...Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Team B ECO/372 March 26, 2015 Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Many factors within a nation’s economy have the ability to effect one-said nation’s aggregate supply and aggregate demand models. Of these factors, four will be explored through the course of this specific critique and it should be noted, that the specific nation to be observed is the United States of America. The specific factors to be observed in the United States’ economy are their unemployment, their expectations, consumer income, and interest rates. In addition to identifying these four factors and their economic effects, there will be identified what fiscal policies have been put in place by the United States government in order to aid the economy and finally, there will be an evaluation of these fiscal policies regarding their effectiveness from both a Keynesian economic perspective and that of a classical economist. Unemployment A nation’s unemployment rate, as can be expected, is calculated by dividing the total sum unemployed persons by the number of total persons available for within the nation. This formula yields the number that is considered the unemployment rate for whichever nation is in question, in this case though, the nation that is the focus of our investigation is the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics website (2015), “the unemployment situation in the United States has been reduced to 5.5 percent. This decrease as reported...
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...Aggregate Demand and Supply Models ECO/372 Aggregate Demand and Supply Models The following report will detail out the current state of the U.S. Economy. The report will discuss the following: * Current economic state in regards to unemployment, expectations, consumer income and interest rates * The existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply * Fiscal policies that are currently being recommended by government leadership * The effectiveness of those fiscal policy recommendations from the Keynesian and Classical model perspectives. Unemployment rates fluctuate when the supply and demand for human resources are out of balance. The supply and demand are a result of the interaction of economic, policy and structural factors. Economic factors affect both supply and demand. The demand for goods and services increases production which results in the demand for workers, increasing the employment rate. The common thought among economists is that market-driven economies move in cycles and when they drop below certain levels unemployment may result. The moving of production from high wage countries to low wage countries is another factor that increases unemployment. A declining manufacturing sector will result in not enough jobs to go around along with third world competition. While new jobs are being created in the technology and service sectors it is not enough to make up for the amount of jobs that have been lost due to moving...
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...Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Renee Chaplin, Angel Cole, Tamara Northern, Katrina Schreiber, Ryan Shaw ECO/372 November 3, 2014 Alexander Heil Aggregate Demand and Supply Models In order to have a strong economy, you have to have certain elements to keep the U. S. economy going. This paper will discuss four different elements that affect our U. S. economy today. Those four elements are unemployment, expectations, consumer income, and interest rates. The unemployment rate in the United States last week according to Trading Economics was 5.9, where as the highest it has ever been was 10.80, and 7.2 last year this time. (Trading Economics, 2014) Although these numbers sound good that is still a lot of people and every person out of work is hurting the economy. The longer a person is out of work the harder it is for them to find employment. “Unemployment negatively impacts the federal government’s ability to generate income and also tends to reduce economic activity.” (Hamel & Media, 2014) The higher the unemployment rate the more effect it has on aggregate demand and supply. If millions of people are out of work then they are apt to spend less money therefore there is less of a demand for the supply, which in the long run continues the ill effects on the economy. Fiscal Policies are how the government tries to make amends to the economy in times of hardship. The government can lower taxes or offer public work programs to lessen the effect on the unemployed. This...
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...AGGREGATE DEMAND SUPPLY MODELS: ECONOMIC CRITIQUE Although unemployment rates have improved in the last three years, the unemployment rates are slowly beginning to rise again. Millions of Americans are still out of work. Acquisitions, company closings, and massive layoffs, among other factors, are contributors to the ongoing issue. Employers in 20 states, which are almost half of the United States, have cut jobs. The unemployment rate increased in 18 states, decreased in 17 states, and did not change in 15 states (Newsmax Media Inc, 2013). Most Americans expect the government to solve economic issues. Unemployment, expectations, consumer income, and interest rates have an existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply. When unemployment rates are high, households have less money to spend. If there is less money in a household, people will need to budget and focus on the necessities. Consumer income affects the economy because it reduces the amount of money spent in other areas, such as entertainment, sports, and dining. The less money people have, the less demand there is. Unemployment reduces the supply demand and labor demands. Companies downsize and lay off employees to save money that reduces the excess of supplies. Unfortunately, this reduces jobs and causes the economy to fall. To shift the decline in the economy, there needs to be a demand to make supplies and products. Interest rates, taxes, inflation, and regulating the cost of...
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...Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Introduction Social, technological and political changes in the US and around the world affect the U.S. economy today. Even if the U.S. economy presently remains as one of the world’s largest economy, the country is now in deep recession and must The purpose of this paper is to understand the prevailing economic trends in the US particularly on unemployment, interest rates, and consumer income including the expectations of both the consumer and business sectors. This paper will also discuss the effect of these economic indicators on the aggregate supply and demand and the evaluation of current fiscal policies that were recommended by the government. This paper aims to let future business managers be aware of the importance of comprehending current US fiscal policies as it outlines the blueprint of change to the US economy. Current Economic Trends Unemployment is a term that you will hear often when spending time in any city in the United States. It is an issue that is spoken of from the dinner table to the oval office. The United States experienced its “worst downturn since the Great Depression” but continues to recover adding 176,000 jobs to the private sector in March-April 2013 and reducing unemployment to 7.5% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). President Barack Obama has introduced large plans to reform banking in America. The people of the U.S. expect to see banks become more regulated, they expect that home loans will be reasonable...
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...Aggregate Supply & Demand Models Marie Diaz ECO/372 9/11/14 John Smith The United States has fluctuating economic system. Many factors contribute to the current state of the economic factors unemployment, expectation, consumer income, and interest rates. The following is an analysis of how each factor is performing at the present moment and how each of these factors are connected and can effect each other in determining what decisions need to be made for the U.S. government going forward. Unemployment Fiscal policy plays an important role with unemployment. The current economic model is one in which " unemployment can arise, but can be mitigated by tax cuts and public spending increases" (Princeton University, 2014). The problem with this method is that it is financed with government debt and can be fiscally costly in the long run. In terms of model perspective, the Keynesian and Classical models differ in their treatment of unemployment. The Keynesian model views unemployment as the normal state because it is part of the business cycle. It holds that the government must get involved to change the situation. AS is horizontal, and government intervention may be required to reach target outputs. Current fiscal policies to improve this type of unemployment are deficit spending and monetary policy. The Classical theory, on the other hand, treats unemployment differently. It seems full unemployment as the norm and as the level it will return to long...
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...Unemployment To be unemployed means there is a low to zero income coming in which makes the economy to have less demand. Because of the less demand, aggregate demand curve shifts to the left, and if unemployment reduces supply of labor in economy, the aggregate supply curve shifts to the left. This could only happen if the unemployed loses hope of finding a job and gets discouraged looking for one. Some economists argue that the best way for the economy to not get stuck in a recessionary gap is for the government to play a role in managing it. A major way government can be influential to the economy is through its fiscal policy. This means, there will be changes in government such as, low unemployment, price stability, and economic growth. If the Real GDP in the economy turns down, that will cause more people to be unemployed and this will result in automatically receiving unemployed benefits and these unemployment benefits will naturally boost government spending. Keynesians are likely to propose a decrease in government purchase and increases in taxes to shift the Aggregate Demand from the left. Expectations We live in an era where an enormous amount of information is easily and readily shared by more persons than ever before. However large the quantity, the overall credibility and quality of the shared information is at best, given in the form of opinion or from very shaky ground. Included in this vast ocean of opinion-laden information are the variety of viewpoints...
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...ECO 372 Principles of Macroeconomics Week Three Team Assignment Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Linette Pugh, Jyenna Baeza University of Phoenix Online Professor: Leo Stevens Unemployment The United States is recovering from a recession and high unemployment numbers. As of December 2013 the Bureau of Labor statistics reported that unemployment is down 6.7% from 7%. The number of unemployed persons declined by 490,000 to 10.4 million in December, and the unemployment rate declined by 0.3 percentage point to 6.7 percent. 2013 reported 11 million Americans out of work and 4.4 million people who have been unemployed for six months or longer. Over the year, the number of unemployed persons and the unemployment rate were down by 1.9 million and 1.2 percentage points, respectively ("The Employment Situation 2013", n.a). Michigan and Indiana are the two states that are reporting the highest unemployment which are 8.5% and 8.7% ("Important Unemployment Figures", 2013). While the numbers are starting to decline, unemployment is on the minds of many Americans. Since the future is so unsecure people are saving instead of spending, they are preparing for that day in case it comes. Demand starts to go down and the aggregate demand curve shifts to the left. President Obama realizes that incentives need to be made to help our economy prosper. On April 5, 2012, the president signed a bill called the (JOBS) Act. This bill allows starters to raise capital more quickly from...
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...Jahangirnagar University Institute of Business Administration Essay On The Standard Supply & Demand Model and The Aggregate Supply & Demand Model Course: BUS 209-Macroeconomics Submitted to: Dr. Shuddhasattwa Rafiq Director and Associate Professor Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Submitted by: Md. Nahid Alam Class ID: 2368 (21st batch) Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Date of Submission: 11-06-2013 Essay On The Standard Supply & Demand Model and The Aggregate Supply & Demand Model June 11, 2013 Dr. Shuddhasattwa Rafiq Director and Associate Professor Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Savar, Dhaka-1342. Subject: Essay Submission. Sir It’s my immense pleasure to submit the essay on “The Standard Supply & Demand Model and The Aggregate Supply & Demand Model” that you have assigned me at the beginning of this semester. Submitting this essay is the partial fulfillment of this particular course. I believe that this essay will help to understand supply and demand, how supply and demand curves derive in microeconomics & macroeconomics and what determines the slopes of supply and demand curves. Thank you for giving the opportunity to prepare this report. It was really a wonderful experience. I hope you find this essay satisfactory. Sincerely, ------------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Context Name | Page...
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...Aggregate Demand and Supply Model Option Two Simona Lewis ECO/372 January 14, 2015 Christopher Dabbs Aggregate Demand and Supply Model Option Two Describe the current state of following economic factors. The Interest Rates. When it comes to the interest rates, there are several things that he or she needs to know, such as long-term and short –term interest rates. The term interest rates are the amounts “that are charged or paid for the utilization of financial assets” (Colander, 2013, p 657). On-the-other-hand, the term long-term interest rate is referred to the amounts for the use of the financial assets for the extended repayment periods for his or her loans (Colander, 2013). For example, when he or she is buying a house that has a mortgage of 15 to 30 years that is long-term (Colander, 2013). However, with the short-term interest rate, are the amount paid for the utilization of the financial asset with “shorter repayment periods, such as a deposit and checking accounts” (Colander, 2013, p. 658). So, in-other-words long-term interest rate is decided by the loanable fund market, and the short-term interest rate is decided in the money market (Colander, 2013). Now, since he or she understands how the interest rates works, in The United States, the interest rates are actually cheap, but “not the long-term rate are not that cheap” (Conerly, 2013, para. 4). Therefore, the short-term interest rate is controlled by the Central Bank, which is The United States Federal Reserve...
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...The AS/AD model consists of three curves. The curve describing the supply side of the aggregate economy in the short run is the short-run aggregate supply ( SAS ) curve, the curve describing the demand side of the economy is the aggregate demand curve, and the curve describing the highest sustainable level of output is the long-run aggregate supply ( LAS ) curve. The first thing to note about the AS/AD model is that it is fundamentally different from the microeconomic supply/demand model. In microeconomics the price of a single good is on the vertical axis and the quantity of a single good on the horizontal axis. The reasoning for the shapes of the micro supply and demand curves is based on the concepts of substitution and opportunity cost. In the macro AS/AD model, the price level of all goods, not just the price of one good, is on the vertical axis and aggregate output, not a single good, is on the horizontal axis. The shapes of the curves have nothing to do with opportunity cost or substitution.The AS/AD model consists of three curves. The curve describing the supply side of the aggregate economy in the short run is the short-run aggregate supply ( SAS ) curve, the curve describing the demand side of the economy is the aggregate demand curve, and the curve describing the highest sustainable level of output is the long-run aggregate supply ( LAS ) curve. The first thing to note about the AS/AD model is that it is fundamentally different from the microeconomic...
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...focus on fundamental concepts and indicators of the macroeconomy. The main topics uncovered for this week include aggregate demand, aggregate supply, the Keynesian Model, and the Classical Model. You have an opportunity to explore these concepts in the Learning Team Weekly Reflection, the Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper, and the discussion topic. Aggregate Demand and Supply Models OBJECTIVE: Analyze the impact of various factors on aggregate demand and supply. Resource: Ch. 10 of Macroeconomics. Content • Ch. 10: “The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model” o The Historical Development of Modern Macro o The AS/AD Model o The Aggregate Demand Curve o The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve o The Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve o Equilibrium in the Aggregate Economy o Why Macro Policy Is More Complicate Than the AS/AD Model Makes It Look OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of changes in fiscal policies using Keynesian and Classical models Resource: Ch. 12 of Macroeconomics. Content • Ch. 12: “Thinking Like a Modern Macroeconomist” o Why It Is Important to Know about Modern Macro Theory o Engineering Models and Scientific Models o From the Keynesian Revolution to Modern Macro Models o A Beginner’s Guide to the DSGE Model o Policy Implications of the DSGE Model o How Relevant Are the Problems? o Modern Macroeconomic Policy and the Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge ...
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...IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL . . . Learn three key facts about shor t-run economic fluctuations Consider how the economy in the shor t run dif fers from the economy in the long run A G G R E G AT E AND DEMAND S U P P LY Use the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply to explain economic fluctuations A G G R E G AT E Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. In most years, the production of goods and services rises. Because of increases in the labor force, increases in the capital stock, and advances in technological knowledge, the economy can produce more and more over time. This growth allows everyone to enjoy a higher standard of living. On average over the past 50 years, the production of the U.S. economy as measured by real GDP has grown by about 3 percent per year. In some years, however, this normal growth does not occur. Firms find themselves unable to sell all of the goods and services they have to offer, so they cut back on production. Workers are laid off, unemployment rises, and factories are left idle. With the economy producing fewer goods and services, real GDP and other measures of income fall. Such a period of falling incomes and rising 413 See how shifts in aggregate demand or aggregate supply can cause booms and recessions 414 PA R T E I G H T S H O R T - R U N E C O N O M I C F L U C T U AT I O N S recession a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment depression a severe recession unemployment is...
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...Role of Aggregate Demand and Supply Shocks in a Low-Income Country: Evidence from Bangladesh Omar H.M.N. Bashar The Journal of Developing Areas, Volume 44, Number 2, Spring 2011, pp. 243-264 (Article) Published by Tennessee State University College of Business DOI: 10.1353/jda.0.0095 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jda/summary/v044/44.2.bashar.html Access Provided by Bangladesh University of Professionals at 05/29/11 5:42AM GMT THE ROLE OF AGGREGATE DEMAND AND SUPPLY SHOCKS IN A LOW-INCOME COUNTRY: EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH Omar H.M.N. Bashar Deakin University, Australia ABSTRACT This paper explores the relative role of aggregate demand and supply shocks in affecting the output level and inflation rate in a low-income country vulnerable to various economic shocks. The study uses Bangladesh data, and following Cover et al (2006), employs a modification of the BlanchardQuah (BQ) approach, in which the two shocks are allowed to be correlated. Strong evidence is found for the hypothesis that aggregate demand and supply shocks are interrelated in Bangladesh. For the case in which causality is assumed to be running from demand to supply shocks, it was found that an independent supply shock plays significant role for fluctuations in inflation, which was absent in the standard BQ model. The results suggest that a tightening of monetary policy may lead to an adverse effect on the long-run growth potential and some supply-side policies...
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...CHAPTER 2 THE AGGREGATE SUPPLY - AGGREGATE DEMAND MODEL The first formal macroeconomics model introduced by the text is called the Aggregate Supply - Aggregate Demand Model, which will hereafter be referred to as the AS/AD model. The AS/AD model is useful for evaluating factors and conditions which effect the level of Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP adjusted for inflation) and the level of inflation. The model is an aggregation of the elementary microeconomic supply-and-demand model discussed in the previous chapter. Like the microeconomic model, the AS/AD model is a comparative statics model. The model's insights, therefore, are obtained by identifying and initial equilibrium condition, then "shocking" the model by charging one or more of the parameters, then evaluating the resulting new equilibrium. Introduction to the Aggregate Supply/Aggregate Demand Model Now that the structure and use of a basic supply-and-demand model has been reviewed, it is time to introduce the Aggregate Supply - Aggregate Demand (AS/AD) model. This model is a mere aggregation of the microeconomic model. Instead of the quantity of output of a single industry, this model represents the quantity of output of an entire economy (or, in other words, national production). Refer to Figure 2.1 for an example of the AS/AD model. As can be seen, two variables are represented by the model. The quantity variable on the horizontal axis is now represented by real gross domestic product (Y)...
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