...Lichen /A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae[->0] or cyanobacteria[->1] (or both) living among filaments of a fungus[->2] in a mutually beneficial (symbiotic[->3]) relationship.[1][2][3] The whole combined life form has properties that are very different to properties of its component organisms. Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and forms. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants. Lichens may grow like a tiny, leafless, branching shrub (fruticose[->4]), like it has leaves (foliose[->5]), like a crust of paint on a surface (crustose[->6]),[4] or have other growth forms.[5] A macrolichen is a lichen that is either bush-like or leafy. A microlichen is everything else.[1] Here, "macro" and "micro" do not refer to size, but to the growth form.[1] Common names for lichens[->7] may contain the word "moss" (e.g., "Reindeer moss[->8]", "Iceland moss[->9]"), and lichens may superficially look like and grow with mosses, but lichens are not related to mosses or any plant.[3]:3 Lichens don't have roots that absorb water and nutrients like in plants.[6]:2 Instead they produce their own food from sunlight, air, water, and minerals in their environment.[7] They are not parasites[->10] on the plants they may grow on, but only use them as a substrate to grow on or in. Lichens occur from sea level[->11] to high alpine[->12] elevations, in a very wide range of environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface.[7] Lichens are abundant...
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...Hox genes that the Tardigrade has involved in making the process of body segments in all animales backed up to those earlier studies. (Hox genes are a subset of homeotic genes, which are a group of genes related to the control of the body plans.) The findings say that the Tardigrade has five HOX genes which is exactly the number of the phylum Nematoda. While it’s not exactly positive proof that these two groups are closely related, it would be an extremely remarkable coincidence since most if not all other animals have ten or more of those genes. This is also confirmed by the shape of the Tardigrade. The Tardigrade has a barrel-shaped body with four parts of little stubby legs. The body is made up of a non-mineral outer covering called the cuticle. The cuticle contains chitin and protein that is moulted periodically. The body of the Tardigrade consists of a head, three body segments that each have a pair of legs, and eight claws on each leg. Inside of the Tardigrade no respiratory organs can be found, with gas exchange being able to occur across its entire body. There is a tubular mouth at the front portion of the Tardigrade; which is stylets. Stylets is a hard, sharp, structure found in some invertebrates. These stylets are used to pierce the plant cells, algae, or small organisms that the Tardigrades prey on. When the Tardigrade pierces the organisms they release a fluid that the Tardigrade eats. Reproduction is an essential part of survival. Tardigrades being the resilient...
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...* Chapter 25 * Evolution has to work with existing forms * Heterochrony Evolutionary change in rate or timing of developmental events * Padomorphosis Mature state of an organism retains juvenile characteristics Spatial Patterns Rearranges structural features through changes in gene expression or gene duplications. Homeotic genes control 3-D patterns of multicellular organisms Hox gene family: HoxC6 expressed (no limbs), HoxC6 not expressed (limbs can form) Jellyfish to humans Exaptation Traits evolved in one context are used for an entirely different function Feathers first thought to be used as insulation. Feathers are an exaptation- evolved in context of insulation, now used for different function (flight) Adaptive Radiation: a single lineage (common ancestor) undergoes rapid speciation and ecological diversification to form multiple new species. Can occur when: Key Adaptation Adaptations that allow a lineage to exploit new habitats( or resources) and diversify rapidly If key adaptations evolve convergently in different groups: compare diversity of group with key adaptation to diversity of sister group lacking key adaptation (paired t-test) After mass extinction event (leaves many vacant niches for organism to diversify and fill Colonization of a new habitat/location Rapid diversification of “picture-winged” Drosophila on Hawaiian Islands Hypothesis of Chemical Evolution Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules Observed...
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...Marine Mycology: An Overview of Pathogens, and Secondary Metabolites Introduction and History The golden age of marine mycology occurred from 1960-1990 with the research and discovery of most of the roughly 500 species of obligate marine fungi. Much of said research was conducted from 1980-2000; this 30 year period saw the report of nearly half of the marine fungal species currently known (Jones et al. 2009; Jones, 2011). That being said, marine fungi are vastly understudied and under rated in comparison to marine plants, animals, and other microorganisms; frequently they are omitted or only briefly referenced in marine biodiversity and ecology text books (Jones and Pang, 2012). The cladistics of marine fungi is currently in a state of flux, with new taxa being discovered as molecular techniques such as DNA and RNA analysis via polymerase chain reactions, and gel electrophoresis are implemented (Ald et al 2005). Even though fungus-like organisms such as oomycetes are not fungi, marine mycologists often study them as they perform similar functions, and until recently most had been classified as fungi based on their morphological similarities (Jones, 2011). These fungus-like organisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, zoospores, have chitin containing cell walls, and similar life cycles to fungi (Neuhauser et al. 2012). Conventionally terrestrial or freshwater species are also included in the marine fungal group as facultative species; this is due to their active ecological...
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...Water Hydrolysis: Addition of H2O to break it apart. Dehydration: Removal of H2O to form a bond. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: 2 common types Glucose (Hexopyranose RLRR), fructose Disaccharide: 3 common types glucose + fructose alpha glucocsidic bond = sucrose (table sugar) glucose + galactose beta galactosidic bond = lactose glucose + glucose = maltose Polysaccharide: 4 common types Starch: alpha 1,4 & 1,6 bonds btwn glucoses. amylose and amylopectin Glycogen: different branching than starch. Found in animals Cellulose: beta glucose polymer. Plant cell walls Chitin: similar to cellulose with extra nitrogen containing group. Fungus cell wall and exoskeleton Lipids Triglyceride 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol. Phospholipid One fatty acid in triglyceride replaced with a R containing phosphate group Steroids 4 carbon rings. 3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane Proteins Primary structure AA sequence Secondary 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding btwn amino and carboxyl group. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Tertiary Hydrogen bonding btwn R groups Ionic bonding btwn R groups Hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects Disulfide bonds btwn Cysteine Quaternary Multiple tertiary structures come together. H-bond, disulfide bond, hydrophilic/phobic interactions Nucleic acids Polymer of what? nucleotides Parts of DNA Nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group Structure 1' attached to base, 5' attached to phosphate group, 3' attached to another nucleotide, antiparallel Base types & number...
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...between organisms and their environment.[11] He later refined the term, describing it as "The whole system, ... including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment".[12] Tansley regarded ecosystems not simply as natural units, but as mental isolates.[12] Tansley later[13] defined the spatial extent of ecosystems using the term ecotope. G. Evelyn Hutchinson, a pioneering limnologist who was a contemporary of Tansley's, combined Charles Elton's ideas about trophic ecology with those of Russian geochemist Vladimir Vernadsky to suggest that mineral nutrient availability in a lake limited algal production which would, in turn, limit the abundance of animals that feed on algae. Raymond Lindeman took these ideas one step further to suggest that the flow of energy through a lake was the primary driver of the ecosystem. Hutchinson's students, brothers Howard T. Odum and Eugene P. Odum, further developed a "systems approach" to the study of ecosystems, allowing them to study the flow of energy and...
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...The Diversityof Life Lab Manual Stephen W. Ziser Department of Biology Pinnacle Campus for BIOL 1409 General Biology: The Diversity of Life Lab Activities, Homework & Lab Assignments 2013.8 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life – Lab Manual, Ziser, 2013.8 1 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life Ziser - Lab Manual Table of Contents 1. Overview of Semester Lab Activities Laboratory Activities . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction to the Lab & Safety Information . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 30 39 46 54 68 81 104 147 3. Laboratory Exercises Microscopy . . . . . . Taxonomy and Classification . Cells – The Basic Units of Life . Asexual & Sexual Reproduction Development & Life Cycles . . Ecosystems of Texas . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . The Protists . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . The Plant Kingdom . . . . The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 17 22 26 29 . 32 . 42 . 50 . 59 . 89 4. Lab Reports (to be turned in - deadline dates as announced) Taxonomy...
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...1. Moose are large herbivorous animals. (a) In a study of one population of moose, 72 animals were trapped and marked with ear tags. They were then released. One month later, fieldworkers examined 120 moose and found that 14 of these had ear tags. Use these figures to calculate the size of the moose population. Show your working. Answer:............................ (2) (b) Isle Royale is a large island in Lake Superior. Moose first colonised this island in 1900. At the time they had no predators on the island. Wolves, which are predators of moose, were introduced to the island in 1950. The graph shows the moose population from 1900. (i) Suggest an explanation for the changes in the moose population before the introduction of the wolves. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) ...
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...correct H) is a proposed explanation based on observations I) none of the above 3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State the problem II. Analyze and interpret the data III. Share the results with other scientists IV. Develop a hypothesis V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis A) I → II → III → IV → V B) III → I → V → II → IV C) V →IV → III → II → I D) I → IV → V → II → III E) V → II → I → III → IV 4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments? J) In the experimental group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the control group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made. K) In the control group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the experimental group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made. L) In the experimental group, a chosen...
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...It was raining as they drove out of Tacoma that morning. When the first car appeared he could see it from a long way off, dragging a cloud of mist like a parachute, and when it passed he touched the wipers to clear things up and his mind flashed to a scene of a black road, still wet, running toward mountains larded with snow like fatty meat. For some reason it made him happy, and he hadn’t been happy in a while. By seven the rain was over. The line of open sky in the east was razor sharp. He looked over at the miniature jeans, the sweatshirt bunched beneath the seat belt’s strap, the hiking boots dangling off the floor like weights. “You OK?” he said. “You have to pee?” He slowed and drove the car onto the shoulder and the boy got out to pee. He looked at him standing on that rise in the brome and the bunchgrass, his little hips pushed forward. When the boy walked back to the car he swung the door open for him, then reached over and pulled the door shut and bumped out on the empty road. Not much had changed, really. A half hour out of Hoquiam he began to see the clear-cuts through the firs: a strange, white light, as if the world dropped away fifty feet out from the pavement. He hoped the boy wouldn’t notice. The two of them had been talking about what to do if you saw a mountain lion (don’t run, never run), and what they’d have for lunch. Twenty minutes later they were past it, and the light behind the trees had disappeared. He’d been at the house by dawn, as he’d promised...
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...Animal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). "Animalia" redirects here. For other uses, see Animalia (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Animals Temporal range: Ediacaran – Recent PreЄЄOSDCPTJKPgN Animal diversity.png Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota (Unranked) Opisthokonta (Unranked) Holozoa (Unranked) Filozoa Kingdom: Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera Placozoa Subkingdom Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) Ctenophora Cnidaria Bilateria (unranked) Orthonectida Rhombozoa Acoelomorpha Chaetognatha Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Xenoturbellida Vetulicolia † Protostomia (unranked) Superphylum Ecdysozoa Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Superphylum Platyzoa Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Sipuncula Hyolitha † Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Synonyms Metazoa Haeckel, 1874 Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals must ingest other organisms or their products for...
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...Tree Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), a broad-leaved tree European larch (Larix decidua), a coniferous tree Lepidodendron, an extinct lycophyte tree In botany, a tree is a plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting leaves or branches. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants, only plants that are usable as lumber, only plants above a specified height or only perennial species. At its broadest, trees include the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboo. A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy by photosynthesis, providing the food needed by the tree for its growth and development. Flowers and fruit may also be present, but some trees such as conifers instead have pollen cones and seed cones, and others such as tree ferns produce spores instead. Trees tend to be long-lived,[1] some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known specimen on Earth...
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...Acclaim for Yann Martel's Life of Pi "Life of Pi is not just a readable and engaging novel, it's a finely twisted length of yarn— yarn implying a far-fetched story you can't quite swallow whole, but can't dismiss outright. Life of Pi is in this tradition—a story of uncertain veracity, made credible by the art of the yarn-spinner. Like its noteworthy ancestors, among which I take to be Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, the Ancient Mariner, Moby Dick and Pincher Martin, it's a tale of disaster at sea coupled with miraculous survival—a boys' adventure for grownups." —Margaret Atwood, The Sunday Times (London) "A fabulous romp through an imagination by turns ecstatic, cunning, despairing and resilient, this novel is an impressive achievement. . . . Martel displays the clever voice and tremendous storytelling skills of an emerging master." —Publisher's Weekly (starred review) "[Life of Pi] has a buoyant, exotic, insistence reminiscent of Edgar Allen Poe's most Gothic fiction. . . . Oddities abound and the storytelling is first-rate. Yann Martel has written a novel full of grisly reality, outlandish plot, inventive setting and thought-provoking questions about the value and purpose of fiction." —The Edmonton journal "Martel's ceaselessly clever writing . . . [and] artful, occasionally hilarious, internal dialogue . . . make a fine argument for the divinity of good art." —The Gazette "Astounding and beautiful. . . . The book is a pleasure not only for the subtleties of its philosophy...
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...effort to show any potential contractor your facility, and to provide them with the necessary information. So again thank you. Here’re a few important highlights: Before we start…All of our cleaners are thoroughly trained on how to perform each cleaning task, as well as on important safety issues. Our goal is to clean each customer’s facility professionally and safely. During the start…We know a seamless, no-hassle start-up is important to every customer. So at Dikano Cleaning and Hygiene Services, we combine up-front preparation and training with strong management and direction to ensure a smooth, successful startup. After the start…A systematic approach to keep your building looking good. We offer strong management and quality control to plan for, and not lose track of, the many necessary cleaning details. In addition,...
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...Chapter 1: BUSINESS CONCEPT A) Business Name The mushroom culture is already gaining its popularity in Pangasinan, Philippines, specifically in Urdaneta City. As a vegetable, it is being added as one of the ingredients in some of Pangasinan delicacies. However, due to lack of planting materials and knowledge, the production of mushrooms is still limited. With a lot of suggestions about the name of the business, the researchers have decided as a group to use MousseronFarm. The word mushroom originated from a Late Latin word mussirio which means "of obscure origin"then was later adopted as an Old French word mousseron from the root word mousse which means "moss". From that Old French word, the name of the business was derived. A mushroom is defined as a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body. The macrofungi have fruiting bodies large enough to be seen with the naked eye and to be picked up by hand (Chang and Miles, 1992). In a narrow sense, the word mushroom also refers only to the fruitbody.Mushrooms used to be classified into the Kingdom Plantae, but now they belong to the Kingdom Fungi due tounique fungal characteristics which draw a clear line from animals or plants. Unlike green plants, mushrooms areheterotrophs. Not having chlorophyll, they cannot generate nutrients by photosynthesis, but take nutrients from outer sources. B) Business Offering 1) Properties “Mushrooms are small living organisms that look like umbrellas. They are not plants...
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