...Essay 4 Pieter van Rooyen 17333652 Albert bandura can be regarded as one of the most important representatives of social cognitive learning theories. He’s theory on observational learning (learning by observing behavior) is the single most important form of learning. He argues that people learn most of their behavior through observation and only a little through direct contact. The reason for this is the complexity of most behavior, and that this can’t be learned through verbal instructions. This essay will focus on the principles of observational learning, highlight the strength and weaknesses, and also how observational learning can promote positive intergroup relations on campus at the University of Stellenbosch. Observation is a common learning tool and many, if not most do it unconsciously. The term modeling is used to describe this. This is when an observer observes the behavior of a model and then repeats the behavior. There are a few factors that influence this observational learning. They are the nature of the modeled behavior, the characteristics of the model, the characteristics of the observer, the result of the models behavior and the self-efficacy perception of the observer. The nature of the modeled behavior refers to the actual behavior. The situation in which the behavior takes place and if it is new or old behavior. New behavior attracts more attention than old behavior. The characteristics of the model plays an important role in observation learning....
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...Bandura & Social Cognitive Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better...
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...What is Social Learning Theory? The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. While the behavioral theories of learning suggested that all learning was the result of associations formed by conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment, Bandura's social learning theory proposed that learning can also occur simply by observing the actions of others. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling) this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. People learn through observing others behavior , attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. Social Learning Theory explains human beahvior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive , behavioral and environmental influences. Necessary conditions for effective modelling are: ATTENTION: various factors increases or decreases the amount of attention paid. In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning. RETENTION: remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic...
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...LEARNING THEORY (Albert Bandura) Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling Assumptions: 1. People are social beings; they react to the environment or respond to stimuli in the environment 2. The idea of an existing innate sex drive is superfluous since trait or trait-like behaviour is created in conjunction with environmental stimuli 3. Social behaviour can occur without external reinforcement; individual cognitions mediate the cues from the environment. * LABELING THEORY (Social Reaction Theory) Labeling theory is concerned with how the self-identity and behaviour of an individual is influenced (or created) by how that individual is categorized and described by others in their society Assumptions: 1. Labels applied to individuals influence their behaviour, particularly the application of negative or stigmatizing labels (such as "gay") promote deviant behaviour becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy References: http://www.taeterinnen.org/en/04_constructivist.html http://www.psychiatry.org/lgbt-sexual-orientation Social learning theory Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modelling. Among others Albert Bandura (1977: Social Learning...
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...Social cognitive theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |[pic] |This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to | | |reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) | |Psychology | |[pic] | |Outline | |History | |Subfields | |Basic types | |Abnormal | |Biological | |Cognitive | |Comparative | |Cultural | |Differential | |Developmental | |Evolutionary | |Experimental ...
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...on Albert Bandura’s Social Learning theory and his view between cognitive and behaviorist learning and how it impacts development today. His ideas essentially include three main abilities: attention, memory, and motivation. Also, how people learn from one another via: observation, imitation, and modeling. “Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.” - Albert Bandura (1977) To start, Bandura believed most human behavior is learned by watching other humans interact and perform. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura: 1977). For example, you will notice children constantly watching others, or particularly their parents, while they are cooking, doing a project, or interacting with others. Notice the child may start to mimic the parent and try to reenact what they just saw. This is what Bandura is explaining by watching the performance and later using it in your own life. He also explains how this also influences our personalities as well. Certain actions we may have observed we will never end up using ourselves because the situation never occurs where we would use it or it is not something we would do, possibly due to our personality. Bandura himself...
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...Cognitive Theorist Paper There are many psychologist out there who have their theories when it comes to learning and cognition. Each one has their own thoughts and sometimes they build off one another. One of the well-known people out there is Albert Bandura. One of the theories that he is well known for is Observational Learning Theory. He also has a modeling process that address how people can learn. His theory also takes a role in today’s world and how television, radio and media plays a role in our learning in everyday life. Albert Bandura’s theory was about social learning. “Social cognitive theory states that people learn from role models who behavior they wish to emulate” (Smith, 2002). So, this basically states that people learn from the people they can identify with more. Young children really pick this up when they watch their parents or adults that are in their environments. Often, children will act this out in other environments as well. One of this studies proved that this worked well. One of Bandura’s well known study is the Bobo Study. To sum this study up they put some kids in a spot where they watched adults strike and kick the Bobo dolls around. Later on the children who saw this acted out the same violent actions. This showed that 88% of the kids followed these behaviors, as well 40% of children did this after eight months of watching this behavior. This directs us to Observational learning. There are three basic concepts to this observational learning...
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...MY PERSONAL ILLUSTRATION OF AN EFFECTIVE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT Many have spoken about what should be an effective school environment is. But for me, just having these two characteristics is well enough.Firstly, the physical features must just not be tidy, clean, spacious, well ventilated and lighted. It must be a school that brings out the inner self of the students at helps them to achieve what they wanted to be. And secondly, the psychological as well as the social atmosphere must be non-threatening where they feel they are respected and accepted for who they are and for what they say or do. | Providing an effective school environment is not just the duty of the school administrators nor the teachers only, it is the responsibility of school heads, teachers and of course, by the students. As a future educator, I can foresee the things that are highly needed in enhancing one’s school environment. Yes, financing will matter but being creative and inexpensive should always take into consideration. The teachers must be guided to reconstruct his/her classroom and let the students to take their own task and duty. We are all aware that environment really affects students learning so teachers should maximize the effort to accomplish this in his/ her room. Sadly, some teachers are lack of trainings and seminars on how to produce that well-useful classroom. In the same manner, school should be clean, well- organized and attractive. Classrooms, together with other centers, should...
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... Social-learning theory main concept is the idea that behavior learned through watching others. This term is coined observational learning. Social-Learning theory, in contrast to Behavioral theorist , do not believe that reinforcement is responsible for all learning. In fact Social learning theorist Albert Bandura extended research which not included social learning but also included behavioral and cognitive learning to be incorporated. This was the main reason to which some refer to social learning theory as social-cognitive theory. Social- Learning Theory also assume an individual's behavior, environment and personal qualities influence one another. Social-Learning theory believe that optimal observational learning can be acquired through three model. One of which is live model, in live model an actual person is demonstrating the behavior. The next model is verbal instruction. In this model the individual is instructed in detail the behavior and how to engage in that behavioral. The last model is symbolic, influences in this model includes television, radio, movies, internet, literature etc. As well in the model fictional or real demonstration of the behavior. As well Bandura believed that there are steps in which modeling process involved. The first step is Attention. In Attention one must pay attention to the behavior that is being modeled in order to learn. The second step is Retention, here one must be able to recall details from the modeled behavior, especially if behavior...
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...Learning Theories of Personalities Kristie Tripaldi, Tandy Noonan, Charlie Fritz, Jodie Bowes, and Velinda Chandler PSY/405 March 5, 2012 Angela Snelling Learning Theories of Personalities As individual’s study human behavior, he or she notices that there several theories with plenty of philosophers and psychologists to give his or her own personal observations. However, there are several limitations and strengths of learning theories. The three main theorist of the social learning theory are Albert Bandura, B.F. Skinner, and Julian Rotter. Each of these theorists describes how learning theories affect an individual’s personality. Bandura and Skinner’s theories both explain how an individual learns from his or her environment. Bandura’s social learning theory also explains an individual’s reaction to what he or she observes. Rotter’s theory provides reasoning in environment and personal factors that influences an individual’s behavior. Strengths of Learning Theories Behavior analysis can examine the results of behavior through the calculated experiments of individual, social, and cultural context application (Cherry, 2012). Pavlov’s dog is a very famous experiment of behavioral analysis that proves this theories strength. In anticipation of receiving a meal, the dog would start to salivate. Soon, the dog associated food with the white lab...
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...explain crime and factors that influence its occurrence with a certain social context. The social learning theory explains that a person acquires knowledge through observation and interactions which models the behavior. The theory proposes that the behavior of an individual can be shaped through reciprocal interaction between the forces of cognitive, environmental and behavior systems. The understanding of the theory will help in determining its effectiveness in handling events of crimes in the society. Albert Bandura as a way to help in understanding the criminology and give the necessary information in relation to addressing the problems caused by crime advanced the social learning theory. The theory is a combination operant theory of Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess and the theory of differential association by Edwin Southerland. The theory has been discussed by various scholars who needed to test its accuracy in addressing the various causes of crime in the society. Bandura argued that social relationships are vital in shaping the behavior system of an individual in the society. In his argument, he said that observation accelerates the process of learning of social ideals with which a person lives. The major premises of the social learning theory are the reciprocity of learning ideas and the experience of observation. According to...
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...will be discussed are the Social Learning Theory as developed by Albert Bandura and the Humanistic Theory or also known as the Humanistic Approach developed by Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and George Kelly. Psychology is known as the scientific study of the mind One of the theories that will be discussed within this text is the Social Learning Theory which was developed by Albert Bandura in 1977 after evaluating previous theories which had already been attempted by other psychologists. He also used Julian Rotter’s learning theory and incorporated these theories together. His theory states “that observational learning can occur in relation to three models” these models are; live model which is when a person is demonstrating a desired behaviour for example a child behaving well because they know that they will be rewarded by their parent for this type of behaviour. Verbal instruction which is when an individual describes in detail the desired behaviour and also instructs the person verbally on how to engage in the instructed behaviour, an example of this would be when a lecturer is discussing the appropriate behaviour that is acceptable in their class. The third model is symbolic, this is when modelling occurs from media, television and other social interactions this would include the media’s focus on fashion, diet and physical appearance and attitudes for example fast food chains and clothing styles. Banduras’ theory can be applied to adults as well as children examples of...
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...Social Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives Tana’ya Green Psy/203 Laurel Taron 8/24/15 Social Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives Social cognitive is a psychological perspective which holds that, parts of an individual’s knowledge can be directly related to observation of others within the area of social interactions, personal experiences and also media influences. It postulates that, when people observe a model performing a behaviour or activity and the consequences of that behaviour, they tend to remember the events and use the information to guide current behaviours. The main components of social-cognitive perspective is that, it is effective in acquiring skills, attitudes and beliefs since a person can make changes in his own behaviour by watching or imitating others for example a model, a superstar and a favourite personality or cartoon character. It emphasizes the complex human interactions in their distinct and preferred social setting or environment. This perspective has it that individuals are more likely to imitate those whom they identify with and find their behaviours awarding in nature. On the other hand Humanistic perspectives emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behaviour, not only through the eyes of the observer but through the eyes of the person doing the activity. They believe that an individual’s behaviour is connected to his inner feelings and self-image. They centre...
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...COGNITVE MODELS DEBORA WIEST IVY TECH COMM COLLEGE HUMAN SERVICE 208 ABSTRACT Explanations of human behavior have generally favored unidirectional casual models emphasizing either environmental or internal determinants of behavior. The major controversies between unidirectional and reciprocal models of human behavior center on the issue of self-influences. A self system within the framework of social learning theory. I will be explaining why reciprocal models and self-regulation is a big factor in treating substance abuse. COGNITIVE MODELS In social cognitive theory human behavior is extensively motivated and regulated by the ongoing exercise of self-influence...
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...Human’s unspeakable history of savagery, murder and war – be it the Nazi genocide of six million Jews in World War II or the gang rape and murder of a mentally-challenged woman in India this year – appears to be in substantiation of Xunzi’s notion that human nature is bad. Nonetheless, there is no lack of incidents shedding light on the empathy, selflessness and righteousness of humans in such cases as the engineers on RMS Titanic discharging their duties till the very last moment of their lives or the three men succumbing to massive doses of radiation to save millions of others in Chernobyl. Human nature defined as our intuitive and automatic impulses as opposed to rational reflection based on conscious thoughts, our tendencies towards altruism point to the goodness of human nature, coupled with the external influence contributing to the bad behavior, thus refuting the statement that human nature is bad. To commence with, the altruistic deeds performed for people in distress serve as corroboration of human nature being good. Despite the contention ventured by believers of the evil nature of human that altruism is disguised self-interest, such a claim is repudiated by innumerable and consistent instances of people helping others in jeopardy. The promptness exhibited in such decisions precludes the materialization of conscious weighing of costs and benefits, which would have otherwise forestalled the assistance rendered in traumatic events like the September 11 attacks. Instead...
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