...of all amateur players. Since then rules have changed and now the use of professional athletes is allowed in Olympic competition. It is my belief that the use of professional athletes in Olympic competition ruins the pride and glory of the games. Prior to 1952 only amateur athletes were allowed in the Olympic Games, both winter and summer. Then the Soviet Union and its 14 Communist allies entered the games. They trained 8 hours a day, 365 days a year. They won most of the gold, silver and bronze during the 1970s and 1980s. None of these athletes were amateur, and yet they were allowed to compete in the Olympics because the communist athletes were not definable as “pros” It was unfair, so in 1986 the International Olympic Committee changed its rule book to allow "all the world's great male and female athletes to participate." This switch was perhaps best exemplified by the American Dream Team, composed of NBA stars, which won Olympic gold metal in 92, 96, and 2000. The U.S. basketball team dominated the sport until 2004 where they only got bronze in Athens. The U.S. dominated because all their playeres were professional NBA stars. This takes hope away from other countries who want a chance to win and even Americans who would like a chance to play for their country but can’t because it is being dominated by professionals. If you bring in professional athletes in basketball, you are going to be in a situation where one country dominates the sport. Using amateur athletes makes...
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...(Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjsp20 Do weight categories prevent athletes from relative age effect? Nicolas Delorme To cite this article: Nicolas Delorme (2014) Do weight categories prevent athletes from relative age effect?, Journal of Sports Sciences, 32:1, 16-21, DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.809470 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.809470 Published online: 24 Jul 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 342 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 5 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rjsp20 Download by: [Universiteit Leiden / LUMC] Date: 31 May 2016, At: 04:05 Journal of Sports Sciences, 2014 Vol. 32, No. 1, 16–21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.809470 Do weight categories prevent athletes from relative age effect? NICOLAS DELORME University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire Cultures, Education, Sociétés, Bordeaux, France Downloaded by [Universiteit Leiden / LUMC] at 04:05 31 May 2016 (Accepted 24 May 2013) Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether weight categories prevent young athletes from being exposed to a relative age effect. The dates of birth of all French female (n = 727) and male (n = 5440) amateur boxers who participated in the 2010–2011 season were collected from the federation database. The...
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...Miller COM 210-003 Persuasive Speech 4/4/12 Topic: Should college athletes be paid to play sports? Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience why collegiate athletes should not be paid to play. Introduction Opening Comment: Image that you just scored the game-winning basket in the NCAA basketball tournament championship. Your shot just helped the school get tens of millions of dollars. Now by a show of hands, how many of you think that you should earn a share of that money? Central Idea: One of the most controversial and prominent topics in sports today is whether or not schools should pay their student-athletes to play their sports. I am going to argue as to why they should not be paid to play. Preview of Main Points: I will talk about five key reasons as to why collegiate athletes do not deserve to be paid to play. These are because of already established scholarships, would lead to decreased competition, the fact that there isn’t enough money for schools to give out already, a removal of innocence would occur, and recruiting would suffer among schools. Transition: First, I will explain why collegiate athletes already receive enough money from scholarships and free tuition. Body I. Tuition and the “Student” A. Already receiving thousands of dollars from athletic scholarships 1. According to a Parade Magazine article, Division I student athletes can receive between $20,000 and $50,000 per year. 2. A study done by a Big...
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...Adam Andrews vs. Alex Michaels[/b] [i]Singles[/i] As the bell rings, the amateur-based rookie Andrews paces around the returning/debuting Alex Michaels, who keeps a wary eye on the younger superstar. After several seconds of pondering his first move, Adam lunges from behind with a waistlock, gripping his arms around the submissionist. Andrews tries to pull Michaels off of his feet with a German Suplex, but the veteran is wily enough to keep himself on solid ground, throwing back a few stiff elbows to help his cause. Andrews manages to catch one elbow in his temple, stumbling back a step, taking a spinning back elbow from The Climax, who sends him against the ropes. Michaels fires off a quick boot to the grappler's midsection, attempting an Irish whip to the opposite ring ropes, but Andrews manages to reverse it. As Alex comes back toward the rookie, Andrews grabs his arm, but Michaels reverses it into a hammerlock, applying pressure to the rookie's shoulder. Adam reaches back with a 3/4 facelock, looking to reverse the hold with his free arm, causing Michaels to act quickly and launch himself onto Andrews' back, releasing the hammerlock in favor of a rear naked choke! The amateurist starts to flail a bit, feeling the pressure against his windpipe... but as Andrews feels himself unable to pry the veteran's grip off of his throat, the rookie makes a desperate move, backing up against the turnbuckle, slamming Alex Michaels against the corner! As the young athlete comes back out...
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...Olympics Bloom appeared on MTV, and thereafter was offered various paid entertainment opportunities. Even though Bloom is getting paid entertainment he is not under the NCAA for world-class skier for the paid opportunity; such as host show on Nickelodeon, commercial certain ski equipment and he contracted with Tommy Hilfiger for modeling clothes. Which bring us to the case of Jeremy Bloom Plaintiff-Appellant vs. National Collegiate Athletic Association and unincorporated associations; and the University of Colorado a body corporate. Defendants-Appellees. In his complaint, Bloom alleged; (1) as a third-party beneficiary of the contract between the NCAA and it members, he is entitled to enforce NCAA bylaws permitting him to engage in and receive remuneration from a professional sport different from his amateur sport; (2) as applied to the facts of this case, the NCAA’s restrictions on endorsements and media appearances were arbitrary and capricious; and (3) those restrictions constituted improper and unconscionable restraint of trade. RULES:...
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...Ethical issues regarding the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports In the history of 20th century sports, specifically in the post World War 2 era, there has been an ever increasing use of performance enhancing drugs in all avenues of sport. Sports have become money making machine for both athletes and big business and the “win at all costs” attitude which has permeated itself into all aspects of professional and college level athletics. Winners make money, losers don’t. The temptation of fame, notoriety and million dollar contracts in all venues of sport is a lure for many athletes. Elite professional athletes are worshiped in today’s society. This paper will elaborate on the use of performance enhancing drugs in the sporting world and the associated sports ethical issues. It is a majority belief in all sporting circles that the “true” spirit of sportsmanship does not allow any aspect of performance enhancing drugs. There are several arguments both in favor and against the use of performance enhancing drugs which will be presented and discussed in this paper. While addressing this ethical issue, we need to define the term ethics. Ethics can be defined as the socially accepted norms and values. These norms and values are varied from society to society and are based on culture and tradition. Ethics also could be defined as the unsaid, un-written and understood laws that prevail in a society. Ethics also cover what is right and what is wrong in society and teaches...
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...Instructor’s Comments: Table of Contents Introduction Many students who are currently active players for their university's football team are struggling to make ends meet. They simply don't have the funds to buy new clothes, tools for education, or even food not supplied by the university. To make matters worse, the NCAA has created policies restricting players from pursuing avenues of being compensated for services. These policies make living situations for many of the players very uncomfortable. In business, there are unions who protect employees from abuse and unfair treatment in the workplace. Unfortunately for the players, there isn't any one privatized union representing the best interest of student-athletes. Private interest groups exercise most efforts toward the rights of players, and player...
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...History Generosity is a quality, the desire to give to others without being asked. Before even the enactment of any legislation, philanthropists helped to shape the way we organize to support the less fortunate. The history of charitable organizations in the United States originated almost at the same time as the formation of our new nation. Benjamin Franklin, was one the founders of our nations and the earliest American philanthropists. He founded the University of Pennsylvania to educate youth. The early setters formed charitable and voluntary associations to help with issues of the era like education, orphanages, and illness (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley & Stanton, 2008 p. 1). Young Americans were able to form charitable organizations to fill gaps in the social welfare programs. Back then, charities were mainly hospitals and orphanages support by religious groups and wealthy individuals. During the 19th century, these organizations were controlled and founded by private corporations or a person (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley & Stanton, 2008 p. 2). The bloom of the American industry gave birth to bigger corporations; at the same time, the increase of more formal charitable organizations. It wasn’t until the late 19th century that government began paying more attention to this new sector. The first legislation the government imposed was in1894, the Tariff Act that established a flat two percent tax to corporate income, but excluded charities. However, the Tariff Act was...
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...The Money or The Passion: Is Money in Professional Sport Ruining the Ethos of the Game? Ross Schreuder Supervisor: Mr. Werth English Teacher: Mrs. Schroeder Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. History and Evolution of Sport 3 3. What is the Ethos of Sport? 4 4. Positive and Negative Influences of Money in Sport and an Evaluation of their Impact on its Ethos 5 4.1 Doping: 5 4.2 Throwing Matches/ Match Fixing: 6 4.3 Other Factors Contributing to Unethical Behaviour in Sport 7 4.4 Sportsmanship vs. Gamesmanship 8 4.5 The Money in Barclays Premier League 9 4.5.1 Stadium naming rights 10 4.5.2 Transfers and Individual Sponsorships 10 4.6 Philanthropy 11 5. Conclusion 11 Bibliography 12 1. Introduction Money is, undoubtedly, evident in every aspect of professional sport. Player sponsorships and contracts, team ownership, stadia, media - its everywhere. If sport was not about the game, then arguably, sport would be about the money. Each and every week, transfers of players are made, ticket offices receive income, and money is handed from one profiteering person to the next. Where sport is widely thought to be about fair play, professional sport is, in fact, like war. There can only be one winner and what one team or individual gains, the other loses. Many sportsmen and women around the world are caught up with winning, not just because of the prowess of a title but, also because professionalism is now about money and...
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...The use of video feedback as a performance analysis coaching tool in amateur level ice hockey. Martin Lee Bachelor’s Thesis Degree Programme in Sports and Leisure Management. 2011 Abstract Date of presentation 11.5.2011 Group or year of entry DP VI Number of pages and appendices 48 +2 Degree programme Author or authors Martin Lee Title of report The use of video feedback as a performance analysis coaching tool in amateur level ice hockey. Teacher/s or supervisor/s Mika Vähälummukka, Kari Savolainen With the advancement of digital video and computer technology over the past ten years there has been a considerable increase noted in the use of video analysis as a coaching tool in ice hockey. This has been especially noted in the greater Montreal area of Canada, where coaches are often under pressure to develop emerging talented players who aspire to a pro hockey career. The purpose of this research was to investigate how much performance analysis through video was being used and what it was being used for. The focus area was on amateur teams from midget level through to college and junior pro, such as the QMJHL. To collect data a questionnire was used to survey the coaches and players views on using video analysis as a tool for coaching. The study was done in Montreal Quebec, Canada with coaches that ranged from midget grade, through junior to college and men’s pro. The survey covered what video analysis is currently being used for, what both the coaches and players...
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...From the source it says, “Severity of sports injuries can be described on the basis of 6 criteria: the nature of the sports injury; the duration and nature of treatment; sporting time lost; working time lost; permanent damage; and cost.” (Mechelen, Hlobil, & Kemper, 1992) Just by eating healthy and stretching before a game you can help your chances of sustaining an injury. Although there are many other prevention methods, these are easiest to follow. This article proved some very good points but it also described sport injuries as,” the method count injuries (e.g. prospective vs. retrospective); the method used to establish the population at risk; and on the representativeness of the sample.” (Mechelen, Hlobil, & Kemper, 1992) One of the biggest problems I ran into was finding a good source, but only being able to pull a small amount of information from it due to conflicting definitions with my previous...
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...dunks. As time has passed by, the rules and the way the game is played has changed. New rules were implemented to make the game more enjoyable and create more of a competitive balance for all those who play. Players were given titles for the position they played like for example, the tallest player on the team was called the center. While the shortest player on the team or the person who dribbled the ball the best was called the point guard. The history of basketball has correlated with the history of the US during the 20th century. As the game and the country began to evolve, the game of basketball became the 2nd most played sport in the world behind soccer. Some of the major events in American history in the 20th century such as Brown vs. Board of Education impacted the growth and development of basketball in the beginning. Although, whites and blacks both played basketball, they did not play with or against each other until the 1950s on a pro level. Basketball was the only one of the four major sports to be played in the Olympics. Because the rules of basketball were easy to play and understand, the sport began to grow globally. Basketball players became international super stars and sports heroes. As the country began to have diversity, sport of basketball began to grow it took on a racial connotation and was deemed a “thug league” by the some members of the...
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...early 1950’s. The team’s coach was determined to give his athletes a competitive advantage by always finding the newest and most efficient gear, and began designing and producing sneakers with very limited resources. After twenty-one years of creative turmoil and a superficial, lean order-by-order manufacturing system, the Nike brand was finally formally launched in 1971. Eugene Oregon remains the home of the Nike brand and the corporation’s headquarters. Understanding that a distinctive, easily recognizable logo was necessary to build the company’s sales and bond with its customers, the company tried various logos throughout the years. In 1980 the company settled on the final Nike, Inc. logo, referred to as the swoosh, and recognized around the world as the mark of the quality Nike brand. As Nike’s newest advertising agency, our firm will be focusing our efforts toward improving the sustainable competitive advantage of Nike Running shoes. II. Buyer Behavior Nike Inc. currently represents thirty percent of the athletic apparel and accessories industry. The market is comprised of professional athletes, amateur athletes, those devoted to personal fitness, and trendy young adults continuously seeking the latest fashion trends and social recognition. Nike nurtures brand loyal consumers by publishing positive reviews and testimonials, and disseminating product specifications and information. The company recognizes that athletes would rather purchase products that are going to enhance...
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...Jared Dickerson PSYC120-1204A-3 The Mind of A champion: Profile on Mike Tyson November 11, 12 What the first thing that comes to mind when you think of Mike Tyson? The man who once told a reporter he was going to rape him? Or, the man who overcame the odds rose to the top to become champion? I choose to do a psychological sketch on Tyson because he was once the richest and best-known athlete in the world, but still remains one of the hardest people to understand. Mike Tyson was born June 30th 1966 in Brooklyn, New York. By the age of two he was living with his 5 siblings in a single parent household in Brownsville New York, one of the toughest neighborhoods in the city. Having being exposed to domestic violence at an early age, Tyson would build a love for training pigeon as an escape of his reality. At age 9, a 15-year-old gang member decapitated one of Tyson’s beloved pigeons by turning it’s head slowly till it snapped off. Seeing this Tyson attacked the boy like a wild animal and brutally beat him. From that point Tyson reputation began to grow in his neighborhood. Tyson was quoted in an interview stating, “I never saw my mother happy with me and proud of me for doing something. She only knew me as being a wild kid running the streets, coming home with new clothes that she knew I didn't pay for. I never got a chance to talk to her or know about her. Professionally, it has no effect, but it's crushing emotionally and personally." If a child doesn’t...
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..._____________________________________________________________________________p.3 -brands and products _________________________________________________________________________p.3 -strategies and values _____________________________________________________________________p.3, 4 Being a product line manager in the Adidas Group - qualities and skills required to work for the Adidas group __________________________p.4 -qualities and skills more specific to a product line manager _________________________p.4 Relevant theoretical concept: the charismatic leadership model -main qualities and skills _____________________________________________________________________p.5 -limitations and potential disadvantages of a charismatic leader ___________________p.5 Theory vs. practice analysis -the various similarities between a charismatic leader and a product line manager ____________________________________________________________________________________________________p.6 -nevertheless, several characteristics differ between theory and practice ______p.6, 7 Conclusion ______________________________________________________________________________________p.7 Bibliography_________________________________________________________________________________p.8, 9 Introduction Leaders are essential for a firm to be successful: a leader...
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