An ageing population means the government needs to spend more (on pensions and health care) it will also receive lower income tax.

If the government does nothing it will experience a rise in the structural budget deficit. This has many problems

1) Resource crowding out. government borrow from private sector so private sector have less to spend and invest. Furthermore the private sector is usually more efficient than government

2) Financial crowding out. To Borrow more money the government may need to increase interest rates, to make sure people buy enough debt. The problem is that this will put upward pressure on general interest rates and causes lower spending and growth in the economy.

3) Increase the national debt and annual interest payments. Italy already borrows over 100% of GDP. The effect is that a high % of GDP goes on servicing the debt, which will only increase over time.

4) It will require higher taxes or lower spending for future generations.

Policies to deal with an Ageing Population

Option ONE Make people work longer.

This could involve increasing the retirement age from 65 to 70. From an economic point of view this is beneficial because it leads to more tax revenue (people will pay income tax for longer) and more consumer spending. Also, the government can delay paying pensions saving substantial funds. Also, increasing the retirement age increases the supply of labour; this could be a benefit in labour markets where there is a shortage of skilled (experienced) workers.

The main problem with this policy, is that it will be highly unpopular, especially from people who are nearing retirement age. People may say the government is going back on its word to provide pensions at a certain age. In the UK, the government has pledged to increase the retirement age to 67, but this will not come in for a long time and therefore does not tackle the short term debt.

Another problem with increasing the retirement age is that it will affect different types of workers differently. A manual labourer will find it difficult to keep working until 70. But, for an office worker it will be easier. Also, many well paid workers will be able to afford to take a private pension early.

Option TWO - Increase income tax

If the government increase income tax rates, they will increase tax revenue to pay for the higher pension bill. However, higher income tax may lead to lower work incentives. It may discourage people from living in a certain country. Because income tax is relatively low in the UK, a higher rate may not reduce incentives that much; however, there is a high opportunity cost of taxing for pensions. Pension spending does not increase productivity in the economy.

Option THREE - Means tested pensions.

This means pensions are targeted just to those on low incomes, and those who do not have a private pension. This helps to reduce inequality and reduce the total cost of pensions.

However, it creates a very big incentive for people not to save and avoid getting a private pension. This is because if you did save, you would receive little from the government. Therefore, in the long run it may make the situation worse

Option FOUR - Encourage private pensions

Governments could make it obligatory for firms to provide a private pension. Alternatively, they could give more generous tax breaks for private pensions. This is good for reducing the governments pension burden. The concern is that some people may not have sufficient private pension provision when they retire. Therefore, there is still a need for government provided means tested pensions.