...Barriers Paper Problem Concerns about water pollution are generally focused towards sources that are highly visible and chemically oriented. However, the greatest causes of water contamination and quantity abuse in the United States come from agricultural production (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2012a), which is defined as a nonpoint source that pollutes with nutrients. In 2011, nine of the top ten corn and soybean producing states were located in the 2 Midwest (United States Census Bureau, 2012), making this region the largest agricultural region by volume produced in the U.S., and thus prone to environmental problems with alarming consequences. In order to meet production demands while bound by constrained budgets, farmers often turn to unsustainable practices to ensure a yield. These include irrigating their fields with groundwater (the water from natural basins underneath the ground), applying excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus as fertilizer, and plowing the land in a way that reduces quality of soil structure (United States EPA, 2012b). All of these factors directly result in the rapid depletion of water resources in the Midwest, and the toxic nutrient pollution of surface waters such as lakes, rivers, and streams (United States EPA, 2012c). Entire freshwater ecosystems are being literally suffocated by nutrients, such as Phosphorus, which support the growth of toxin emitting harmful cyanobacteria algae (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention...
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...The paper reflects work in progress towards the development of new thinking on agricultural policy in DFID. It does not necessarily reflect the views and policy of DFID. This (working/supporting) paper is intended to stimulate public discussion. It is not necessarily DFID or UK Government policy. October 2004 Contents Executive Summary...................................................................................................... 3 1. What is the issue? .................................................................................................... 4 2. Agriculture, growth and poverty – what we know of the relationship ............................ 5 2.1 The context – the state of world poverty............................................................... 5 2.2 Agriculture’s recent performance – a picture of mixed progress............................... 7 2.3 Agricultural growth and poverty reduction – the evidence....................................... 9 2.4 Understanding how increased agricultural productivity reduces poverty ................. 10 3. Emerging issues and questions................................................................................ 14 3.1 Can agriculture still provide the key to poverty reduction? .................................... 14 3.2 Are significant improvements in agricultural productivity possible? ........................ 15 3.3 What are the best agricultural development strategies?...........................................
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...limit at $17.2 trillion dollars. This marks the fifth effective increase in the debt ceiling since August 1, 2011, when it was $14.3 trillion (Sahadi, 2014). If America continues to raise this limit, how is the debt crisis that our nation is currently experiencing going to affect our businesses; and more importantly, us as individuals in future years? The issues that need to be addressed to see where the root of this problem starts, and where the solution can be found starts with looking at the events other countries have or are currently facing, and how they have come up with strategies to solve their debt crisis. From there we need to focus on the economic trends that we are currently in, and the negative and positive effects that they are having. The effects that will be discussed are how creditors view America, how it affects businesses through prolonged drag and economic growth, and how it will affect the individual with inflation and increase in taxes. As this paper addresses these issues, it will reveal the scary truth of the tolls that will be put on America if they continue with their dangerous budget path. “The warning bells were sounded in early 2009: The U.S. government had to act swiftly and forcefully to avoid repeating Japan’s painful experience of sustained economic stagnation” (Scissors and Foster, 2011). Policies that were set up during the Obama Administration have failed to this point, and America was facing a long-term standstill that may occur unless the...
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...Economic Analysis Exercise I. Discuss how the two cases in this chapter illustrate the major theme of this text: Changes in the macro environment affect individual firms and industries through the microeconomic factors of demand, production, cost, and profitability. Drawing on current business publications, find some updated facts for each case that support this them. Drawing on current business publications and the two cases in this chapter it is prevalent that several changes in the macro environment have had an effect on the profitability of individual firms and industries. The text states that (Farnham, 2010 page 459), downturns in economic activity forced all the fast-food companies to develop new strategies. During this economic downturn McDonald’s was one company in particular that has developed strategies that were influenced by microeconomic changes. A great example is when McDonald’s entered the Chinese market they had to take into consideration consumer taste and acceptance in China. They had to decided whether or not to have the menu in Chinese or English and whether or not to take on the American menu or add more Chinese influenced menu items. Cost also played a part in the China market. Beef was much more expensive and so therefore could only reach a certain percentage of the people. Half of McDonald’s sales in China had been of chicken product with beef only making up 35 percent (Farnham, 2010). II. Compare and contrast McDonald’s strategies in China with...
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...The United States of America has really changed since the early debates on the role of public schools and the roles that the federal government plays in supporting and sustaining them. The importance of education for the common good has since shifted from primary local control to state and national control. The federal government and national organizations are basically focusing all their attention on grades k-12 public education. Major issues include the purpose and role of the federal government in education, funding, and the extent to which the federal government should play a role in public education. Federal funding currently averages about 10% of local school budgets. The federal government's 10-year budget outlook is bleak, and its longer-term outlook is even more dismal, driven by growth in health care costs. State and local government budgets will slowly recover from the effects of the recent recession, but will continue to have structural problems. Each of the three major revenue sources income, sales, and property taxes are candidates for reform. On the spending side, health care and education will dominate at the state and local level, while controlling entitlement spending is the main federal challenge. The defining characteristic of public budgeting is that it involves a continual struggle between the demands placed on government to respond to societal problems and the desires of citizens and the capacity of governments to finance those responses. (Public Budgeting...
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...I. TIME CONTEXT Mexico City has undergone rapid urbanization according to the pattern seen in many developing countries. Mexico has rapidly changed from a primarily agricultural country to one that is overly ambitious industrialization. Consequently, huge numbers of rural dwellers mainly peasant farmers and more educated young people migrated to Mexico City, making it an extremely densely populated city of nearly 14 million in 1995 and as of 2012, Urban population is 78% (94,728,228) of the total population of Mexico. With this perspective, we will be focusing in the year 1980s to 1990s where in Mexico headed into a severe economic problem due to rapid rate of urbanization or the Rural-Urban Migration. We will also look into historical account due to urbanization that leads to “Tequila” crisis that has produced a protracted credit crunch of this country. II. VIEWPOINT We are looking at the problem in the point of view of SAGARPA Ministry (Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry of Mexico). With this in mind, we are trying to formulate the best possible solution or courses of action that will aid to the problems of Mexico. We will be using theories and policy like the Harris-Todaro Model to have an in-depth analysis of the economic setback of this country. With this, we will be able to recommend a good, systematic, realistic and flexible action or implementation plan. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Rapid Urbanization in Mexico IV. OBJECTIVES ...
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...POVERTY AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WHITES IN LATIN 2 AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES Abstract This article reports the relationship between the United States immigrant and African- American families presented by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his 1965 report to President Lyndon Johnson remains the most popular folk model for explaining success, failure and mutual aid in “poverty.” The Moynihan model is an enduring part of popular discourses on race, intensified by contemporary immigrant successes narratives. The participant observation research among homeless African-American families and Latin American families had participated in a small business creation in New York City which happened more than three years ago. When kinship norms are typically American, it is said that certain immigrant family forms are more suited to mutual aid crisis. The African- American family is misused as being dysfunctional. It gives an overview of the demographic of “poverty” and how these demographics have changed since 1979. It also considers trends that have emerged over the last few decades and reconsiders the successes and failures of past public policy. It also identifies the growing feminization of poverty and the growing Latino population as the primary challenges currently facing public makers...
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...Is the Food Stamp Program a Substantial Contribution to Childhood Obesity? Is the Food Stamp Program a Substantial Contribution to Childhood Obesity? Introduction Is the rising rate of childhood obesity within the United States affected by the food stamp program? This is the question that formulated the basis of my research. Looking at the rising statistics of obesity rates within America’s youth and researching why the weight of the United States community is significantly passing those of its surrounding countries. In researching this topic I hope to determine if the food stamp program is in any way responsible for this increasing health issue. As the years progress the health of today’s youth is rapidly decreasing. Although the lacks of exercise and poor food influences serve as a high influence on this issue, researching this topic has shown that the food stamp program has helped contribute to the issue at hand. Presenting Argument and Supportive Research To be classified as an overweight child, the body mass index is in the 85th percentile and the ratio of weight to height is unhealthy (Baun, 2011 p. 623). This number has increased drastically among America’s youth over the past decade. As obesity increases among youth, there is a decrease in physical activity as well as healthy eating habits. Healthy eating choices are the focus of my research, as I concentrate on the eating habits of children participating in America’s Food stamp Program. The heaviest children...
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...Agrekon, Vol 46, No 4 (December 2007) Asfaha & Jooste The Effect of Monetary Changes on Relative Agricultural Prices TA Asfaha1 and A Jooste2 Abstract Relative change in agricultural prices determines farmers` investment decisions, productivity and income. Thus, understanding the factors that influence agricultural prices is fundamental for sustainable growth in this sector and the rest of the economy. This paper investigates the short- and long-run impacts of monetary policy changes on relative agricultural prices in South Africa by employing Johansen cointegration analysis and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) respectively. The results of Johansen cointegration analysis reject the long-run money neutrality hypothesis which suggests that the rate of increase in prices is not unit proportional to the rate of increase in money supply. On the other hand, the results of the dynamic relationships provide evidence of agricultural prices being overshot. Therefore, when a monetary shock occurs, the agriculture sector will have to bear the burden of adjustment, increasing farmers’ financial vulnerability. Consumers also have to absorb short-run price volatility and overshooting of prices which in turn impacts on their ability to manage their cash flow optimally; this could be a substantial challenge in poor households. Due to the linkages between monetary policy variables and relative agricultural prices, it is recommended that agricultural policy makers and monetary authorities...
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...and controversy. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.), as of November 6, 2015, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program assisted nearly 46 million people in almost 23 million households in meeting their nutritional needs. The cost for this assistance was $63,932,308,264.00 in 2015 according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This is how it works: The Department of Agriculture’s Food and Nutrition Service administers the SNAP program and then gives direction to all fifty states who then will establish who is eligible and who is not. (Blau,Abramovitz 2014, p.434). The state also regulates and administers the benefit for its residents. Once eligible, the recipient may purchase any type of non-prepared food. The SNAP food stamp program is the largest nutrition assistance program offered by the U.S.D.A. The goal of this program is to help poor families put balanced meals on the table in the quest to end malnutrition and hunger. SNAP provides monthly benefits for eligible, low income families in the form of a benefits card which is similar to a credit card and does away with the need for paper stamps and reduces the lack of privacy associated with them as well as the stigma. Also reducing the shameful stigma was the name change in 2008 from “Food Stamps” to SNAP. Since you must apply for eligibility, there are many guidelines you must meet. The Congressional Digest for the SNAP program states that in order to qualify, households...
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...welfare reform efforts of the past decade. What measures are still needed? Page 10-12: Scriptures View On Poverty Page 13-14: Bibliography Evaluation of poverty rate and suggested improvements Who are the poor in United States? The World Bank defines the poor as those who live on less than $2 a day. In the United States, however the most common way of measuring poverty is if a family’s income falls below the official “threshold of poverty”. The United States Census Bureau defines those being below the threshold of poverty as, “households who do not have a sufficient income to meet minimal food and basic needs.” The poverty threshold varies between households with more or less occupants and members under the age of 18 or over the age of 65. For example a household with one member under the age of 18-65 in 2014 has a weighted threshold average of 12,119 per year, while a household with one member over the age of 65 have a threshold of 11,173 (Census Bureau, 2014). U.S. poverty was first measured in the 1960’s through the Social Security Administration, under the help of economist Mollie Orshansky. Orshansky helped establish the official poverty threshold, by using the cost of the Department of Agriculture’s economical food plan. She estimated families in United States spent on average a third of their income on food and, thus conceived the poverty threshold should be three times the of minimal food requirements for adequate living. In 1969, the U.S. government adopted her poverty...
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...Pro-Poor Agricultural Research 26 6. The Role of Public Research and Extension Systems 35 References 37 Contents iii Tables 1. Trends in child malnutrition in developing countries, by region, 1970–95 6 2. Distribution of land types by region 6 3. Distribution of malnourished children by agroecological zone, 1990 7 4. Comparison of low- and middle-income countries 21 5. Priorities for agricultural research to reduce national poverty by type of adopting region 24 Figures 1. Number of people living on less than $1 a day, 1987 and 1998 4 2. Those living with HIV/AIDS and those newly infected: Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa 5 3. Food price trends in Bangladesh, 1973–96 15 4. Relationships between GNP per capita and population growth, agriculture’s share in GNP, and urbanization in low- and middle-income countries 22 5. Links between property rights, collective action, and technology adoption 28 iv International agricultural research has contributed enormously to increasing world food supplies to their...
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...UNIVERSITATEA „DANUBIUS“ DIN GALAŢI DEPARTAMENTUL DE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT LA DISTANŢĂ ŞI FRECVENŢĂ REDUSĂ FACULTATEA DE DREPT LIMBA ENGLEZĂ Anul II, Semestrul al II-lea ALINA CHEŞCĂ Limba engleză 2 CUPRINS 1. LAW REFORM IN THE E. U. Law Reform in E.U. The Environment in Europe Specific objectives Summary Self-evaluation tests Bibliography 2. ENTERTAINMENT AND MASS MEDIA Entertainment and Mass-Media Mass-Media and Culture Specific objectives Summary Self-evaluation tests Bibliography 3. THE ECONOMY IN THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES The Economy in the European countries The Third World Specific objectives Summary Self-evaluation tests Bibliography 4. THE RIGHT VERBAL FORM The Right Verbal Form Phrasal Verbs Limba engleză 3 Summary Self-evaluation tests Bibliography Bibliografie (de elaborare a cursului) Limba engleză 4 INTRODUCERE This English course designed for the 1st year students - Distance learning department – aims at creating the competences of communication in English. Every chapter contains a number of lessons which ensure a progressive and structured learning. The learning activities are meant to back up the new knowledge and create the competences to be acquired by the students. The assessment tests used at the end of each lesson, the summary and the conclusions also contribute to backing up the knowledge and competences taken into consideration. After you have studied all the information and solved the exercises, you will acquire the following competences: understanding...
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...Rural Development policy of Ethiopia with particular emphasis on: Market-led agricultural development strategy A term paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course GaDS 503 Development Perspectives and Political theories. By: Nardos Legesse School of Governance and Development Studies College of Law and Governance (M.A Development Management) Hawassa University Hawassa January, 2013 List of contents Contents page 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….…1 2. Working towards market led agricultural development……………………………………….2 2.1 Agricultural developments- key to poverty reduction………………………………...2 2.2 Agricultural development not driven by market forces can’t be rapid and sustainable.3 2.3 The role of markets in productivity of agricultural sector …………………………... 4 2.4 Building an agricultural marketing system…………………………………………....5 2.4.1 Grading agricultural product……………………………………………..….5 2.4.2 Provision of market information………………………………………...…..5 2.4.3 Promoting...
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...topic--------------------Page 5 Research Question--------------------------------------------------Page 9 Results----------------------------------------------------------------- Page 13 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------Page 16 References------------------------------------------------------------Page 19 | Rough Draft Introduction- The reason that I chose this topic in homeland security is for the fact that I believe has an essential meaning and importance to all of us living in the United States. The department of homeland security has the duty of protect our home land from anything and anyone. This might include terrorist attacks and such. Many of us don’t even know what the purpose of the Department of Homeland Security is for, or what does it do and what does it protect. My priority is to leave that very clear to everyone and why will we always need this department in place no matter the ups and downs of our economy. It is very essential to have such department in place for the fact that we need to protect our land from any illegal activity or an attack to our people, we can’t afford another attack like the 9/11 one. A country with the guidelines and boundaries well organized, ordered, and secure will always guarantee a well front-line force. Unfortunately, people within our nation don’t like to keep our nation safe nor secure, there are many individuals that have murder a lot of people within our nation. The saddest part is that they...
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