...ADAPTATION OF ZAMBIAN AGRICULTURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE- A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE UTILISATION OF THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS A Review For Policy Makers J S Phiri, E Moonga, O Mwangase, G Chipeta 05-04-13 Climate Change, Agriculture and Agro-Eco Regions of Zambia, A Review. ZaAS Page 1 Foreword The Zambia Academy of Sciences (ZaAS) was established for a purpose of “Promoting Excellence in Scientific and Technical Endeavours” in Zambia. I am glad to see that as a young academy, we are on the right path towards fulfilling our objectives and especially our role of advancing the cause of science and technology. I would like to reiterate that ZaAS is ready and willing to contribute, as scientists in the sustainable development of our country as we strongly believe that Zambia can truly develop only through advancement in science and technology. This Policy Brief is in line with the aspirations of the Constitution of the Academy and specifically Articles 4 and 5 that empowers the Academy to initiate studies or can be requested by stakeholders including Government or persons to undertake such research for purposes of scientific advice, guidance or for purposes of advancing science and technology in Zambia. It is in recognising this important role that the first Policy Brief addresses climate change and food security. Climate change is a challenge universally considered the single most threatening situation facing mankind today since time immemorial. This Policy Brief tackles impacts...
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...RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Zambia has a total surface area of 752,000 square kilometres of land mass fifty-eight percent of which is arable; currently only fourteen percent of the arable land is under cultivation. United Nations (2011:31) Zambia experiences three weather seasons. The warm rainy season; this is between November and April; the cool dry season, this is between May and July and the hot dry season, which is between August and October. There is only one raining season and the agriculture sector in the country is dependent on rain. Hence there is only one planting season in Zambia. Zambia has three (3) agro-ecological zones that are based on the physical and climatic conditions. Zone I accounts for about twelve percent of the country and has low altitude .It receives about 600-800mm rainfall annually. It comprises of subsistence farming of crops like sorghum and millet cultivated using mainly family labour using simple farm tools. Zone II covers forty-eight percent of the country. ‘Zone II receives about 800-1000mm rainfall annually. The farmers usually grow maize. This zone is most mechanised and consequently is the most commercialised in crop production. Crops mainly grown are cotton, wheat and soybeans. The country’s cash crops such as spices, flowers and fruits products are grown in this zone. Zone III makes up forty-two percent of the total land area. This has the highest...
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...Zambia has had a long period of political stability. With strong growth in the last decade the country has reached lower middle income status. Investor confidence has been high as evidenced in the successful issue of two Euro bonds. Independent since 1964, Zambia has experienced five successful multiparty elections since the return to multiparty politics in 1991. The latest elections in September 2011, were peaceful, and further strengthened Zambia’s democratic credentials. Zambia has British–style parliamentary democracy. Government consists of the President and the 158-seat national assembly. Elections are held every five years and the presidency is limited to two, five year terms. There are also traditional chiefs and their headmen, who still command a great deal of respect but hold little decision-making power except when it comes to land distribution. Zambia has had a decade of rapid economic growth. A combination of prudent macroeconomic management, market liberalization policies, and steep increase in copper prices helped drive investments in the copper industry and related infrastructure to achieve an average annual growth of about 6.4% during the last decade. Though the economy is dependent on copper, the agriculture sector is the major employer (70% of the population). However, the sector’s potential to contribute to the country’s development remains largely underexploited. The recent rebasing of the national accounts has given a new perspective to the structure...
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...Annex 14 Center for International Forest Research Southern Africa Regional Office Lusaka, Zambia Report Climate Change in Zambia: Opportunities for Adaptation and Mitigation through Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative By Samuel Mulenga Bwalya Peaks Environmental Management Consultants P.O Box 32632 Lusaka, Zambia January, 2010 Table of Contents Contents Page Table of Contents................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ii List of acronyms ................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ v 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objectives of the study........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Approaches and methodology............................................................................. 2 2. Climate variability and impacts .................................................................................. 2 2.1 Climate...
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...Grade 10-12 Geography FARMING IN ZAMBIA AND THE SUB-REGION Grade 10-12 Geography Author: C.I. Chilukusha (Mrs) Summary: This lesson plan covers land tenure in Zambia, types of farming, the problems associated with subsistence farming, the pastoral system, commercial farming, impact on the environment, farming in other countries in the sub-region, and an outline of Government measures to develop agriculture in Zambia. ZAMBIA A. LAND TENURE This is the process of acquiring and possessing of land by individuals. There are four types of land tenure in Zambia namely: 1. TRADITIONAL LAND This is land controlled by traditional chiefs on behalf of the people. Individuals or families have the right to use the land but not to sell it. This land is inherited according to existing customary law. 2. FREE HOLD This is reserve land especially on the unproductive land. Mostly used as collateral before independence. 3. STATELAND This is the acquisition and control of land by the president in public interest. This is administered by the ministry of Lands which issues title deeds in collaboration with the council. 4. LEASEHOLD This is the statutory lease of land for a maximum period of 99 years. This also requires the consent of the president. Certificates of title are also issued. B. TYPES OF FARMING TRADITIONAL FARMING This is the farming or growing of crops basically for the family’s’ sustenance. Small portions of land are cleared and the crops are food...
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...article in consideration by Chris Mfula talks about differing forecasts of Zambia’s GDP growth in 2010, citing reasons why the GDP of Zambia forecasts a growth of 6.6% in 2010.This forecast is based on improving outputs of the mining, agriculture and tourism sectors. The article highlights that the previous forecast of 5.8% in June was as a result of sluggish global recovery. Furthermore previous forecasts of 7% were dismissed as a result of overall budget deficits resulting from increased spending on infrastructure and the social sector. Lastly the Finance minister reiterates that inflation rate forecasts still remain at 8% for 2010 and also explains that the strong kwacha (currency of Zambia) will help contain inflation. Zambia is a land locked English speaking Eastern African country which has Lusaka as its capital and shares borders with Malawi, D.R Congo Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Angola just to name a few. Zambia has a population of approximately 12.9 million spending the kwacha and enjoys a GDP per capita of $1144.3. Most citizens engage in agriculture for a livelihood. These agricultural products include maize, sunflower seeds; coffee, livestock and sorghum just to mention a few. Nevertheless, agriculture does not form a major percentage of Zambia’s exports. Zambia’s main exports include copper, tobacco, maize and cotton. Zambia also imports copper ores, petroleum oils, machinery and vehicles to enhance production and transport of goods and services. Zambia’s leading...
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...October 2011 China And Africa. Zambia - China: Trade, Politics, and Development. Scope : In little over three decades, the Bilateral relationship between Zambia and the Peoples Republic of China has been cemented with a stronghold foundation, but then again, as interests have been reciprocated allying both over time, politics and economic imbalance has caused trade and development to be somewhat controversial in their Relationship. This paper will also look at the historical and contemporary ties between the two economies. In the Late 1960’s, shortly after Zambia’s Independence, China constructed a 2000km railway linking Zambia to Tanzania, in order to provide an alternate route to seaport trade for Zambia. This gesture, showed China’s interest in building ties with the Southern African State, and it also showed, that China could be a dependable ally of the Zambia. Zambia in turn also reciprocated, supporting the One China policy and also co- sponsoring China’s bid in the UN Security Council. Since then, both states have become affiliates with the sole purpose of steadfast development through trade and aid. After time and effort have been put into building political ties, investments made among allied states tend to incline economic gains and this gives birth to a new type of partnership among states. Chinese Investments in the Zambia can be dated back to the period of Zambia’s Post-independence, this was...
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...Zambia’s agriculture has the potential of enhancing economic growth and reducing poverty. Good agricultural policies and a well performing agricultural sector translates into significant improvements in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment generation, and broadens the country’s tax base since the livelihoods of the majority of Zambians depend on agricultural-related activities such as farming. The sector, if well developed, should contribute significantly to welfare improvement. In the colonial period, the government paid particular attention to provinces which were accessible by railways and also to large estate farmers within these provinces. After independence, attempts were made to redress the imbalance between these provinces and the less accessible ones. This essay sets to highlight certain agricultural policy considerations which were taken into account in the evolution and development of Zambia’s post independence. It will further indicate which policy direction the author would have taken if he were part and parcel of the Zambian team responsible for policy formulation. In trying to discuss this, the author will start by defining what an agricultural policy is, highlight agricultural policy considerations in the post independence regime of the Second Republic (1964-1991) and also the policy direction the author would have taken if he were part and parcel of its formulation and draw a conclusion. An agricultural policy usually comprises a...
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...INTRODUCTION This essay seeks to show an understanding of the interface between economic growth and economic development and offer recommendations of what a country like Zambia needs to do in order to achieve them. Firstly this essay will define terms such as development, economic growth as well as economic development. It will then proceed with a brief discussion of the various measures of development, and show why the human development index, has in recent years become a widely accepted measure of development. This essay will then highlight the interface between economic growth and economic development and finally offer resolutions of what a country like Zambia needs to do in order to achieve both economic growth and economic development before drawing to a conclusion DEFINITIONS Development: Development according to Todaro (2003,16) “must be conceived of as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty”. He further went on to explain that development, in its essence, must represent the whole range of change by which an entire social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and evolving aspirations of individuals and social groups within that system, moves away from a condition of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory toward a situation or condition of life regarded as materially and spiritually...
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...SCHOOL OF LAW ASSIGNMENT 1 COMPUTER NUMBER: LLB1009 COURSE: TAX LAW (L360) LECTURER: MR. P. AKAPELWA DUE DATE: 14TH MARCH, 2014 The research and documentation of this assignment was done by the author; Signed; INTRODUCTION Re-alignment or Re-pricing being a reason why taxes exist, can be defined as a tool bestowed upon governments that allows them to manipulate the behavior of its citizens using taxes. This implies that the governments of any state can influence the economic, social and even environmental sectors of their respective countries through taxes. Neutrality on the other hand is one of the several qualities of a good taxation system which provides that a tax should not alter or affect the economic behavior of the citizens of any given country. The objective of this document thus is to discuss the two above mentioned concepts of taxation and the way in which they can be reconciled in light of tax policy. RE-ALIGNMENT: Definition and importance Taking a detailed approach towards Re-alignment, it has been readily mentioned that it is one of the very reasons why tax exists. Other reasons include: 1) Revenue collection - in order to function effectively, a country, like any other institution needs a source of income. Thus a government is permitted to collect tax from various sources ranging from goods and services to profits made by companies operating within the country. Taxes collected by the Zambian government compose more than 50% of that country’s annual...
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...Economic Diplomacy – The Case of China and Zambia Marcov Alexandru Cristian Economic Diplomacy – The Case of China and Zambia Introduction Former Indian diplomat, Kishan S Rana defines Economic Diplomacy as “the process through which countries tackle the outside world, to maximize their national gain in all the fields of activity including trade, investment and other forms of economically beneficial exchanges, where they enjoy comparative advantage.; it has bilateral, regional and multilateral dimensions, each of which is important”.[1] China has emphatically registered its presence on the African economic and political landscape in the last decade. Among other things, the volume of trade between China and Africa has risen steadily from USD 10 billion a year in 2000 to over USD 40 billion in 2005, and is projected to cross USD 100 billion by 2010. To celebrate and cement these growing ties, thirty five heads of state from Africa assembled in Beijing at the invitation of the Chinese president Hu Jintao for the inaugural China-Africa Summit (referred to as the Summit henceforth) in November 2006. More than 2000 trade deals were signed in Beijing as China promised USD 5 billion in aid and credit to African countries in the next few years, and vowed to train thousands of its young men and women.[2] Zambia is a land-locked country in Southern Africa with a population of 13 460 305. Zambia’s natural resources include copper, cobalt, zinc, lead...
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...What are Social Problems (a) Generally, a problem is a social condition that has negative consequences for individuals, our social world, or our physical world. If there were only positive consequences, there would be no problem. A social problem such as unemployment, alcoholism, or drug abuse may negatively impact a person’s life and health, along with the well-being of that person’s family and friends. Problems can threaten our social institutions, for example, the family (spousal abuse), education (the rising cost of college tuition), or the economy (unemployment and underemployment). Our physical and social worlds can be threatened by problems related to urbanization and the environment. It has to be noted that social problems need to seeing as interconnectedness of the problematic issues under study. Social problems should not be viewed as a separate issue to be solved independently from others. We need more than one theoretical approach in studying social problems. The study of social problems develops an appreciation for the complexity of social problems and why divergent perspectives are required in order to analyze so many different issues. You may not just look at Child defilement or unemployment as a single social problem because at some stage they tend to have linkages for a certain trait to continue escalating Second, a social problem has objective and subjective realities. A social condition does not have to be personally experienced by every individual...
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...Zambia, my country of birth where I spent a significant part of my childhood, got its name from the Zambezi River, the largest river flowing into the Indian Ocean. It is a landlocked country located between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Holmes & Wong, 2009, p. 7). Zambia’s population has been steadily increasing from 7.8 Million in 1990 (City Population Zambia, 2007) to 12.9 million in 2009 (US Department of State, 2009). At the forefront of Zambia’s economy is its ability to mine for great natural resources such as emeralds, aquamarines, amethyst and tourmalines (Dickovick, 2008, p. 320). It also produces 6% of the world’s copper, making it the fourth largest producing copper nation (Holmes & Wong, 2009, p. 44). Lusaka, the city I grew up in and the capital city of Zambia is one of the fastest growing cities in central Africa. Lusaka has changed dramatically from the time I left in 1990 to the time I visited it a few years ago. The changes in society, economic infrastructure and human condition have been dramatic. Zambia has changed so much over a span of 19 years. All the activities that I remember doing with my family and friends, such as safaris and picnics at the Kafue River, on the weekends and holidays have been closed. The zoo which used to be filled with amazing wildlife, which I frequently visited, does not exist anymore. All the animals which once resided there died or escaped because they were not fed properly or looked after...
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...COMACO´S MISSION COMACO is a non-profit business that reduces human hunger and poverty while saving wild animals and ecosystems in Zambia. Management and Business Description: Dale Lewis founded Comaco alter years of little progress as a conservationist, trying to stop wildlife poaching in remote parts of Zambia. He realized that people poach, as they did not have other means to sustain themselves with small plots and no markets for their crops. He started Comaco to make farming profitable enough to take pressure off wildlife. COMACO targets the least skilled farmers who rely on natural resources, often destructively, as a way of coping with food and income shortages. COMACO trains farmers in “conservation farming” (no poaching burning, or clearing) and buys their produce, creates value added products, and from the sale of these products, COMACO offers financial incentives to build farmer commitment to conservation. Under the “it’s Wild!” brand, rice, peanut butter, and honey are sold in the major retail chains across Zambia – Shoprite, SPAR, and Pick&Pay. COMACO´s goal is to sell 90% of its products through these stores. In addition to training, members receive farm implements and seed inputs to jumpstart their conservation farming. Members who receive seeds, agree that they will return seeds to help support more farmers the next Seaton. Progress so far: COMACO has been expanding in the Western side of the Luangwa Valley, in response to high...
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...INTRODUCTION Development is a multi-faceted process. It is most often synonymous with the progression and growth from lower economic status to that which is advanced it be of a community or country such that its productivity noticeably increases. Many scholars as such agree that growth in economic proficiency as is brought about by economic growth is a yardstick for development. It is on this particular premise that this paper shall endeavour to describe economic growth and further elaborate why it is considered a crucial element in defining development. In this light, the paper shall also attempt to highlight and explain the limitations of this approach in measuring development. Economic Growth- Defined As suggested above, economic growth is a factor in achieving development. An accurate description according to the IMF (2012) is that economic growth is a process that involves the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time which is conventionally measured as the percentage rate of increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the What this approach therefore depicts is that for development to be considered to have taken place, there should be an increase in the capability of an economy to produce goods and services, as compared from one period of time to another. This increase must be measurable with respect to the productive output of each sector of the economy. In relation to this, Todaro and Smith (2011) state that economic...
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