theory is a time-tested, easily applied field theory that is often considered the epitome of...
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...Cash, Paper-based and Electronic Payments: A Theoretical Approach Francisco Calladoy Jana Hromcováz and Natalia Utrero , Abstract In this paper we provide a general equilibrium model that helps explaining payment choice at the retail level: cash, electronic and paper-based instruments. In particular, it provides theoretical foundations to reconcile previous empirical evidence on the matter. Payment pattern of a given country can be shaped by the payment infrastructure, the cost of each payment instrument, the degree of technology development and the interest rate. We show that the introduction of a cheaper payment instrument, in this case electronic payments, may be welfare improving. The calibration exercise for Norway illustrates that the policy of correct pricing of checks promoted by the Norwegian authorities may imply 4% increase in the welfare of the country. Keywords: cash; payments; human capital; cash-in-advance; JEL classi…cation: E42, E41, O42 This paper has bene…ted from suggestions and comments from Rolf Campos, participants in the Finance Forum in Madrid, Symposium of the Spanish Economic Association in Valencia and the seminar at Universidad de Murcia. Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science through grants SEJ2007-60671/ECON, SEJ2007-62500, SEJ2007-67895-C04-02, Generalitat de Catalunya through the Barcelona GSE research network and Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas are gratefully acknowledged. y Universitat...
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...not deal directly with the public but with independent agents who in return deal with the customers. Agents require Low turnaround time and fast renewal rates. Initial analysis of the second quarter performance figures of Fruitvale branch at Manzana Insurance indicates declining profits, poor operating performance and advancement of competitor Golden Gates. Further analysis was conducted to get to the core of the problem the management is facing and consequently, provide recommendations on how to go about these issues. Issues: * Low and declining Profits: During the first quarter of 1991, there was profit loss of ($ 174,000) which declined even further in the second quarter to ($121,000) (Exhibit 1). Reasons may include: * Due to high turnaround times (TAT) * Calculate by management to be 8.2 days * Causes agents to refer clients to other companies * Causes congestion and increased accumulation of policies * Due to reduced number of renewals (low renewal rates) because of increased volumes of late renewals * Due to focus on new policies only * Due to late policies * Late RERUNs amount to 99.67% of total late requests processed in 1991 which means it has a big impact on total late requests processed. * Poor performance and efficiency * Processing issues: * wrong prioritization of policies * Emphasis on RUNs and RAPs and less on...
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...Political Economy of Fiscal Policy: A Look into Bangladesh Case Content * Aim of the Paper * Concepts on Fiscal Policy * Fiscal Policy: Definition and its Role in the Economy * Fiscal Policy in the Developing World * A Brief Overview of Political Economy * Approaches to Fiscal Politics * Characteristics of Fiscal Policy in Bangladesh * Political Culture in Bangladesh and Effect on the Economy * References Aim of the Paper * To analyze how political variables affect the fiscal policy decision making process and study the political process and culture and the institutional constraints in context of Bangladesh to see the effect they have on the fiscal decision making * The research will be conducted through literature review and interview and based on the data between 1972 to 2012. Fiscal Policy: Definition and its Role on the Economy * Fiscal policy – essentially a budget policy encompassing all measures pertaining to the level and structure of government’s financial operations - public revenue, public borrowing and public expenditure . * It seeks to influence the aggregate demand curve through conscious setting of spending and taxation by government policymakers. Politics invariably affects the decision making process. * Basic goals of fiscal policy: * Attain full employment level of equilibrium * Maintain full employment once it is attained *...
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