...Al-qaeda is one of the largest terrorists groups in the world, allied with many large Islamic terrorist groups. These groups targeted the United States, including other allied countries, and the Twin Towers were one of many, targeted by Al-qaeda, killing thousands in the process. The 9/11 attack was the largest scaled attack on the United States, the attack resulted in nearly 3,000 deaths, and millions worth of damage. Within 24 hours of the 9/11 attack the United States, met with the NATO committee and came up with a decision to go to war with Iraq, and sent thousands of troops within 72 hours after the announcement. Proving that the Iraq/ Afghanistan war was the cause of numerous, deadly attacks on America and NATO allied countries....
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...Al-Qaeda By Joseph Hubert Abstract My main focus in this paper is the terrorist group that terrorized America and other counties for a few years; this group is named Al-Qaeda. Within this paper I intend to explain the main goals and objectives of the terrorist organization /group. Identify the primary tools, or terrorist methods, they use to conduct their terrorist activities. Identify the controls the U.S. uses to prevent their terrorist activities/operations. Discuss the effectiveness in controlling or stopping their terrorist activities. I will do this by sharing the information that I have found during my research. I will also provide a few scholarly references. 1. Explain the main goals and objectives of the terrorist organization /group. The main goal of this terrorist group was to wage a global jihad, which means holy war. Another one of their focuses was to cause chaos all over the world, this group set out to cause destruction in quite a few countries, and their primary area of focus was America. No one really knows the true reason for all of their attacks, but I think they set out to accomplish all of this because they wanted to take control of the other countries that they waged attacks on. I think that their objective was just that to gain control and power in every country. 2. Identify the primary tools, or terrorist methods, they use to conduct their terrorist activities. The primary tools and terrorist methods used by Al-Qaeda when posing their...
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...religion, insurrection, political disagreements, typically led to an open warfare during earlier times of civilization. By the time kingdoms turned into nations, they had sufficient reasons to enforce their authority and repress activities such as terrorism. According to the webpage Terrorism Research, “The French Revolution provided the first uses of the words "Terrorist" and "Terrorism". The use of the word "terrorism" began in 1795 in reference to the Reign of Terror initiated by the Revolutionary government.” In other words, the agents of the Committee of Public Safety and the National Convention that administered and enforced the policies of "The Terror" were called 'Terrorists". The words terrorist and terrorism can cause an immediate effect in people’s minds. People often just relate terrorism to power and politics, but what is the real meaning of Terrorism? Every time I hear the word terrorism, I unconsciously think of Religion and Arabian countries. However, those are just labels that were built up in my mind by what surrounds me. In this research paper, I will explain what terrorism is and its effect in international relations, the terrorist organizations most heard of such as Al Qaeda and Muslim Brotherhood, and how international organizations are controverted and are...
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...Tracking al Qaeda Since 9/11 NAME SCHOOL Author Note (text). Tracking al Qaeda Since 9/11 Al Qaeda is a ubiquitous organization in the world today; it exists and operates on multiple continents, it has more funding than some small countries, it has ties and tacit support from state governments. This essay seeks to describe the pre 9/11 al Qaeda and compare that to the al Qaeda that we know and love (to hate) today. Background al Qaeda is a Sunni Islamist terrorist organization that operates across the world, but is based out of and concentrates on attacks in the Middle East, Northern Africa and a smaller condensed affiliate in the Philippines. Al Qaeda is responsible for attacks in North America, Europe, Africa and Asia. In today’s world of the Global War on Terrorism and seemingly un-ending technological surveillance means, al Qaeda, by definition as a terrorist organization must be a secret one or face immediate destruction at the hands of any number of governments. The following sections will discuss the structure, strengths, and weaknesses of al Qaeda as it has changed from September 2001 to today. Structure Pre 9/11: Al Qaeda was very typically structured as a hierarchical organization circa 2001. It had a small leadership cell with different organizational cells below it like security and recruiting. Some descriptions include as many as 4 levels of organization (Tucker, 2008). While the lines of al Qaeda’s hierarchy were much less clear in actuality than they...
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...Strategy Research Project CLAUSEWITZ AND 21ST CENTURY WARFARE BY COLONEL CHRISTOPHER J. PAPAJ United States Marine Corps DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited. USAWC CLASS OF 2008 This SRP is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree. The views expressed in this student academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5050 Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control...
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...Executive Summary After Osama Bin Laden was killed by a U.S. military raid in Pakistan, his aides have followed his footsteps and started their own branch of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). This organization was formed in January 2009 through a union of the Saudi and Yemeni branches of al-Qaeda (Masters, Jonathan. 2012). This fairly new group has the closest components and core, associated with Bin Laden’s former Al-Qaeda network. With the country of Yemen unstable, this organization looks to overtake the country with new recruits and spread their cause to its borders and beyond, from their stronghold in the southern part of the country. The AQAP’s primary goals are to try and bring down a United States airliner, spread Islamic Law, and continue to draw out a long fight forcing America to slow the economy by spending its money on security for the nation. Fighters arriving back to Yemen from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan bring their experiences and provide valuable training to the new recruits. Ibrahim Hassan al-Asiri, mastermind of bomb making, has almost made all of his devices come to life. By gathering intelligence and focus overtime, we know more about how potentially deadly and a threat this organization is to the United States. Current operations with drone surveillance and strikes are trying to take out this organization’s operatives. Imbedded agents are trying to gather information on the ground to try and foil the next plot. The United States has been...
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...Courtney Friedman Term Paper: International Terrorism (Due Week 10) Professor Smith 5/23/14 CRJ 440 Terrorism, it is a well-known term, every person has all heard of it, but yet do we really know what it is. Terrorism is in the eyes of most, a meaningless hate crime, which has no true reason behind it. The terrorism mindset is people who want to create terror among civilization. They are trained to disturb peace, and to break social harmony. Terrorism is also a horrible threat to the modern world and modern society. It has become a problem around the world, not just in the United States. Many innocent people are killed by terrorist and their acts of terrorism. An individual can see terrorism in multiple forms, but not limited to: Bombing, hijacking, cross border terrorist activities and massacres on a massive scale, in addition to many others not listed. Its consequences are very frightening. Though much effort is put into eliminating terrorism, it is impossible to get rid of it until some strict laws are devised. Whenever and wherever society is victim to brutality, injustice, wrongs and intolerance, terrorism cannot be eradicated. There are many terrorist groups out there, of many different origins and sects. The group that will be discussed is Al Qaeda, which is the most well-known out of the groups listed. The questions and statements that will be answered and debated are: 1.) A brief explanation of Al Qaeda and the summarization of its origins, 2.) Al Qaeda's major motivations...
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...Terrorism Paper Damon Walton His/145 Dec 3, 2012 Senitra Upton Terrorism Paper The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged which compounds the difficulty of providing an accurate definition of terrorism. Some research studies by scholars have shown there to be over 100 different definitions of terrorism. A less politically and emotionally charged meaning of terrorism is a better defined term used for terror. The word "terror" comes from a Latin word meaning "to frighten.” My definition of terrorism is a violent act which is intended to create fear, to promote an ideological/political goal, and deliberately target civilians and non civilian targets. The age of modern terrorism might be said to have begun in1968 when the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an El Al airliner en route from Tel Aviv to Rome. While hijackings of airliners had occurred before, this was the first time that the nationality of the carrier (Israeli) and its symbolic value was a specific operational aim. Also a first was the deliberate use of the passengers as hostages for demands made publicly against the Israeli government. The combination of these unique events, added to the international scope of the operation, and gained significant media attention. The founder of PFLP, Dr. George Habash observed that the level of coverage was tremendously greater than battles with Israeli soldiers in their previous area of operations. "At least the world is...
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...political authority has established its roots in the Middle East. In June 2014, the Islamic State which sometimes calls itself the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) or the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shram (ISIS) announced its establishment on the world politics (Lister, 2014). The organization is led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi who declared himself the Caliph. On his announcement, al-Baghdadi assumed the title of the Commander of the faithful Caliph Ibrahim II. Islamic State aspires to unite all Muslims in one state. According to the jihadists, this is only possible through a caliphate in which ISIS is closest to achieving. The difficulty of the formation of the caliphate is the harsh opposition the group obtains from the Shias who are a fifth of all the Muslims. Such oppositions had already been observed in the history of Islamic schism (Lister, 2014). ISIS ideological appeal has worked in its favor to recruit its fighters all over the world. The strategy has also resulted to some supports from Muslim countries such as Pakistan. Nonetheless, the group has unspeakable violence majorly directed to Christians and the Shias. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the Islamic State regarding its evolution, modus operandi in terms of its operations and recruitment. The paper then assesses the impacts and threats of the group not only in the Middle East, but also world-wide. Literature Review The Islamic State has made great advances in both Iraq and Syria. It has...
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...James Janosz Political Science 495 Terrorism December 14th, 2009 The Changing Look of Terrorism The purpose of this paper is to study and look at how terrorism has changed from pre 9/11, to post 9/11, to the current and future times. The United States is currently fighting the war on terror. But who is the enemy to the war? Can terrorism actually be considered an enemy? The answers to these questions are difficult to answer and defend, depending on the circumstances. But the key constant to the question is, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear/terror, are perpetrated for an ideological/political goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilian targets. The first section of this paper will deal with both views of the changing face of terrorism from pre 9/11, to post 9/11, and to the present day. The next section of this paper will discuss the variables of why terrorism has changed. In conclusion this paper will summarize the study of the changing face in terrorism. Throughout this paper there will be historical facts, evidence, theories, and analysis to support my argument how terrorism has changed over time. The language of terrorism that we, as Americans read it as, on September 11, 2001, two American airplanes flew into the World Trade Center and another into the Pentagon, while yet another suspiciously crashed in a deserted Pennsylvania...
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...The Use of the Predator Drone in Afghanistan and Pakistan: An Essential Component of the War on Terror [pic] Photo Source: United States Air Force Website. Matthew R. Green CORE/PCON 322 Research Project March 27, 2007 I. Introduction/Thesis The last two decades of the 20th century and the first five years of the 21st century saw an increase in terrorist attacks around the world. Many were connected in some way to the conflicts in the Middle East and directed at the United States, culminating in the attacks of September 11, 2001. Terrorism is unique in that the majority of the acts perpetrated have no direct connection to foreign governments. Rather, terrorism emanates from extremist cells within the populace, with a network of individuals and properties living everyday life alongside the general population. The problem is further complicated because the enemy is hardly ever together as one, instead spread across different countries, and indeed continents. In present day War on Terror, it is necessary to eliminate small cells of extremists living among the general populace, often in a covert manner. Small, low-profile yet highly accurate and effective strikes that do not involve US military personnel are essential to avoid harming innocent civilians. One of the most famous weapons to be developed from these emerging necessities in the 1980’s and 1990’s is the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), more commonly...
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...Understand how Al Qaeda directs its operatives concerning cover and cover operations Illicit organizations and movements seek cover so as to operate effectively. Some organizations are thus partly covert while others, particularly criminals and revolutionaries, are entirely covert. Al-Qaeda’s need for cover deepened with the destruction of the Afghanistan camps the quality of al-Qaida's information on targets in New York City and Washington, D.C., indicates a covert intelligence-collection capability on par with some of the world's best spy services.4th generation warfare is highly irregular, unconventional and decentralized in approach. Al-Qaida employs symmetrical operations to bypass the superior military power of nation-states by attacking and exploiting vulnerable political, economic, population, and symbolic targets, thus demoralizing both government and its populace. Al-Qaeda uses cover and related techniques of intelligence and counterintelligence tradecraft. Al-Qaeda is a radical network organisation within the broader Islamist Salafi movement, legitimizing its terrorist operations as a global Islamist jihad whose raison d’être and modus operandi are inextricably embedded in disturbing the conglomerate of international Western diplomatic, financial, military and intelligence policies today. Gunaratna (2002, p. 296) offers a detailed description of al-Qaeda as an Islamist organization full of vitality” It has a “politically clandestine structure” inspired by...
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...1967/OCCUPATION THE ARABS, TERRORISM & SECURITY: “NO SOLUTION” THE WALL/FENCE/BARRIER DELEGITIMIZING THE STATEHOOD DECLARATION BY PALESTINE THE IMPACT OF SCARCE WATER RESOURCES ON THE ARAB-ISRAEL CONFLICT CAMP DAVID FAILURE THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT IS CENTRAL TO THE MILITANTS’ CAUSE Abstract The notion of this research essay is to discuss the causes of the Israel-Palestine war. The first priority of the paper is to address the war in detail by describing the war. Another perspective that the essay will take in answering the causes of the Israel-Palestine war is to address the period of the war and how it emerged. The Israel-Palestine war is also denounced as the primary consequence that has formed the Israel-Arab war. The nature of the war is somehow a contagious form of war as it is fundamental in the creation of the upheaval of the Arab states conflict. The essay will also discuss the causes in the different sequence. This will be done by stating which cause took place before the following cause emerged. The principal ideology of the essay is to come to a founding cause that resulted to the war preceding other causes. Therefore the research paper will discuss the causes of the Israel conflict with the aim of establishing the causes that formed the Israel-Palestine war. The emergence of the Israel-Palestine war started when the Israel Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, when the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian...
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...Introduction: Afghanistan has a history of a high degree of decentralization, and resistance to foreign invasion and occupation. Some have termed it the “graveyard of empires.” Afghanistan is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east. Since the late 1970s Afghanistan has suffered brutal civil war in addition to foreign interventions in the form of the 1979 Soviet invasion and the 2001 U.S. invasion. The strategic interests of the great powers of the day in Afghanistan pitched against the potential threat of terrorism, religious extremism, smuggling and drug trafficking substantiates the assertion that Afghan security situation has the potential to generate effects far beyond its borders. Afghanistan had experienced several coups since 1973, when the Afghan monarchy was overthrown by Daud Khan, who was sympathetic to Soviet overtures. Subsequent coups reflected struggles within Afghanistan among factions with different ideas about how Afghanistan should be governed and whether it should be communist, and with degrees warmth toward the Soviet Union. The Soviets intervened following the overthrow of a pro-communist leader. In late December 1979, after several months of evident military preparation, they invaded Afganistan. At that time, the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in the Cold War, a global competition for the fealty of other nations. The United States was, thus, deeply interested...
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...A Guide to Preparing a Paper or Master’s Thesis J.G. Brouwer A.J.J. de Hoogh 1. Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Table of Contents Introduction Purpose of Writing a Paper or Thesis Thesis Procedure Selecting a Topic An Outline Research and Analysis of the Topic Structure and Format Quotations, Paraphrasing, Plagiarism and Fraud Footnotes, References and the Bibliography Minimum Requirements and Grading 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 7 9 11 15 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors. 1 2. Introduction Writing skills are of eminent importance for a lawyer. That is why some courses require you to write a paper and the LL.M. Programme requires you to write a thesis at the end of your studies. There are strict requirements regarding the contents and the procedure. The following guidelines will provide you with information for successful completion. If you would like more guidance during the writing of your thesis, then you are advised to consult the following websites: http://www.learnerassociates.net/dissthes/ (structure and format) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ (language) http://writingcenters.org/index.php (overview writing centres) The paper/thesis must be in English. This means for most of you, since English is not your native...
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