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Alexander Ii Opposition

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History – Alexander II #3 Revision Notes
Opposition, Conclusion
Lucas Fox 11OA

The Opposition to Alexander II consisted on two divisions; the Moderates, and the Extremists. The Moderates included: * Alexander Herzen – who believed that socialism should be based on village commune, he believed that with patience the peasants could be educated. “to the people.” * Pisarev – who believed the peasants were not ready to rebel and needed a group of educated elite “vanguard” to lead them. He believed in nihilism and in no authority and for everything to be questioned… * Lavrov – who also believed that the peasants should be educated so that they can free themselves (eventually). * “Populists” (1874-1875) – 3000 students went to educate the peasants in their villages but it was a failure as they were arrested and sent to exile in Siberia instead… * Black Partition – led by Plekhanov, which consisted in a peaceful spread of socialism. * Land+Liberty (1875-1878) – secret group that went to live with the peasants to understand them better, and to influence them, at first there was success with labor unions in the 1870s, but it was eventually split due to built up tension – which led to a new extremist group to be created – The People’s Will.
The People’s Will was a group of terrorists whose aims were to trigger a revolution. This was done through violence and assassinations of generals and politicians (their main aim being the Tsar). Before The People’s Will there were other influential intellectuals who contributed to the building up of extremism in Russia. * Bakunin – believed that change required violence, that the Tsar government should be abolished, and that society should be anarchist. * Nikolai Chernyshevsky – in the 1850s went through a moderate-extremist transition, wrote “What Is To Be Done?” novel in prison 1862. He believed that through force and violence, socialism would be brought to Russia. * Hell – terrorist group which attempted to kill the Tsar in 1866.

Moderates: Herzen, Pisarev, Lavrov
Herzen (in exile)
Believed that educated people should go “to the people,” and believed the commune was the basis for a Russian socialist development. His journal “the Bell” (published in London but smuggled into Russia) made it clear that he was against violence and preferred a patient way of educating the masses (peasants). The students who went to the countryside and were arrested were betrayed to the police by the peasants (were still blindly loyal to the Tsar!) The peasants barely understood what was being said – too low class, no education.
Pisarev
Pisarev believed that an elite group of intellectuals should provide leadership for the peasants, and thought peasants were too premature too lead any revolution. He rejected revolution since he believed it was impossible at the moment. He suggested people to examine the moral and material bases of society first. He believed in nihilism.
Lavrov
He believed that the peasants should be educated so that they themselves could eventually be liberated. HE favored propaganda but opposed revolutionary anarchism. Extremists: Bakunin, Chernyshevki
Mikhail Bakunin (in exile)
Was the founder of Anarchism and preached violence and destruction as a way of achieving change. He was the inspiration for younger radical revolutionaries. Born in the Russian aristocracy, served in the army and became interested in philosophy in 1835, he was increasingly revolutionary. He was a rival to Marx’s Communism and was arrested several times, he lived his final years in central Europe.

Nikolai Chernyshevski
Young, extreme radicals were witnessed in 1860s and were publicized through a journal called The Contemporary. Chernyshevski was the socialist editor. He was disappointed with the Emancipation Edict which caused him to promote force as the means of introducing socialism into Russia. Wrote “What is to be Done?” which led to the inspiration of later generation of rebels, and later, Lenin.

Hell
Embryonic revolutionary organization with would produce the would-be assassin Karakozov who shot the Tsar in 1866, Alexander was unhurt but Karakozov was captured and executed.

Land and Liberty – The People’s Will
The failure of populism let to a resurgence of small scale secret groups dedicating to provoking a revolution. Believed to set the commune as the basis of the new order. Land and Liberty developed into terrorism. Land and Liberty split up into two groups, a moderate group called Black Partitions and an extremist group called The People’s Will which adopted terrorism.

Propaganda: “take up your axes! Kill the men of the Imperial Party!” – Zaichnevsky 1862.
“We do not need a Tsar!” “if we have to slaughter 100,000 landowners we would not be afraid of that.” – Mikhailov 1861

Attempts to kill the Tsar: shooting attempts, dynamiting the train, explosion in the banqueting hall of the Winter Palace. Killed governors, princes and generals.
Prisons were so full that the Tsar had to build new facilities.

1878-1881 was the period that the government most feared, because revolutionaries could kill any member of the political establishment, but they could still not destroy or replace this governmental establishment. Terrorism failed to destroy Tsarism. It would only threat Russia’s political stability by not being able to mobilize the massive peasant discontent. There was nothing to replace Tsarism with even if the government did fall… Conservative interests were too strong in Russian for Terrorism to work, these conservatives were less supportive of Alexander now (after the E.E) but they could still not accept the violent and unclear alternatives proposed by terrorists.
After the Emancipation Edict, the Tsar dismissed officials associated with it. Pisarev and Chernyshevski (prominent radicals) were arrested for sedition (revolutionary treason). They were exiled to Siberia and the leading racial Journals were closed down. Zemstvos became forbidden to communicate. Any suspected revolutionaries were arrested, police supervised universities. Courts were urged to favor “THEIR” interpretation of the law. Even moderate groups such as “To the people” were considered revolutionary, and hundreds of students were arrested.
“Russian went from being the most conservative country in Europe, under Nicholas I to being the one with most revolutionaries with Alexander II” Orlando Figes

Peter Shuvalov
Head of Third Section for 7 years was behind the firing of progressives in the government to be replaced by conservatives. He also sabotaged reform proposals and made them difficult to carry out already agreed reform schemes.

Count Dimitri Tolstoy
Minister of Education, placed enfaces in the classics of Green and Latin which blocked the move to progressive education.

“Alexander II was isolated from the Russian people, unpopular with the educated and cut off from society and court. His fate was a matter of indifference to the majority of his subjects” – Mosse this was due to his indecision between reform and conservative policies. His love for a much younger woman (his “embarrassing passion”) made him unpopular in court.
Interesting fact: Marie didn’t even realize there was an explosion in the dining room of the Winter Palace because she was so sick.

Princes Catherine Dolguruky and Alexander’s final moments
Alexander married Catherine with indecent haste in 1880 when Marie died – which he had promised to love no other woman and had 8 children with her (he had several mistresses but Princess Catherine was the most important). Catherine would be very influential to Alexander with her liberal ideologies. Mikhail Loris-Melikov was made Minister of the Interior (one of Catherine’s protégées). Loris-Melikov abolished the Third Section and replaced the reactionary Tolstoy as Minister of Education which led Alexander to take the most fundamental reforms of his reign. By February 1881 plans were ready to call a National Assembly partly of nominated members (named by Alexander) and partly of elected representatives of the Zemstva. It would be a “limited body” but a “logical and significant” step away from total autocracy. The Tsar had finally given his personal approval to the idea when, finally, the People’s Will succeeded in assassinating him 13 March 1881.
The day that Alexander died Catherine pleaded for him not go out because she had a premonition that something would happen to him. He left the Winter Palace and came back within hours mortally wounded (a bomb had been placed under the royal carriage, it was bomb proof and no one was injured except the soldiers outside. Alexander wanted to check on the wounded and as he was outside another bomb was placed at his feet). Alexander died in the arms of Catherine and in front of the whole family… The signed petition for the first step of a Russian constitution was never delivered to the people, Alexander III destroyed it and hoped for a liberal Russia was just a lucid dream about to be awakened.

Radzinsky quote: * “Starting reforms in Russia is dangerous, but it is much more dangerous to stop them.”

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