...The airline industry is one of the biggest industries in the UK. From October 2007 to November 2008 there have been a total of 238,912,000 passengers flying from UK airports (CAA 2008). Over recent years there has been an increase in the number of airlines going into liquidation. Most recently XL Leisure, which was the UK’s third largest travel operator, went into liquidation in the summer of 2008. This left tens of thousands of passengers stranded at home and abroad. Since the start of the 21st century there have been many events which have affected the industry. According to Doganis (2006) the downturn which some airlines were feeling in 2000 turned into disaster in 2001. The attacks in the USA in September 2001 had affected the industry globally. This brought about a lot of changes in the way the general public flew. This crisis was followed by a major increase in the price of fuel in 2004. According to Doganis (2006) this had a major effect on airlines, some worse off than others. Many airlines lost millions of dollars, some collapsed and some had to be rescued by their governments. I am a keen traveller and am constantly using different airlines to travel to different parts of the world. When asked to choose an industry to research I felt it best to research an industry which I am interested in. I had also been affected when XL airlines went into liquidation and was stranded in Egypt. Therefore the opportunity to analyse the industry is one which I believe I should...
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...THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: Trends, Challenges, Strategies John Wensveen, Ph.D. Dean, School of Aviation Dowling College New York, USA www.dowling.edu President, Airline Visions www.airlinevisions.com The University of Sydney Faculty of Economics and Business Leadership and Policy Seminar Series Sydney, Australia 23 February 2010 Presentation Objectives • Provide background on the global industry • Present a regional analysis • Discuss current and future evolvement of the industry (trends) • Discuss challenges and strategies impacting the industry • Discuss the new breed of airlines • Discuss why airlines fail and how to achieve success Background Section 3 Stages of Development Impacting the Airline Industry • • • • Regulation Liberalization Deregulation “Re-regulation” Phases of Industry Restructuring (resulting from Deregulation / Liberalization) • Expansion • Consolidation • Concentration Past, Present and Future Trends The Global Airline Industry 2012 2010 2008 Time 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 Survive Adapt Recover Rethink State of Industry “Scenarios” • • • • • SARS 9/11 War Financial Crisis of 2008, 2009, 2010… What to prepare for… – – – – Globalization Change in international political landscape Distribution of natural resources (oil, gas, water) Internal conflicts (shifts in power) and unintended consequences and unintended consequences of good intentions Public and international perception War Terrorism Continued financial issues – – –...
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...Airlines also earn revenue from transporting cargo, selling frequent flier miles to other companies and up-selling in flight services. But the largest proportion of revenue is derived from regular and business passengers. For this reason, it is important that you take consumer and business confidence into account on top of the regular factors that one should consider like earnings growth and debt load. (For more about the consumer confidence survey, see Economic Indicators: Consumer Confidence Index.) Business travelers are important to airlines because they are more likely to travel several times throughout the year and they tend to purchase the upgraded services that have higher margins for the airline. On the other hand, leisure travelers are less likely to purchase these premium services and are typically very price sensitive. In times of economic uncertainty or sharp decline in consumer confidence, you can expect the number of leisure travelers to decline. It is also important to look at the geographic areas that an airline targets. Obviously, more market share is better for a particular market, but it is also important to stay diversified. Try to find out the destination to which the majority of an airline's flights are traveling. For example, an airline that sends a high number of flights to the Caribbean might see a dramatic drop in profits if the outlook for leisure travelers looks poor. A final key area to keep a close eye on is costs. The airline industry...
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...The Commercial Airline Industry | | The Commercial Airline Industry There are many inventions and advancements that have changed the way mankind lives, communicates, and functions, but few have established a fundamental turning point that has added new breadth to the way we live like the airplane did. Airplanes have allowed us to see and visit parts of the world we would have never dreamed existed. It has also been a key factor to defeating our enemies and protecting our allies overseas in wars. Now it has become a part of our day to day activities and it would difficult to picture our lives without it. The commercial airline industry is a growing industry. “In the past decade, air travel has grown by 7% per year…Scheduled airlines carried over 1.5 billion passengers last year alone”, (Stanford/Airline Industry) and because of globalization this number is just going to rise. Threat of New Entrants (High) One of the major barriers to entry in the Commercial Airline Industry is the high cost of capital. The immense amount of money it takes to enter this industry is not enticing especially with an average gross profit margin of around 3-5% across the industry. Another risk to be considered when entering this industry is the unpredictability of weather. Take Iceland’s Volcano eruption in April 2010 for instance; the volcanic ash left airlines motionless in the EU costing them $200 Million a day. When planning on entering this market it is vital to have a good cash cushion...
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...Individual Reflection Paper Before beginning our analysis of the airline industry, I had made some assumptions based solely on my experience as a customer. Some of which were verified but others turned out to be false. Seeing that there are minimal competitors, I assumed that it would be a difficult market to enter which was verified in our study showing the airline industry is an oligopoly. Another pre-conceived notion about the industry that proved to be correct was how fuel cost drove airfare and fee pricing. As fuel cost increased, so did airfare along with the creation of more ancillary fees for things such as baggage or roomier seats. I had also assumed that new successful entrants would be attacked in a way that would cause them to go out of business. In reality, they are targeted but for acquisition reasons which was a surprise to me. I found the percentage of the workforce employed to be particularly interesting along with the schooling necessary to obtain each position. The interesting aspect is that every group in the workforce does not require a degree from a traditional university. All training necessary for a career within the airline industry is specific to that role and is not easily transferrable over to other career paths. This makes me think that many individuals have decided before graduating high school that they will pursue a career in this industry since the traditional university does little to help. Once they have started at a local university,...
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...One of the industries which perhaps has shown the most changes in market model is the airline industry in the United States. The airline industry can be analyzed different before and after deregulation and before and after the terrorist’s attacks of September 11th. These events have changed the industry in terms of both airfares and market concentration in major airports. Prior to deregulation in the 1970’s the Department of Transportation (DOT) served its goal by looking after the public interests. Once the focus of the DOT shifted to assuring airlines were operating under strict safety standards and procedures this gave a chance for airlines to take on any domestic route it felt capable of performing. Deregulation resulted in structural changes for airlines. Following deregulation, most of the largest airlines began to operate in the now well known hub-and-spoke system, which allowed for efficient connections for passengers from small- and mid-sized cities, but it also has increased airline concentration at hubs. As a result, the net effect has been to increase the choice of carriers at non-hub cities and to increase the frequency of service but also to increase the market concentration at hub cities. According to Parkin, (2011) most governments use a mechanism for allocating airport boarding gates and facilities, in some cases it even allows for competitive bidding for boarding gates and landing rights thus encouraging competition among airlines, and it also might encourage...
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...A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also known as a no-frills, discount or budget carrier or airline) is an airline that generally has lower fares and fewer comforts. To make up for revenue lost in decreased ticket prices, the airline may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat allocating, and baggage etc. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with a lower operating cost structure than their competitors. While the term is often applied to any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services, regardless of their operating models, low-cost carriers should not be confused with regional airlines that operate short flights without service, or with full-service airlines offering some reduced fares. Some low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class, and most operate just a single type of aircraft. In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft, older models of the Boeing 737. Since 2000, fleets generally consist of smaller, newer, more fuel efficient aircraft, commonly the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 families, reducing training and servicing costs. Airlines often offer a simpler fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations. Often, the low cost carriers fly to smaller, less congested secondary airports and/or fly to airports in off-peak hours to avoid air traffic delays and taking...
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...RUNNING HEAD: THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY The Airline Industry Name College Table of contents Abstract 3 Introduction: 4 Products and services: 4 Organization: 4 Major players in the airline industry: 5 Economic impact of the airline industry: 8 Employment within the industry: 9 Key trends in the airline industry: 9 - Economic forces: 9 - Technological forces: 11 - Socio-cultural forces and political-legal forces / Government Regulations 13 Logistics and supply chain factors 14 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis: 16 Strategies used by airlines: 17 Expected Entrants: 18 Conclusion and Recommendations: 18 List of Abbreviations 20 Appendix: 20 References 21 Abstract The US airline industry is one of the key sectors of the country’s economy. Employing over ten million people, it contributes up to half a trillion dollars in annual revenues (about 5% of the US GDP). In recent years, the industry has been faced with major challenges arising from its external environment. Some of these include rising fuel prices and the global economic recession. As a result, growth in the industry has significantly slowed down with the ATA estimating that by the end of 2008 the industry had lost between $9 and $24 billion. With high intensity of industry rivalry, high supplier bargaining power, low threat from new entrants, low threat of substitution, and low buyer bargaining power; the industry’s attractiveness can be described as moderate. To be successful...
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...Industry Competition 3 Chapter Outline 3-1 Industry Life Cycle Stages 3-2 Industry Structure 3-3 Intensity of Rivalry among Incumbent Firms 3-3a Concentration of Competitors 3-3b High Fixed or Storage Costs 3-3c Slow Industry Growth 3-3d Lack of Differentiation or Low Switching Costs 3-3e Capacity Augmented in Large Increments 3-3f Diversity of Competitors 3-3g High Strategic Stakes 3-3h High Exit Barriers 3-4 Threat of Entry 3-4a Economies of Scale 3-4b Brand Identity and Product Differentiation 3-4c Capital Requirements 3-4d Switching Costs 3-4e Access to Distribution Channels 3-4f Cost Advantages Independent of Size 3-4g Government Policy 3-5 Pressure from Substitute Products 3-6 Bargaining Power of Buyers 3-7 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 3-8 Limitations of Porter’s Five Forces Model 3-9 Summary Key Terms Review Questions and Exercises Practice Quiz Notes Reading 3-1 26061_03_ch03_p037-060.indd 37 1/10/08 7:01:36 PM 38 Chapter 3 T Industry A group of competitors that produce similar products or services. 26061_03_ch03_p037-060.indd 38 his chapter marks the beginning of the strategic management process and is one of two that considers the external environment. At this point it is appropriate to focus on factors external to the organization and to view firm performance from an industrial organization perspective. Internal factors are considered later in the process and in future chapters. Each business operates...
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...Tony Fernandes Jetstar, an Australian incorporated company, is a subsidiary of QANTAS currently managed by CEO Bruce Buchanan Industry Both companies operate mainly in Asia Pacific region’s budget passenger airline industry. However, both are not fully integrated as they do not build their own aircraft. Both companies only offer economy class for its flights, which travels within Asia Pacific region and to selected international destinations. Core activities include ? Activity Analysis: First, you identify the activities you undertake to deliver your product or service; Value Analysis: Second, for each activity, you think through what you would do to add the greatest value for your customer; and Evaluation and Planning: Thirdly, you evaluate whether it is worth making changes, and then plan for action. Access the industry’s future growth Current- life-cycle position of the industry Generally, based on the information given, it seems that the airline industry in overall is on a decline. This is supported by the fall in premium air passengers by 25% and the declaration of bankruptcy by Japan Airline However, due to these factors, the initial public offering of Tiger Airways, another budger airline and the prediction of increase in revenue in Jetstar’s operation by Bruce Buchanan, it is likely that the budget airline industry is growing at a rate more than 10%. Key issues affecting future growth | |Description ...
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...Introduction Boeing and Airbus have established themselves as market makers when it comes to the commercial airline manufacturing industry. As the only two major players, both companies have significant leverage over the supply chain, but competition has been intense between the two rivals. This intensity has driven both companies to pursue alternative methods of creating value along the supply chain. This analysis seeks to examine the soundness of the strategic supply chain decisions that have been made. However, it is first important to identify the key elements and driving factors for manufacturers in the industry. Market Forces of the Commercial Airplane Industry Bargaining Power of Buyers The aircraft manufacturing industry currently is a duopoly, which consists of Boeing and Airbus. The lack of providers means that buyers have relatively no bargaining power. According to an article written by Daniel Michaels of the Wall Street Journal, some customers are now expecting to receive their shipment of Dreamliners approximately four years late. With no available alternatives, the buyers do not have any choice but to wait. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The industry has a global supplier market that can be closely linked due to the presence of modern technology. Web-based programs allow instant communication and the sharing of data such as the complex plans used during the construction of the aircraft. The access to instant global communication as well...
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...ANALYSIS OF THE AIRLINES INDUSTRY Introduction The airlines industry in the U.S. provides air transportation services for passengers. To determine the current state of the airlines industry, various analyses were performed. An analysis of the macro-environmental factors affecting the industry was first analyzed. Then, a Porter’s five forces analysis was used to determine the attractiveness of the industry, and current changes in the industry as a whole. Key success factors were analyzed to determine a firm’s ability to thrive within the marketplace. And lastly, a strategic group map was created to assess the companies that are best positioned and worse positioned in the industry, along with a financial analysis of major competitors in the industry. Macro-Environmental Factors Affecting the Industry Macro-Environmental components include, “demographics, social values and lifestyles, political and legal factors, economic conditions, environmental conditions, technological factors, and global forces” (Gamble, Thompson, & Peteraf, 2012, p. 79). The most influential factors in the airlines industry are economic conditions and environmental factors. The economic recession in 2009 greatly affected the airlines industry. Poor economic conditions reduced the demand for consumer and business travel. According to the IBIS World database, “Rising unemployment rates and falling disposable income during the recession resulted in a stark 16.3% decrease in revenue” (Brennan, 2013)...
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...Airline industry Indian Airline Industry Management Economics P a ge |1 Airline industry A Project report on INDIAN AIRLINE INDUSTRY Submitted on 13Oct2012 in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the subject "Managerial Economics” during academic course of PGDM-Executive 2012-13. Submitted by Abhas Desai(06) Bharat Dalvi (05) Nitin Palve (19) Prasad Babu (10) Arjun Singh (04) Ravi Sastry (22) Vivek Misra (16) Guide: Prof. J Bhargavi K.J.Somaiya Institute of Management studies and research Mumbai Management Economics P a ge |2 Airline industry Industry Outlook: Global Positioning Airlines Industry analysis : Management Economics P a ge |3 Airline industry • • • • Economic growth environment is weak Industry profitability not perfectly but closely correlated High fuel price no problem when growth is strong But growth now close to point where profit turns to loss Management Economics P a ge |4 Airline industry • • • • Price of jet fuel persistently high In 2008 spiked higher but just 7 months Jet fuel price >$120/b for past 15 months Even after recent fall still higher than early 2011 Given difficult environment cash flow performance to date good at around 10% of revenues, except Europe (1/2 that) Financial market signal more or less consistent with change in cash flows since 2009 Management Economics P a ge |5 Airline industry • • • Demand for air travel expanding well above trend...
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...Air-freight Industry Activity A British Airways PLC Activities The Company is engaged in the operation of international and domestic scheduled and charter air services for passengers , cargo and mail. Structure of the company: British Airways is one of the top ten airlines in the world and serves 200 destinations in more than 80 countries. The airline also operates a freight handling centre, Ascentis, which is considered as one of the most advanced freight-handling facilities in the world. Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd Activities Virgin Atlantic Airways is engaged in the operation of scheduled air services for the carriage of passengers and freight. Structure of the company: Virgin Atlantic was founded in 1984, and is one of UK’s second-largest long-haul carrier airlines serving the world’s major cities. The company’s schedule includes twenty one (21) destinations from its operational centres at Heathrow and Gatwick airports. Global Supply Systems Ltd Activities Global Supply Systems Ltd is a dedicated operation company using only freight aircraft to carry goods without having any dedicated scheduled flights. Structure of the company: The Company is a subsidiary of River Don ltd. Global Supply Systems ltd is majority owned by a British entrepreneur, while Atlas Air inc has a minority shareholding in the company. Channel Express(Air Services ) Ltd Activities The Company operates cargo aircraft on charter contracts in Europe. Structure of the company: The...
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...4 MAGIC CARPET AIRLINES: CLIMATE OF THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY Appendix A Prior to the Deregulation Act of 1978, the airline industry was federally regulated in regards to the routes airlines flew and the fares they charged. Typically, when carriers negotiated labor contracts they gave a specific percentage increase in wages and then petitioned the government for a similar percentage increase in their fares. With full deregulation, airlines were free to fly any routes, pay any wages, and to charge any fares they wished. Deregulation resulted in the formation of many new airlines. These new carriers were usually non-union and had substantially lower labor costs; thus, they charged lower fares. Competition for passengers forced the older carriers to lower their fares and to reduce service to smaller cities with unprofitable routes. To cope with deregulation, companies made other changes. Airlines realigned their route systems. They developed "hub and spoke" systems whereby passengers were funneled into a hub city by a small regional carrier utilizing small aircraft (as represented by a spoke on a wheel). Travelers connecting at a hub city from a small airline then transferred to the major. To encourage these transfers, major airlines began contracting with smaller regional airlines to provide this spoke system for their hub cities. This arrangement gave new opportunities to regional carriers. However, to obtain such arrangements, regional airlines had to also cut...
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