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Agents

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gents

Mobile Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, Volume 1 by David Taniar (ed)
IGI Global © 2009 Citation

Capitulo 1:
La idea principal de la tecnología móbil de agente es reemplazar el antiguo paradigma de Llamadas a Procedimientos Remotos (Remote Procedure Call or RPC) cliente servidor por uno nuevo que consiste en el transporte y ejecución de programas en torno a la red. Los resultados de la ejecución de estos programas son devueltos a la entidad que los envió.

Los agentes móviles son entidades dinámicas, no deterministas [1] e impredecibles, proactivo y autónomo. Ellos pueden decidir ejercer un cierto grado de actividad sin ser invocado por entidades externas. Se puede ver por su propio conjunto de responsabilidades internas. Los agentes pueden interactuar con su entorno y otras entidades. Ellos pueden apoyar invocación del método, así como el grado de interacción más compleja como, por ejemplo, la reacción de los acontecimientos observables dentro de su entorno. Ellos pueden decidir pasar de un servidor a otro con el fin de lograr el comportamiento global del sistema.

*1.-No determinista: puede devolver resultados diferentes cada vez que se ejecuta con un conjunto específico de valores de entrada

Varios investigadores han propuesto una definición de los agentes móviles (Bradshaw, Greaves, Holmbäck, Jansen, Karygiannis, Silverman, Suri, y Wong, 1999; verde y Somers, 1997, Blanco 1997). Hasta ahora, no hay ni estándar ni un consenso único en una definición única. En general, un agente móvil se puede definir mediante sus atributos básicos: la movilidad, la inteligencia y la interactividad. En base a estos atributos, podemos proponer la siguiente definición: Un agente móvil es una entidad computacional que actúa en nombre de otras entidades en una manera inteligente (autonomía, el aprendizaje, el razonamiento, etc.) Se lleva a cabo sus tareas en el software de entorno abierto y distribuido con cierto nivel de movilidad, la cooperación, la proactividad y / o reactividad.

A continuación presentamos una lista de las principales ventajas de la tecnología de agentes móviles:
* Eficiencia: agentes móviles consumen menos recursos de red.
* Reducción del tráfico de red: los agentes móviles minimizar el volumen de las interacciones mediante el movimiento y la ejecución de programas en los servidores de acogida especiales
* Asíncronos interacciones autónomas: los agentes móviles pueden realizar tareas de forma asíncrona y con independencia de la entidad que envía.
* Interacción con entidades en tiempo real: para los sistemas críticos (nuclear, médico, etc) agentes puede ser enviado desde un sitio central para controlar en tiempo real las entidades locales y las directivas de proceso del controlador central.
* Adaptación dinámica: los agentes móviles pueden reaccionar dinámicamente a los cambios en su entorno.
* Tratar con grandes volúmenes de datos: moviendo el cómputo de los sitios que contienen una gran cantidad de datos en lugar de datos móviles, podemos reducir el tráfico de red.
* Robustez y tolerancia a fallos: por su naturaleza, un agente móvil es capaz de reaccionar a múltiples situaciones, especialmente las defectuosas. Esta capacidad hace que los sistemas basados en agentes móviles fallo a Lerant.
* Soporte para entornos heterogéneos: los agentes móviles son generalmente ordenador y la red independiente, esta característica permite su uso en un entorno heterogéneo.

A continuación se presenta una lista de los principales problemas para la aproximación agente móvil:
* La seguridad es una de las principales preocupaciones del enfoque de agentes móviles. La cuestión es cómo proteger agente de hosts maliciosos e inversamente cómo proteger los ordenadores de los agentes móviles. Orientación Los principales investigadores es para aislar el entorno de ejecución de agente desde el entorno crítico de acogida. Esta separación puede limitar las capacidades de los agentes de acceder a los datos deseados y en el cumplimiento de su tarea.
* Otro gran problema del enfoque de agente móvil es la falta de estandarización. En los últimos años, hemos visto el desarrollo de muchos sistemas de agentes móviles en base a varios semántica ligeramente diferente para la movilidad, la seguridad y la comunicación. Esto restringirá a los desarrolladores para pequeñas aplicaciones para entornos de software en particular.
* Los agentes móviles no son la única manera de resolver las principales clases de problemas, soluciones alternativas existen: mensajería, simple datagramas, sockets, RPC, conversaciones, etc. No existen métodos de medición ni los criterios que pueden ayudar a desarrollador de elegir entre esos métodos. Hasta ahora no hay ninguna aplicación asesina que utiliza el enfoque de agentes móviles.
* Los agentes móviles pueden realizar tareas de forma asíncrona y con independencia de la entidad que envía. Esto puede ser una ventaja para aplicaciones de proceso por lotes y las desventajas de las aplicaciones interactivas.

Un sistema de agente móvil exitoso debe ser diseñado sobre la base de los seis modelos siguientes. La aplicación de estos modelos depende de las herramientas de construcción de agente.
* El modelo de agente: Define la parte inteligente (autonomía, el razonamiento, el aprendizaje, etc) de la estructura interna del agente.
* Modelo Computacional: Define cómo el agente ejecuta su selfwhen es en los estados de funcionamiento (véase la Figura 4). En general, este modelo está representado por una máquina de estado finito o una máquina de estados finitos extendida (Karoui, Dssouli, y Yevtushenko 1997).
* El modelo de seguridad: Este modelo describe el enfoque diferente de la parte de seguridad del sistema. En general, hay dos preocupaciones principales de seguridad, la protección de los ejércitos de los agentes nocivos y la protección de los agentes de hosts maliciosos.
* Modelo de Comunicación: Se presenta cómo los agentes se comunican e interactúan con otros agentes del sistema.
* El modelo de navegación: Este modelo se ocupa de la movilidad en el sistema. En él se describe cómo se transporta un agente de un huésped a otro.
* Modelo de ciclo de vida: Cada agente puede ser caracterizado por un ciclo de vida. El ciclo de vida se inicia desde el agente de la creación del estado de inicio, y termina en la muerte del estado de muerte. El estados intermedios dependen de la naturaleza de la misión. Estos últimos estados se llaman estados de funcionamiento

Table 1: Mobile agent construction tools

Product | Company |Lang. |Description
-------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-----------|-------------------------------------------
AgenTalk | NTT/Ishida |LISP |Multiagent Coord.
Agentx | International Knowledge Systems |Java |Agent Development Environment
Aglets | IBM Japan |Java |Mobile Agents
Concordia | Mitsubishi Electric |Java |Mobile Agents
DirectIA SDK | MASA - Adaptive Objects |C++ |Adaptive Agents
Gossip | Tryllian |Java |Mobile Agents
Grasshopper | IKV++ |Java |Mobile Agents iGENTM | CHI Systems |C/C++ |Cognitive Agent
JACK Intelli Agents | Agent Oriented Software Pty. Ltd. |JACK |Agent Development Environment
JAM | Intelligent Reasoning Systems |Java |Agent Architecture
LiveAgent | Alcatel |Java |Internet Agent
AgentTcl | Dartmouth College |Tcl/tk |Mobile Agents
MS Agent | Microsoft Corp. |Active X|Interface creatures

MARCO TEORICO
De acuerdo con la literatura (Frankllin y Graesser, 1996), los agentes, y especialmente agentes móviles, se pueden clasificar utilizando los tres atributos básicos del agente:
* El primer atributo es agente de movilidad, por lo que un agente puede ser estático o móvil.
* El segundo atributo es la inteligencia; un agente puede ser caracterizado por su capacidad de razonamiento, la planificación, el aprendizaje, y así sucesivamente.
* La interacción es el atributo tercer agente. Los agentes pueden tener diferentes tipos de interacciones. En esta categoría de agentes contiene los agentes que: no interactúan en absoluto, interactuar con los usuarios, interactuar con las aplicaciones e interactuar con otros agentes.

ESTADO DEL ARTE
Como ejemplo de sistemas multi-agentes y móviles, existe una aplicación en telemedicina desarrollada por (Karoui, Loukil, y Sounbati 2001; Karoui y Samouda 2001). La idea de proponer tal sistema parte de las estadísticas sobre el sistema de salud de un país pequeño. Ellos vieron que el sistema de salud que se utilizaba tenía dos puntos débiles: insuficiencia de especialistas y la mala distribución de los especialistas en el país. Por lo tanto, pensaron en un sistema que es capaz de proporcionar, a un médico no especializado (practicante), la ayuda de un médico experto lejano. El sistema cuenta con el siguiente conjunto de restricciones y consideraciones:

Antes de solicitar una ayuda de un experto remoto, el sistema debe ser capaz de realizar un diagnóstico automático con el fin de perfeccionar, clasificar y documentar el caso.

El sitio no experto de nuestro sistema debe ser capaz de aprender de las experiencias anteriores y los casos diagnosticados por especialistas.

Las respuestas no deben exceder de un límite de tiempo especificado por el solicitante sobre la base del caso de emergencia.

El experto puede negarse a responder a una pregunta.

Con el fin de facilitar y agilizar el diagnóstico de expertos, la información relativa a una consulta y se envía a los expertos debe ser lo más completa posible.

Por razones de seguridad, el sistema debe garantizar la autenticación tanto del solicitante y el asesor, así como la integridad y confidencialidad de los datos intercambiados.
El sistema debe ser facil de extender y mantener.

Tomando en cuenta estos requerimientos, el funcionamiento del sistema seria de la siguiente forma: Primero que nada, el sistema se compone de un conjunto de sitios médicos; cada uno de ellos tiene un servidor conectado a la red de telemedicina. Esto se puede modificar mas adelante para ser una red privada o que trabaje en internet. En cada sitio médico se tiene al menos uno físoco capas de recolectar los sintomas del paciente. Cuando un paciente va a una consulta, no se puede asegurar que en su centro médico local exista el experto adecuado para su enfermedad. En caso de falta de algun experto, el médico local recolecta los sintomas a travez de una guia o interfaz computarizada, y procesos de diagnósticos multinioel. A continuación se explican los cuatro niveles del proceso de diagnóstico el cual se compone por dos analistas humanos (niveles 1 y 4) y dos analistas computarizados (niveles 2 y 3).
*El primer nivel de diagnóstico: La persona que recolecta los sintomas puede proponer un diagnóstico. Este diagnóstico será verificado por un proceso computarizado llamado “segundo nivel de análisis”.

*El segundo nivel de análisis: El sistema local analiza automaticamente los sintomas con datos recolectados. Si el sistema detecta una enfermedad, automaticamente informa al médico dándole toda la información usada para llegar a tal diagnóstico (reglas usada y sintomas).

Este diagnostico puede ser diferente del presentado originalmente por el médico mismo (primer nivel de analisis).

El sistema luego le pregunta al médico fisico si quiere confirmar el diagnóstico tomándo el consejo de un experto. Si dice que si, una peticion es enviada a un grupo de expertos elegidos automaticamente por el sistema. La petición es presentada por agentes móbiles enviados a servidores distantes. La petición contiene toda la información necesaria para obtener el diagnóstico correcto.

*El tercer nivel de analisis: Cuando los servidores distantes reciben la petición, cada uno de ellos verifica automaticamente la exactitud de la información usada para producir y enviar de regreso (a través de un agente mobil) un tercer nivel de analisis computarizado. Si esta información no es correcta (incompleta o con reglas mal formuladas), la petición es devuelta y se pide al sistema local obtener información más precisa.
*El cuarto nivel de analisis: Si la información contenida en la petición es correcta, pero el servidor experto no puede producir un diagnóstico computarizado (tercer nivel de análisis) , se presenta a un experto humano quien lo analiza y da su diagnóstico acerca del caso y las medidas necesarias a tomar.

Para el desempeño del sistema, suponemos que ningún agente puede aprender (por si mismo) de experiencias anteriores. Asi que, para un caso dado, el sistema inicia con una cantidad mínima de información acerca de la enfermedad, despues a través de un proceso de diagnóstico de varios niveles (especialmente en el tercer nivel de análisis), el sistema automáticamente actualiza sus reglas de diagnóstico y sus bases de datos.

-Definiciones:
Agente: una entidad computacional la cual se comporta en base a otras entidades.

Atributos de Agente: Un agente puede ser clasificado usando algunas de sus caracteristicas llamadas atributos.
Un agente tiene tres atributos básicos: mobilidad, inteligencia e interacción.

Modelo Cliente-Servidor: Un modelo Cliente-Servidor define la base de la comunicación entre dos programas llamados respectivamente el cliente y el servidor. El programa que hace la petición es el cliente y el proveedor del servicio (quien responde la petición) es el servidor.

Agente Inteligente: Un agente que actúa de manera inteligente (autonomo, aprende, razona, etc.).

Agente Mobil: Un agente inteligente es quien realiza sus tareas con cierto nivel de mobilidad, cooperacion, es proactivo y/o reactivo.

Sistema Multiagente: Un sistema compuesto por agentes interactuando juntos para alcansar tareas o comportamientos comunes.

RPC: Llamadas a procedimiemtos Remotos (Remote Procedure Call por sus siglas en ingles) es una forma de comunicación en un modelo cliente-servidor. El cliente y el servidor son localizados en diferentes computadoras en la red. Un RPC es una operación sincrona que requiere que el que realiza la petición (el cliente) pase por valor todos los parametros necesarios al servidor entonces el cliente se suspende hasta que el servidor regrese los resultados asociados.

Un obstáculo para la adopción de la tecnología de agentes móviles es la falta de seguridad. La seguridad será el problema que tiene que ser tratado cuidadosamente si un agente móvil se va a utilizar en el campo del comercio electrónico.

SAFER—o Secure Agent Fabrication, Evolution, and Roaming— es un framework de agentes mobiles que está diseñado especificamente para propósitos del comercio electrónico (Zhu, Guan, Yang, & Ko, 2000; Guan & Hua, 2003; Guan, Zhu, & Maung, 2004). La seguridad ha sido la principal preocupación (Guan & Yang, 1999, 2002; Yang & Guan, 2000). Creando mecanismos de seguridad fuertes y eficientes, SAFER tiene como objetivo proporcionar un framework confiable para los agentes móviles, incrementando los valores de confiabilidad para usuarios finales proveyendo la habilidad de confiar, desempeño predictivo, y un canal de comunicación (Patrick, 2002).

La integridad de los Agentes es un área crucial para el éxito de la tecnologia de agentes (Wang, Guan, & Chan, 2002). A pesar de varios intentos en la literatura, no existe una solución satisfactoria para el problema de la integridad de los datos hasta el momento. Algunas de las debilidades comunes de los esquemas actuales son vulnerabilidades a ataques cuando los agentes visitan dos o mas hosts maliciosos durante una sesion de roaming y tambien en modificación ilegal (borrado/insercion) de la información del agente. El protocolo de Monitoreo de Agentes (AMP .-Agent Monitoring Protocol, Chionh, Guan, & Yang, 2001), an earlier proposal under SAFER to address agent data integrity, does address some of the weaknesses in the current literature. Unfortunately, the extensive use of PKI technology introduces too much overhead to the protocol. Also, AMP requires the agent to deposit its data collected to the agent owner/butler before it roams to another host. While this is a viable and secure approach, the proposed approach—Secure Agent Data Integrity Shield (SADIS) —will provide an alternative by allowing the agent to carry the data by itself without depositing it (or the data hash) onto the butler.

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