...this essay is to explain the role of cytokines in depression. Over the last few decades there have been many controversial hypotheses put forward to explain the observation of depressive symptoms in people, who have a physical injury or are under psychological stress (Schiepers, et al., 2008). Research shows that most controversy was over how the messages from the immune system were interpreted or translated into being a signal to the central nervous system (CNS). While most research agreed that there was a correlation in data between cytokines and depressive symptoms, they did not believe this indicated a causal link (Anisman, 2002). I have chosen to focus one of the most popular theories, the “cytokine theory of depression”, as I believe the research shows that it has a causal link between inflammation, cytokine activity and depressive symptoms (Roque, et al., 2009). This hypothesis recognises and explains the highly integrated processes and mechanisms that a person or animal goes through, from the initial stressor to displaying the depressive symptoms, termed as “sickness behaviour” (Dantzer, 2006). “Sickness Behaviour” is the term given to the symptoms caused by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery of the body; these symptoms overlap with the general characteristics of depression and include; decreased appetite, increased desire to sleep, cognitive dysfunction, social withdrawal and decreased sexual drive. It is believed that these symptoms result from...
Words: 2711 - Pages: 11
...pathopharmacological features of a specific disease process, this paper will provide information related to heart disease in the form of coronary artery disease (CAD). A1. Pathophysiology Analysis Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and becoming a steadily more investigated problem due to its prevalence. Much research is going into genetic, inflammatory mechanisms and neuro-hormonal factors related to CVD as scientific knowledge evolves regarding complexity of this broad pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of the subsection of CVD called CAD. This is a form of arteriosclerosis where there is progressive thickening and hardening of the vessel walls of the two major coronary arteries and their branches. The thickening is an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the wall of the artery leading to the formation of lesions and plaque buildup (McCance, K. & Huether, S., 2014). When the plaque develops on the coronary artery walls the pumping ability of the heart becomes impaired as oxygen and nutrients needed for heart function may be partially or completely impeded. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches leads to a myocardial infarction (MI) evidenced by impaired myocardial metabolism and ischemic tissue death. Depending upon the location or branch of the artery where occlusion takes place, different regions of the heart muscle are affected. This acute insult is a significant source...
Words: 4865 - Pages: 20
...About the author... .................................................................. 2 Introduction ............................................................................. 5 Part One: Sophrology ........................................................... 18 Hypnosis ..................................................................................................... 19 Sophrology.................................................................................................... 4 Suggestion................................................................................................... 64 Part Two: The Alpha Experience........................................ 93 Mind Control, Biofeedback and Alpha Waves ...................................... 94 Psychocybernetics.................................................................................... 111 The Alpha Seminar...
Words: 73560 - Pages: 295
...ACCEPTABILITY OF AVOCADO AND YOUNG COCONUT MEAT AS HEALTHY SMOOTHIE Jo V. Ambat Annie Grace A. Bustamante Nico Braselle Casaña Raymond M. de Taza Manche P. Pere A research study presented to the faculty of Home Economics, Vocational and Technical, Education Department, College of Education, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite in partial fulfilment of the requirements in HRML 24- Research I. Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Editha G. Reyes 1. INTRODUCTION The avocado is colloquially known as the Alligator Pear, reflecting its shape and the leather-like appearance of its skin. Avocado is derived from the Aztec word "ahuacatl". Avocados are the fruit from Persea americana, a tall evergreen tree that can grow up to 65 feet in height. Avocados vary in weight from 8 ounces to 3 pounds depending upon the variety. There are dozens of varieties of avocadoes. The rich and creamy Hass variety is the most popular type of avocado in the United States, and 95% of all avocados grown in the United States are produced in California, original home of the Hass variety. They are generally available throughout the year, they are the most abundant and at their best during the spring and summer in California and in October in Florida. While avocados are technically fruits, we have categorized them here as vegetables since this is how they are usually considered from a culinary perspective. Avocados can make a great base for a high-energy smoothie that will satisfy you and...
Words: 9835 - Pages: 40
...TRACING THE ORIGIN OF THE CHARACTERISTIC BAD ODOUR OF DRIED STOCK FISH PROJECT BY ADESINA ADEBOWALE T. (2011) 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information With the ever growing population and the need to store and transport food from one place to another where it is needed, food preservation becomes necessary in order to increase its shelf life and maintain its nutritional value, texture and flavor. Therefore good food preservation techniques must prevent microbial spoilage of food without affecting its quality and nutritional attributes. Fish are recognized as highly perishable having a relatively short shelf life, therefore fish requires proper handling and preservation to increase its shelf life and retain its quality and nutritional attributes. Fresh fish spoilage can be very rapid after it is caught, immediately a fish is caught it loses its natural resistance to attack by microorganism and also start to undergo both physical and chemical changes that in return bring changes in appearance, taste, smell and texture. During fish spoilage there is a breakdown of various components and formation of new compounds. This new compounds are responsible for changes in odour, flavour and texture of the fish. Fish lipids contain omega − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), especially Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids play a vital role in human nutrition, disease prevention, and health promotion. Long chain omega − 3 PUFAs cannot be synthesized...
Words: 8750 - Pages: 35
...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
Words: 120457 - Pages: 482
...Chinese Medicine, 2012, 3, 49-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cm.2012.31009 Published Online March 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/cm) Beneficial Effects of Fumaria indica on Chronic Stress-Induced Neurobehavioral and Biochemical Perturbations in Rats* Gireesh Kumar Singh1, Geeta Rai2, Shyam Sunder Chatterjee3†, Vikas Kumar1# 1 Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 3 Stettiner Str. 1, D-76138 Karlsruhe, Germany Email: #vikas.phe@itbhu.ac.in Received September 30, 2011; revised November 17, 2011; accepted November 28, 2011 ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the anti-stress activity of standardized extract of Fumaria indica (FI) through validated behavioral models of rodents followed by estimation of biochemical changes associated with chronic stress. Methods: Fifty percent ethanolic extract of FI used in this study was standardized on its contents of fumaric acid and its conjugates (0.45% and 0.35% respectively). Stressed Charles Foster rats received unpredictable foot shocks (2 mA, 1 hr, 14 days) through electric grid. FI was given orally as 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) suspension in 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. For comparison, Panax ginseng (PG) extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as standard adaptogen. Incidence of gastric ulceration, changes in...
Words: 9310 - Pages: 38
...pseudo-scientific claims. According to one definition, fad diets claim to be scientific but do not follow the scientific method in establishing their validity. What is a fad diet? There are many different definitions of what a fad diet consists of. One definition is any weight loss plan that quickly gains popularity and may become unpopular just as quick. A more specific definition is any weight loss program or aid that promises to produce dramatic weight loss in a very short amount of time. Each type of fad diet varies in the amount of food that is restricted and what types of foods may be restricted. Are fad diets healthy? The basis of these diets is usually a very restricted diet that may even eliminate certain food groups all together. Research has shown that in order to obtain the amount of nutrients our body needs on a daily basis we must consume a balanced and varied diet. Fad diets do not allow consumers to eat a well-balanced diet in most cases which causes the lack of nutrients to the body. In particular, the diets that eliminate certain foods from a person’s diet completely put the person at risk for nutrient deficiencies. Many of the diet authors will suggest that consumers take daily supplements to make up for the lost nutrients; however supplements do not provide all the plant chemicals and nutrients that our bodies need to function properly. Another risk of these diets is that they produce rapid weight loss but do not teach the person about long-term weight management...
Words: 19274 - Pages: 78
...The Art of Standards Wars Carl Shapiro Hal R. Varian S tandards wars—battles for market dominance hetween incompatible technologies—are a fixture of the information age. Based on our study of historical standards wars, we have identified several generic strategies, along with a number of winning tactics, to help companies fighting today's—and tomorrow's—battles. There is no doubt about the significance of standards battles in today's economy. Public attention is currently focused on the Browser War between Microsoft and Netscape (oops, America On-Line). Even as Judge Jackson evaluates the legality of Microsoft's tactics in the Browser War, the Audio and Video Streaming Battle is heating up between Microsoft and RealNetworks over software to deliver audio and video over the Internet. The 56k Modem War of 1997 pitted 3Com against Rockwell and Lucent. Microsoft's Word and Excel have vanquished WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3 respectively. Most everyone remembers the Video-Cassette Recorder Duel of the 1980s, in which Matsushita's VHS format triumphed over Sony's Betamax format. However, few recall how Philips's digital compact cassette and Sony's minidisk format both flopped in the early 1990s. This year, it's DVD versus Divx in the battle to replace both VCRs and CDs. Virtually every high-tech company has some role to play in these battles, perhaps as a primary combatant, more likely as a member of a coalition or Prepared for the Cnlifornia Management Review.Jh'is material...
Words: 11753 - Pages: 48
...Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding the possibility of using Type 2 diabetic drugs in the treatment of AD. In this paper, a research review is conducted to expand on the potential use of T2DM diabetic drugs in treating AD. A literature review is being carried out on different papers written by authors. A systematic literature review is conducted where results they obtained and a discussion carried out on the same....
Words: 9399 - Pages: 38
...19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding the possibility of using Type 2 diabetic drugs in the treatment of AD. In this paper, a research review is conducted to expand on the potential use of T2DM diabetic drugs in treating AD. A literature review is being carried out on different papers written by authors. A systematic literature review is conducted where results they obtained and a discussion carried out on the same. In Benedict...
Words: 9434 - Pages: 38
...TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Tennis Recovery: A Comprehensive Review of the Research Copyright © 2010 United States Tennis Association Inc. ISBN 978-0-692-00528-6 Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, Todd S. Ellenbecker, W. Ben Kibler TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD Introduction In the last two decades, physical training and competitive opportunities have increased dramatically in junior, collegiate and professional tennis. This arose due to a multitude of factors, but much of it has stemmed from an increase in knowledge and understanding of scientifically based training programs focused on improving performance. As this focus on performance has increased, the area of recovery has received relatively limited focus. Recovery is a multi-faceted paradigm focusing on recovery from training—session to session, day to day and week to week. Recovery is also vitally important during training as well as in competition between matches and between days during multi-day tournaments. As more information is needed in the area of tennis specific recovery, the Sport Science Committee of the United States Tennis Association (USTA) sponsored an extensive evidence-based...
Words: 64903 - Pages: 260
...LAS 432 Course Capstone Project Robotic Surgery (LAS 432 - 08) Robert Clark April 19, 2015 Team F Team Leader: Dylan Zinkiewicz - D# 03342318 Team Members: Alisha Young - D# 01615918 Antonice Thomas - D# 01487783 Brooke White - D# 01489597 Katherine Vega - D# 01487783 Contents Alisha Young Intro to Robotic Surgery 2 Antonice Thomas Timeline 10 Overview 15 The Future 17 Dylan Zinkiewicz Economic Talk 19 Marketing & Media Influence 24 Katherine Vega Psychological considerations and Sociological effects 29 Environmental Implications 33 Brooke White Ethics and Legal Issues 37 Conclusion 45 References 46 Intro to Robotic Surgery Robotic surgery is defined in the medical dictionary as "the performance of operative procedures with the assistance of robotic technology" ("Robotic," n.d.). Robotic surgery is an emerging technology that began its experimental phase in 1985 with the introduction of the PUMA 560 robotic arm. The first use of a robot for a surgical procedure was a neurosurgical biopsy, recorded in 1985. Following this successful surgery was the first laparoscopic surgery using the same kind of robot; the robotic arm. In 1987, a successful cholecystectomy was performed. In 1988, doctors decided to use the PUMA 560 robotic arm for a transurethral resection procedure. Finally, in 1990, the Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning (AESOP) became known as the first system to be approved by the Food and...
Words: 14576 - Pages: 59
...Answers to Conceptual Integrated Science End-of-Chapter Questions Chapter 1: About Science Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 The era of modern science in the 16th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside...
Words: 81827 - Pages: 328
...EFSA Scientific Report (2009) 231, 1-107 SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION AND ASSISTANCE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA Review of the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides 1 Report of the DATEX Working Group on β-casomorphins (Question N° EFSA-Q-2008-379) Issued on 29 January 2009 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS Ivano De Noni, Richard J. FitzGerald, Hannu J. T. Korhonen, Yves Le Roux, Chris T. Livesey, Inga Thorsdottir, Daniel Tomé, Renger Witkamp. 1 For citation purposes: Scientific Report of EFSA prepared by a DATEX Working Group on the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides. EFSA Scientific Report (2009) 231, 1-107 © European Food Safety Authority, 2009 Review of the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides SUMMARY Proteins are a very diverse family of large organic compounds involved in many important biological processes. Following their enzymatic hydrolysis during food processing or digestion, proteins may release fragments from their primary amino acid sequence. These fragments are called peptides, and many of them are known to be physiologically active. The possible beneficial effects of bioactive peptides have attracted increasing interest in recent years. On the other hand, there are also reports suggesting that some food-derived peptides might adversely affect human health. Among these, β-casomorphin-7 (BCM7), a peptide sequence present in the milk protein β-casein, has been suggested to...
Words: 50772 - Pages: 204
