...Alcohols and alkyl halides are similar because they both contain an electronegative element bonded to a sp3 hybridized carbon atom. However, they are also dissimilar alkyl halides has a leaving group (X-) while alcohols do not. Nucleophilic substitution with ROH as starting material would displace –OH, a strong base and therefore a poor leaving group (McMurry, 2012). Structure (Smith) The OH group must be first converted into a better leaving group for an alcohol to undergo a nucleophilic substitution or elimination. This can be done by reaction with an acid. The O atom in an alcohol will be protonated with the treatment of an alcohol with a strong acid via acid-base reaction. This transforms the –OH leaving group into H20, a weak base therefore a good leaving group (McMurry, 2012). Most alcohols are prepared industrially by hydration of alkenes. The reverse reaction canbe used in the laboratory to prepare olefins from commercially available alcohols. The reaction is believed to occur in three steps wherein all are readily reversible (Smith, 2011). Structure(manual) Acid catalyzed dehydrations usually follows Zaitsev’s rule wherein it yields the more stable alkene as the major product. The reaction is an E1 process and occurs by the three step mechanisms. Unimolecular loss of water to generate a carbocation intermediate and final loss of proton from the neighboring carbon atom happens after the protonation of the alcohol oxygen to complete the process. Tertiary alcohols...
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...medication Mr. Underhill was on, what time the maid got home, and how long the Underhill’s had been dead upon arrival. 3) The assumed physiological effects of this scenario include, blood alcohol level, the medication Lasix used to lower Mr. Underhill’s blood pressure, and the hazardous heat of the hot tub. 4) Alcohol causes hypertension, or an increased blood pressure, which in turn increases the risk of heart attack or stroke. It also acts to expand blood vessels and raise the body temperature to unsafe levels rapidly. Common side-effects of consuming alcohol in a hot tub include; loss of consciousness, heart attack, or injury due to fainting. Mr. Underhill’s medication Lasix, is classified as a water pill, which causes the kidneys to remove unneeded water and salt from the body through the process of urination. Lasix also makes those using it more susceptible to dehydration. Anyone on blood pressure medication should not enter a hot tub because of the blood pressure raising effects. Hot water temperatures can elevate body temperature inside the internal organs to perilous levels. 5) Based on the information given I would speculate that Mr. Underhill’s death was possibly the result of combining high blood pressure medication and alcohol. The blood pressure medication with alcohol potentially...
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...This essay will focus on dehydration, and water in the body how it is function. The reason water essential to health maintenance and what water can do to the body if not enough is obtained. This essay will mention how the body level based on hydration has on alcohol and caffeine. Sodium, potassium, and chloride compare and contrast how these different electrolytes function in the body. I will also explain the steps to take to ensure people not become dehydrated. Dehydration means excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids (Grosvenor & Smolin (2006). Dehydration is that you lose more fluid than you take in which occurs because there is not enough water and other fluids in the body to function normal. Dehydration can be prevented by drinking about eight- nine glasses of water a day. Water is essential to health maintenance is that over half of your body weight is water. Every cell in our body carries out the presence of the universal solvent. A person sweat during exercise water with waste is flushed out of your body. Water is needed to prevent dehydration this helps to maintain proper metabolism in our body. All the body tissues varying proportions of water is found in 60% of body weight in adults is water, in a child the water percentage is the highest. The functions of water in the body are for digesting food. Water also helps to cushion our joints and prevents shocks in them. A person will know when he or she have enough water when he or she urine will...
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...Dehydration SCI/241 Dehydration “Water is of major importance to all living things; in some organisms, up to 90% of their body weight comes from water” ("U.S. Geological Survey", 2011). The human body is over 60% water; some if its organs are even higher. Without water or enough of it, there is no life. Dehydration is losing excessive amounts of water and not receiving enough to replenish what is lost. Without proper hydration the body can’t function properly. The body can’t store water. Therefore, maintaining water balance in the body is very important. Function of Water in the Body Water helps with many different body functions. “Water bathes the cells of the body and lubricates and cleanses internal and external body surface” (Wiley, 2012). Water is an important factor in joint lubrication and the building of cartilage. It also helps with production of energy, cell function, and metabolism. Water also helps the body by maintaining temperature (sweat). Another important function is the removal of waste from the body (uric acids). Water is Essential The amount of water need varies. It depends on age, temperature, and activities. Children need more hydration than adults. The elderly also need more hydration because the levels drop with age. Participation in physical activity will also increase the need for proper hydration. In hotter climates or physical activity it is easier to become dehydrated. As the body produces sweat to cool its temperature, hydration levels...
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...Dehydration XXXXXXXX Axia College of University of Phoenix Dehydration Water is a major component of blood, helps to lubricate joints, and allows electrolytes to power nerve responses. Grosvenor and Smolin wrote in Nutrition: Everyday choices (2006) that the average person’s body is 60% water weight, and keeping enough water in the body is a continuing task for everyone. The loss of one to two, up to four or more liters of water each day in sweat alone is an indicator of how important consuming enough water is. (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). By examining the functions of water and what can happen when the body does not receive enough of it, this essay will outline the important role water plays in keeping humans alive and healthy. Of the many essential nutrients humans consume to sustain their healthy lives water is by far consumed in larger quantities and with more urgency. (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). So much water is needed to power the body that even though 90% of water is reabsorbed during digestion Grosvenor and Smolin (2006) cite the Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board’s recommendation for water intake: 2.7 liters for females and 3.7 liters for males, every day. Grosvenor & Smolin go on to inform that one of the main ways the body loses much of this water is through the elimination of excess vitamins, minerals and waste products. The more of these particles one’s body has to expel, the more water it needs to eliminate them. This elimination...
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...Dehydration Dehydration Water is nearly a ubiquitous element on our planet, and yet numerous people suffer from low levels of dehydration on a continual basis. While the human body requires many micro and macronutrients, none can be said to be more present in its composition than water. As a result, water is essential to health maintenance. Water’s essential character is a result of its involvement in myriad functions within the human body. When the body is deprived of the water levels that it requires dehydration ensues. Alcohol and caffeine contribute to dehydration and the injurious symptoms that result. Water also serves as a medium for electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride which maintain water levels and facilitate the proper functioning of the nervous system. Finally, there are many things that people can do to prevent dehydration, but water requirements vary according to many factors. Water is essential to the maintenance of health Water is a necessary component of human life, and the symptoms of its deficiency are one of the quickest to manifest of all nutrients. Water composes around 60% of an average adult’s weight, and this percentage is even higher among children. Whereas the human body is composed of numerous compounds none are more prevalent than water. While the presence of water varies among the different tissues in the body, it is nonetheless found in every bodily tissue. For example, though bone is composed...
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...Dehydration Amelia D. Sneed Axia College of University of Phoenix SCI/241 The Science of Nutrition Dr. Liam Conner 20 February 2011 Dehydration Water is a necessity to the body for many obvious reasons. Without water a human being would die within a couple of days. The human body is composed of nearly 70% of water; making water the most important element needed for the body to function, next to the oxygen needed to breathe. When the body has an excessive loss of water or depletion of body water people are usually diagnosed as being dehydrated. When a person suffers from dehydrated there are several changes that occur within the body. However the loss of water within the body does not have to be a large percentage, with only two percent depletion of the body’s water supply people can suffer from signs of dehydration (Lewis III, 2008). The onset symptoms of dehydration can be signs of changes in the body such as difficulty focusing, cloudy memory and even the inability to focus on a television or computer screen. An estimated 75% of US citizens have a mild form of dehydration which is also one of the most common causes of daytime fatigue (Merck, 2009). However, some people are not aware of just how important it is to consume an appropriate amount of water on a day to day basis, to maintain the body’s ability to properly function. Water is the bare essential needed to maintain healthiness, as dehydration can prove to be potentially dangerous...
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...SCI 241 – Week 5 Assignment: Dehydration Christina Doner Our bodies are made up of mostly water. What does that mean? Exactly how it sounds. Water is found in every part of the body; from tissue, to muscle, and in the bone. Bodies depend on water for lubrication, protection, oxygen in the blood (which too is mainly water), in addition to the delivery of nutrients throughout the body. Consequently, water is essential to the survival of human life. Most importantly, bodies do not store water, resulting in obligatory consumption of water on a daily basis to replenish or restore water that was lost through evaporation or urination. Each person’s body is different, so the best way to configure how much water to consume on a daily basis is to ask a doctor or trained physician. Dehydration occurs when a body is losing more fluids than is consumed, and does not have adequate amount of water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions. Water is crucial in maintaining fluid balance throughout the body. Our bodies require adequate amounts of water in our system to regulate body functions and remain healthy. Some examples of what water does for our bodies are; moistening the eyes, help with chewing and break down of food through the mixture of saliva, and to lubricate and protect our bodies joints. So, the most important task of water is its controlling response to chemical reactions. Water is essential in regulating and maintaining our body’s temperature, assuring it...
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...1 Dehydration Mike Martin SCI/241 01/21/2012 Mike Esposito 2 Water is important for creating and sustaining life. In humans, the body is made up of about sixty percent water. Every part of our body including muscle, bone, and blood consists of some percentage of water. About a third of our total body water is extracellular fluid, which is fluid outside and between cells and water in our blood. This is the most important as the blood in our bodies delivers the oxygen and nutrients to all cells. Without the proper amount of water everyday there is a risk of dehydration. Severe dehydration can cause nerve damage, seizures, abnormal blood pressure, brain damage, arrhythmia, and even death. Water is essential to everyday health maintenance as it helps in the balance of our body fluids, such as absorption, digestion, circulation, and distribution of nutrients. The muscles, which are about seventy-five percent water, need that balance of fluids to perform properly. This is especially true when exercising, or running. Body temperature is also regulated with the help of water, since water changes temperature slowly. Water also helps the body get rid of toxins through the kidneys. Without enough fluids the kidneys will keep extra fluids instead of passing them through urine. Water also helps pass food through the intestines, which in turn prevents constipation. 3 Every function in our bodies runs smoothly and works properly with an adequate supply of water. This could...
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...Dehydration January 16th 2011 University of Axia Instructor: Water is so essential to health maintenance because our cells are mostly made up of water and because of that all the essential functions of every single cell in our body are carried out in the presence of the universal solvent. A person can call it metabolism, flushing out of, toxic wastes, delivery of nutrients to the cells and also heat to transfer. When you feel hot, you grab a glass of water and you feel better. When you have some food, you take water (or some other liquid) with it, when you sweat during exercise or a steam bath, you feel good because along sweat is essentially water with waste being flushed out of your body. The enzymatic reactions in the cells are also dependent on water. Water is essential to maintain body's homeostasis. If normal water levels aren't maintained, it will affect the osmotic pressure, ion homeostasis and plasma/blood volume as well. Also it is required to excrete waste products from our body (E.g.; urine) and for the regulation of metabolic activities such as enzyme activation. Therefore, water is essential to maintain the body in its normal state. “Water serves many curative functions even in our day-to-day life. In fact, water is very essential for maintaining the proper functioning of our body and sustaining us. It makes up more than half of our body weight and caters to the requirements of various bodily needs. Deficiency of water in the body can affect various functions...
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...Dehydration Paper SCI/241 October 27, 2012 Water consumption is important to the body in order to maintain optimum health and function properly. The content of this paper will look at a few of the functions of water in the body and what can happen if enough water is not taken in, resulting in dehydration. Following the functions of water, I will discuss dehydration and its stages and symptoms. I will also cover the essential electrolytes in the body, sodium, potassium, and chloride their location, functions, intake recommendations, and the dangers of taking in too much of each. Alcohol and caffeine can have a negative effect on how the body uses water, so I will discuss and explain how both of these substances affect water in the body. Lastly, this paper will discuss ways to avoid becoming dehydrated. Water makes up over half of our body weight. In men, it is approximately 60 percent of their body weight and for women it is approximately 50 percent (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Some of the main functions of water in the body are to help lubricate joints, regulates body temperature, and helps remove waste from the body and aids in the digestion process. When a person experiences joint pain, it is a sign of lack of water. Cartilage within the joints is about 80 percent water and provides a smooth surface for the joints to move on, but that is only the case if enough water is consumed. Lack of water means less lubrication for the joints causing friction...
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...benzene formic acid: methanoic acid f) isopropyl alcohol: 2-propanol 3. Be able to use physical or chemical properties to distinguish between organic substances. For example, identify one physical or chemical property you could use to distinguish between the following pairs of organic substances: a) 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol: • 2-butanol is a secondary alcohol so it will undergo oxidation reactions with [O] to produce butanone (a ketone). An oxidizing agent such as KMnO4 or Na2Cr2O7 will change colour to indicate the reaction • 2-methyl-2-propanol is a tertiary alcohol, so it will not undergo an oxidation reaction with [O]. The oxidizing agent will not change colour b) cyclopentane and cyclopentene: • cyclopentane is saturated while cyclopentene is unsaturated • if bromine in water is added to both compounds, the cyclopentane will not remove the orange colour of the bromine, but the cyclopentene will turn the bromine colourless c) butane and 1-butanol: i) solubility in water: butane is a hydrocarbon so it is non-polar and will not dissolve well in water, while 1-butanol is an alcohol so it is polar and is miscible in water ii) state at SATP: butane is a very short chain alkane so it is a gas a SATP. Butanol, because it is polar, is a liquid at SATP iii) chemical reactivity: butane is an alkane so it is generally unreactive with most substances. 1butanol is an alcohol so it will undergo many reactions such as dehydration with a sulfuric acid catalyst, oxidation with an...
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...degradation and being 15% can be lethal. (http://www.spartafit.com/nutrition/water.php ) Water is the foundation for every living thing, in this paper I will discuss why it is essential to health maintenance, the functions of water in the body, and the effects of dehydration. Water is mandatory for life. Water makes up about 60% of adult body weight, water isn't stored in the body, so there is a need for humans to always be taking in more water to replace what is lost through body processes such as respiration, perspiration, urination, etc. The body needs water to lubricate joints, for saliva, to aid in every part of the digestion process, to transport nutrients in the blood, and it is a major component in every cell. No body process would be possible without water. It is important to drink water, about 3 liters per day for women and 4 liters per day for men (http://www.spartafit.com/nutrition/water.php) is needed to replace all of the water lost during normal daily processes. When we become dehydrated, many of things can happen, depending on the degree of dehydration. Mild dehydration might include symptoms such as thirst, loss of appetite, dry skin, dry mouth, dark colored urine, chills and head rushes. If dehydration is...
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...Proper hydration helps in the control of body temperature. Water also helps the body carry nutrients and oxygen to the cells throughout the body. It helps to remove waste from our bodies as well as to cushion joints, balance minerals and finally to maintain the proper fluid levels in the body. The levels of caffeine and alcohol that someone consumes can also greatly effect a persons hydration level. Studies done of caffeine show that blood flow to the kidneys increases. The study also shows that the body does not reabsorb calcium, magnesium, and sodium properly when larger amounts of caffeine are present. Caffeine will also increase the amount of blood that flows into the kidneys. The detrusor bladder muscles are stimulated and can cause the body to produce more urine output. While these things happen within the body when caffeine is present it would take large amounts of caffeine a day for it to affect the body in a noticeable way, usually around 6 cups of coffee or 10-12 cups of tea. Alcohol is far more impacting on the body. Alcohol is a diuretic which causes the body not to reabsorb water as well as increases the urine output of the body. Alcohol will also prevent the body from maintaining the proper levels of nutrients like potassium, sodium, and zinc. The body needs the proper amount of water or damage can be caused. Even a relatively small amount of water loss can effect the body's performance in exercise. Even a drop in...
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...Dehydration 1 Francia Moss SCI/241 February 19, 2012 Rebecca Gillaspy Dehydration 2 Dehydration is defined as the lack of the retaining of fluid that is needed to be in the human body. Our body is very sensitive and when it needs something that is missing, then we are alerted by its need with a prompt reaction from the body. Dehydration believe it or not can be mild or moderate and even severe depending on how much of fluid the body is missing. One must be cautious when the body goes into a severe mode of the lack of fluid. According to “Medline Plus” being dehydrated can also be life threaten if it’s really serious. We as people tend to slack on not drinking the amount of clear fluid that is required to keep us from being dehydrated. Instead we mostly drink other fluids that are no good for the body and doesn’t help the body like it should. Water is known to be the best fluid and safer fluid for the body; in fact water will restore the body’s energy when it’s lost from being productive. Water is very essential to our health in many ways, it helps with our reproductive system, it prevents us from being dehydrated, it helps bring the supply of oxygen to our cells, it makes up more than two thirds of the human body weight, and without water, we would die in a few days. All of the cell and organs in our body cannot work without the use of water in our body. The human brain is made up of 95% of water, blood is 82% and our lungs hold up about 90%...
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