...Chapter 10 Property, Plant, and Equipment and Intangible Assets: Acquisition and Disposition AACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise, and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 7e, with the following AACSB learning skills: |Questions |AACSB Tags |Brief Exercises |AACSB Tags | |10–1 |Reflective thinking |10–13 |Analytic | |10–2 |Reflective thinking |10–14 |Analytic | |10–3 |Reflective thinking |10–15 |Analytic | |10–4 |Reflective thinking |10–16 |Analytic | |10–5 |Reflective thinking |Exercises cont. |AACSB Tags | |10–6 |Reflective thinking ...
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...markets for the instruments were active or inactive and whether there was a significant decease in the volume and level of activity for the instruments. b. The valuation technique used by FFC c. The classification in the fair value hierarchy for each input into the fair value measurement and how these classifications affects classification in the fair value hierarchy of the entire instrument. We will answer these questions by each instrument separately: First, Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) Before September30th, 2010, FFC was in an active market, and it determined the fair value of the CDO by using a market-based valuation technique that relies on inputs such as quotes prices for similar CDO securities and requires only insignificant adjustments. After that, there was a significant decrease in the volume and level of activities and the CDO’s market was not active. Besides, significant adjustments are required to determine fair value as of the measurement date given the lack of recent and relevant transactions. The valuation techniques FFC used for CDO is income approach, because this way could maximize the use of relevant observable input and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There are two factors FFC mainly considered in the fair value measurement. Frist, FFC considered the implied rate of return on September 30, 2010, which is the last date of active market for CDO. This is the Level 1 input. According to ASC820-10-35-40, Level 1 inputs are quoted market...
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...The concept of Fair Value Fair value is defined as “the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction”. Prior to the introduction of Fair Value Accounting (FVA), accounting was carried out on a historical cost basis. However there were many limitations of Historical Cost accounting (HCA). HCA assumes money holds a constant purchasing power. It ignores specific price-level change, general price-level change and fluctuations in exchange rates. During inflationary periods, HCA can become irrelevant and can lead to an erosion of operating capacity. IASB framework states “the objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. It also states “financial statements also show the results of stewardship of management, or accountability of management for the resources entrusted to it”. FVA is superior to historical cost accounting for these purposes. FVA is dominant in numerous IFRS’s and IAS’s. The IASB have yet to finalise an IFRS on fair value measurement, but it is expected it will have been completed by early 2011. Furthermore, the IASB is developing extra educational material to accompany the publication of the IFRS on fair value measurement. This material will give a description on the thought process for the measurement of assets, liabilities...
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...Financial Accounting Standards Board. Positions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board are arrived at only after extensive due process and deliberation. 2. Overview Financial reporting topics Exposure draft, Business Combinations (joint with the IASB) Exposure draft, Consolidated Financial Statements, Including Accounting and Reporting of Noncontrolling Interests in Subsidiaries (a replacement of ARB 51) Fair value measurement Proposals for optional fair value measurements Exposure draft, Accounting for Uncertain Tax Positions, an interpretation of SFAS 109 Performance reporting Share based payment (SFAS 123R) 3. Joint IASB-FASB project on business combinations Intent => replace SFAS 141 and converge with international standards Will include mutual enterprises Will include acquisitions of businesses through means other than a purchase of net assets or equity interests A separate project is addressing business combinations involving not-for-profit organizations General principle: recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at fair value Exceptions : income taxes, benefit plan obligations, operating leases Departure from the cost-based provisions in APB 16, which also appeared in SFAS 141 as originally issued Joint IASB-FASB Exposure Draft is available at the FASB’s website 4. Joint IASB-FASB project on business combinations Examples of proposed changes, relative to current practice Business combination achieved in stages Sometimes called...
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...driven by a dramatic fall of $US 8.5 billion in Lehman’s revenues from principal transactions, which include realized and unrealized gains or losses from financial instruments and other inventory positions owned. A significant portion of the downward shift in principal transactions revenues is actually explained by unrealized losses of $US 1.6 billion in the first semester of 2008 vs. unrealized gains of $US 200 million in the first semester of 2007. Thus, accounting at fair value for some financial assets amplified Lehman's downward earnings performance. Hence, it can be put forward that FVA, through its magnifying impact on earnings volatility, may have contributed to aggravate investors', regulators' and governments' perceptions with respect to the severity of the crisis, itself characterized by record volatility in the prices of many securities and goods. On a related note, the increased volatility brought forward by FVA is conducive to the use of equity-based compensation, especially stock options, which value is then enhanced (according to the Black-Scholes model, volatility is one of the key inputs in option valuation). Prior research 此前的研究 suggests that there is a strong association between performance volatility and the use of stock options. 選項。 20 20 Through FVA, the outcomes from aggressive risk-taking in investment and financing strategies will directly flow into reported earnings, thus further leveraging the potential gains to be derived from stock options and other...
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...FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT: IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND CHALLENGES (PART 1) (by Tuam Kwok Choon and Ng Kean Kok) INTRODUCTION Since the promulgation of fair value accounting by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the subject matter has been hotly debated by industry players and professionals of the accounting fraternity the world over. Many problems and pitfalls have been highlighted on the "mark-to-market" premise. For example, David Gwilliam and Richard H.G. Jackson (2008) noted that Enron "was able to 'monetize' physical assets so as to bring them within the remit of mark to market accounting", suggesting misuse of fair value measurement. Fair value is said to be superior to other forms of measurement because it is easily understood by investors and stakeholders. It is also timely, neutral, representationally faithful, reliable, relevant, comparable and consistent. Fair value reporting is deemed to be more transparent and investor-confident. However equally important is that fair value measurement is subject to constraints such as human judgment, the location and condition of the asset/liability being measured, the determination of market, the most advantageous market value as against the entity's perspective, transaction price presumption (exit price verses entry price in different markets), the bid-ask spread of financial instsruments, and transportation cost exclusion, to name a few. Brief definition of fair value: Defined as, “The price that would be received...
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...Project Summary Background The objective of this project is to provide guidance to entities on how they should measure the fair value of assets and liabilities when required by other Standards. This project will not change when fair value measurement is required by IFRSs. Discussion at the September 2005 IASB Meeting At the September 2005 meeting, the IASB added the Fair Value Measurements topic to its agenda. The aim of the project is to provide guidance to entities on how they should measure the fair value of assets and liabilities when required by other Standards. This project will not change when fair value measurement is required by IFRSs. Discussion at the November 2005 IASB Meeting The staff conducted an education session on the FASB's working draft of a final Statement on Fair Value Measurements. In addition, the staff reviewed the scope of FASB's Fair Value Measurements project as it relates to IFRSs and the issues and questions to be addressed in preparing an IASB Exposure Draft and related Invitation to Comment. No decisions were made. At a previous meeting, the Board decided to issue the FASB's final Statement on Fair Value Measurements as an IASB Exposure Draft with an Invitation to Comment. The appendices in the FASB document dealing with consequential amendments and references to US GAAP pronouncements will be replaced with proposed consequential amendments and references to IFRSs. The Board further decided that there should be limited changes to the FASB's...
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...June 2010, Vol.6, No.6 (Serial No.61) Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, ISSN 1548-6583, USA Fair value accounting under financial crisis HE Cai-xia1, ZHANG Chi2 (1. School of Accounting, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; 2. School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China) Abstract: The recent financial crisis has led to a vigorous debate about the pros and cons of fair-value accounting (FVA). This debate presents a major challenge for FVA going forward and standard setters’ push to extend FVA into other areas. In this article, we highlight three important issues as an attempt to make sense of the debate. First, much of the controversy results from confusion about what is new and different about FVA. Second, while there are legitimate concerns about marking to market (or pure FVA) in times of financial crisis, it is less clear that these problems apply to FVA as stipulated by the accounting standards, be it IFRS or U.S. GAAP. Third, historical cost accounting (HCA) is unlikely to be the remedy. There are a number of concerns about HCA as well and these problems could be larger than those with FVA. Key words: fair value accounting; historical cost accounting; financial crisis 1. Introduction The recent financial crisis has turned the spotlight on fair-value accounting (FVA) and led to a major policy debate involving among others the U.S. Congress, the European Commission as well banking...
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...How did Financial Reporting Contribute to the Financial Crisis? Mary E. Barth & Wayne R. Landsman a a b Graduate School of Business , Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA b Kenan–Flagler Business School , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA Published online: 07 Jul 2010. To cite this article: Mary E. Barth & Wayne R. Landsman (2010) How did Financial Reporting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?, European Accounting Review, 19:3, 399-423, DOI: 10.1080/09638180.2010.498619 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2010.498619 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the...
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...rules generally produce the most realistic valuations of derivatives, a heated debate broke out over their application in a dislocated market. The foremost concern was that forcing financial institutions to mark down assets to their current market prices actually causes further declines. Regulators largely dismissed such concerns, but acknowledged that the existing standards could use additional clarification and modification. Many scholarly studies have since concurred that the rules should not be replaced, but suggest that additional measures should be taken to avoid their potential procyclical effects. Journal of Derivatives & Hedge Funds (2011) 17, 122–132. doi:10.1057/jdhf.2011.6; published online 9 June 2011 Keywords: mark-to-market; fair value accounting; credit default swaps; derivatives; AIG INTRODUCTION And it came to pass at the end of two full years,...
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...IFRS 13 Fair value measurement IFRS 13 Fair value values 21st century real estate measurement Implications for the real estate 21st century real estate values and construction industry Implications for the real estate and construction industries Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principal impacts of the new standard 3. The definition of fair value 4. The concept of ‘highest and best use’ 4.1 Assessment 4.2 Valuing the highest and best use — alternative use and asset modifications 4.3 Highest and best use and impairment testing 5. The valuation premise for property interests 6. Assessing whether an appraisal complies with IFRS 13 7. Appropriate valuation techniques 8. Applying the fair value hierarchy to real estate appraisals 9. Expanded disclosure requirements 10. Final thoughts 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 IFRS 13 Fair value measurement — 21st century real estate values Implications for the real estate and construction industries 1 1. Introduction IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement has been recently released by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). 2. Principal impacts of the new standard For real estate entities, the adoption of IFRS 13 could result in significant changes to processes and procedures for determining fair value and providing the required disclosures. While the requirement to determine fair value by reference to market participants is not new, the definition of fair value in IFRS 13 differs from that proposed by International Valuation Standards (IVS)...
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...Fair Value Accounting: Understanding the Issues Raised by the Credit Crunch Prepared by Stephen G. Ryan Professor of Accounting and Peat Marwick Faculty Fellow Stern School of Business New York University July 2008 This white paper was commissioned by the Council of Institutional Investors to educate its members, policymakers and the general public about fair value accounting and its potential impact on investors. The views and opinions expressed in the paper are those of Professor Ryan and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of Council members, board of directors or staff. Contents Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Background Information Abstracting from the Credit Crunch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 III. FAS 157. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 IV. Potential Criticisms of Fair Value Accounting During the Credit Crunch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 V. Summary of Reasons Why Some Believe that Fair Value Accounting Benefits Investors. . . . . . 15 VI. Summary of Reasons Why Some Believe that Fair Value Accounting Hurts Investors . . . . . . . . 17 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Executive Summary Fair value accounting is a financial reporting approach...
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...An alternative approach to measurement that seeks to capture changes in asset and liability values over time. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) defines fair value as "... an amount at which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable and willing parties in an arms length transaction". Under the fair value measurement approach, assets and liabilities are re-measured periodically to reflect changes in their value, with the resulting change impacting either net income or other comprehensive income for the period. The result is a balance sheet that better reflects the current value of assets and liabilities. The cost is greater volatility in periodic reported performance caused by changes in fair value. The notion of fair value accounting is intuitive when applied to quoted investments such as equities, bonds, commodities, etc. that are carried in an entity’s balance sheet at their market value. This form of fair value accounting is often termed mark-to-market accounting. However, while market prices are one aspect of fair value measurement, the term is increasingly being used to describe measurement by other means. For example, accountants often arrive at an estimate of fair value for non-quoted investments based on a model (e.g., a share option valued by applying a specialist option valuation model) or specialist opinion. Such applications of fair value measurement are referred to as mark-to-model accounting. The IASB has followed US standard-setters...
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...ACCT 301 – intermediate Accounting 1 Case Study Due date: December 3, 2015 Objectives of the Case: This case gives students the opportunity to apply the guidance in ASC 350 to determine: • What goodwill impairment indicators should be evaluated. • Whether an interim period step 1 impairment test should be performed Applicable Professional Pronouncements: ASC 350-20, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other: Goodwill (ASC 350-20) ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (ASC 820) Research Databases: Use the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Database to research the authoritative literature (FASB pronouncements) relevant to the issues in question. The web link and login information of the database is available on D2L. Instructions: a) Your name, class section, and responses must be typed on this document. b) Write your answer right below each question using ARIAL font size 11 unless specified otherwise. c) Your responses must be clear, concise, supported with persuasive arguments, and free from grammatical and spelling errors. d) There is no limit on the length of your response. e) Two submission formats are required: (1) an electronic version must be submitted via designated D2L drop box, and (2) a hard copy version must be submitted at the beginning of the class on the due date. Late submission will not be accepted (no exceptions). f) For hard copy submission, only print the cover page and the pages containing your responses. It must be...
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...Fair Value Accounting: The Road to Be Most Travelled By Rock Lefebvre, Elena Simonova and Mihaela Scarlat Fair Value Accounting: The Road to Be Most Travelled By Rock Lefebvre, Elena Simonova and Mihaela Scarlat December 2009 Sponsored by the Certified General Accountants Association of Ontario Introduction ................................................................................................................................ Fair Value Accounting – An Overview....................................................................................... 4 5 Critique of Fair Value Accounting ............................................................................................. 14 Arguments in Support of Fair Value Accounting ....................................................................... 17 Concluding Remarks.................................................................................................................. 20 2 Issue in Focus Executive Summary The use of fair value accounting has gained momentum and has proven to attract a level of attention rarely witnessed in the annals of accounting practice. One of the driving forces is the belief endorsed by some that fair value accounting initiated and aggravated the recent credit crisis. In light of these circumstances, it is considered timely to advance awareness in relation to fair value accounting and to clarify the competing arguments in favour of, and against, the use of...
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