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“Los Tres”
Análisis Caso N°14:
Airline Industry Alliances in 2004

Concepción, 3 de junio de 2014

Asignatura: | Estrategia I | Profesor: | Federico Valdés L. | Alumnos: | Álvaro Alarcón. | | Sebastián Faúndez. | | Pedro Ramírez. |

1. ¿Qué razones tienen las líneas aéreas para pertenecer a una Alianza?

Las alianzas que se generan entre empresas siempre son con la finalidad de obtener un beneficio mutuo entre las partes participantes. Estos beneficios pueden ser de diversas índoles. En el caso de las aerolíneas estos beneficios se verían principalmente un incremento en el alcance geográfico, acceso a nuevos mercados y aumento de la participación de mercado lo que se traduce en ventajas competitivas adquiridas por medio de la cooperación. Por medio de las alianzas las aerolíneas igual podrían disminuir costos en oficina utilizando instalaciones de distintas líneas aéreas sin la necesidad de invertir grandes sumas de dinero para operar, pueden disminuir costos en mantenimientos, de pooling de partes y repuestos aeronáuticos, fomentar programas de viajes coordinando horarios y frecuencias de vuelo. En definitiva mejorar el servicio al cliente, y enfrentar en conjunto cualquier dificultad que se presente en el mercado.
En el caso de Star Alliances ser una alianza le permite gestionar la compra de combustibles, publicidad y aviones, para Oneworld, mejores practicas le han permitido construir una gran marca, creando valor a través del aumento de ingresos, y por ultimo Sky Team, tienen compra conjunta de combustible, y cuenta con recursos compartidos para el manejo de administración y marketing.

2. ¿Qué es lo que permite que sobrevivan pequeñas líneas aéreas locales en muchos países del mundo?

El fuerte aumento en el tráfico de pasajeros cambio de un 56% a un 74% en el año 2002, demostrando el continuo aumento en la industria aérea, lo que hace que existan distintos servicios o sub segmentos como las aerolíneas de bajo costo, las aerolíneas regionales y aerolíneas de vacaciones. Esto trajo consigo que las empresas adquirieran aviones de mayor tamaño, debido al gran aumento de vuelos y demanda para volar entre las ciudades.
A raíz de esto, distintas empresas debieron realizar estrategias las cuales les permitieran posicionarse dentro del mercado para poder captar esos clientes, cubriendo la demanda de los clientes, entregando un servicio más rápido y económico.

3. ¿Qué restricciones impone el participar en una Alianza?

La restricción principal es a la hora de tomar decisiones, están deben ser tomadas en conjunto lo que dificulta un poco la flexibilidad de la aerolíneas que pretendan entregar alguna mejora en su servicio, al igual que el tiempo de respuesta ante cualquier dificultad es mayor puesto que tienen que ponerse de acuerdo todos los participantes de la alianza para dar una solución, en comparación que fuera solo una entidad que su tiempo de respuesta es inmediata. Un ejemplo de esto es que todas las Aviones deben ser y tener las mismas características, si una aerolínea quiera mejorar su flota con aviones más grandes o lujosos, no podría al permanecer en la alianza. Al percatarse una aerolínea de una oportunidad que le seria ventajosa esta debe compartirla en la alianza, sin tener la posibilidad de aprovechar completamente para beneficio propio esa oportunidad.

4. ¿Qué particularidades tiene la industria de las líneas aéreas que han incentivado el crecimiento de las Alianzas?

La consolidación que se está llevando a cabo a nivel mundial como las fusiones, adquisiciones y hasta desapariciones de aerolíneas se deben a que el negocio es demasiado caro y solo pueden llevarlo a cabo los que poseen con la tecnología adecuada y recursos necesarios para realizarlo, es por eso que ocurren fusiones.
Durante los años 2003 y 2004 los precios del petróleo aumentaron considerablemente, lo que hizo que los márgenes de la industria se vieran afectados negativamente, ya que aumentaron los costos operativos, costos que se verían asumidos en las aerolíneas y en los clientes, debido a que tenían que pagar un mayor precio. Es por eso que las compañías comenzaron a generar alianzas entre ellas, para poder reducir los costos de alguna manera y comenzar a generar economías de escala.

5. ¿Qué ventajas ve usted en participar en una Alianza comparado con fusionarse con otra aerolínea?

El Principal factor a analizar y las consecuencias que se podrían generar en una fusión o una alianza es la libre competencia. En una fusión las regulaciones antimonopólicas van a presionar constantemente debido a la concentración excesiva para que no se produzcan prácticas desleales. En el caso de las alianzas se permite operar en forma conjunta varias empresas sin alterar el criterio de la libre competencia, enfrentándola solo por bajos costos o economías de escala, que permitan atender las necesidades de los clientes, sin tomar ventaja de ellos y finalmente perjudicarlos.
Por otro lado una fusión en comparación con la alianza significa una gran inversión asociado a costos mayores, en el caso de la alianza tienen un mayor poder de negociación con los proveedores pudiendo disminuir sus costos en la compra de aviones o combustible.
Otro factor a tener en cuenta es que en la fusión de dos empresas se pueden generar conflicto de interés que afectaran directamente a la firma, y en la alianza siguen siendo empresas independientes pero con un fin en común.

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