...Ainsworth was to test and study the attachment of a child with their parent. This is imperative to any reader because even if you're not planning on having children, everyone will eventually interact with one. This being said, the study not only observed the attachment of a child on their mother, but also the changes in their behavior around a stranger. As a parent, it would be beneficial to read and learn about the way a child might think and react around different people in different scenarios. As a student, it's beneficial to read about Ainsworth's studies to be able to psychologically understand how a child might react around different people. The research method used in Mary Ainsworth's...
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...opportunity for optimal attachment to the mother or both parents. This is a crucial time for the baby, during this time the infant will attachment to its parents and forms either a secure attachment, insecure avoidance attachment or insecure ambivalent attachment. Attachment is considered a social concept in childhood development because; it lays the foundation for relationships with parents, siblings, friends and relatives. It also effects whether or not the child will grow up with the ability to hold fulfilling and successful relationships. When a child grows up with a secure attachment to both parents, they tend to have great problem solving skills as well as social skills. It also provides the starting point for the child to grow into a secure individual capable of have strong and stable emotional bonds with others. There are three attachment qualities in the developing child; secure attachment, insecure avoidance and insecure ambivalent attachment. When a child is securely attached to the parent they have a stable emotional bond with the parent. They are upset with the parent leaves however they experience a smaller amount of separation anxiety than the others. Also when the parent returns, the child actively seeks to be near the parent once again. Insecure avoidance attachment is just the opposite; they have anxious emotional bond with the parent and tend to shy away from the parent when he/she returns. A child with an insecure ambivalent attachment tends to have mixed...
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...individualistic cultures people associated personal strength traits with beauty. On the other hand, in collective cultures beautiful is associated with integrity. 3. What are the three main types of attachment styles? Describe characteristics of each one, as well as how adults categorized by their attachment styles (as children) might fare in romantic relationships. Why might this be the case? (+0.5 for each attachment style, +0.5 for characteristics of each, +1 for each romantic relationship, and +1 for explanation: 7points total) a. The three main types of attachment include secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles. Secure attachment is defined as attachment that is based on trust and the idea that one is worthy and well liked. Adults who are categorized by secure attachments are able to form mature, and long-lasting relationships as adults. Avoidant attachment refers to attachment based on suppression of the need of attachment because of neglectful caregivers. Adults who are categorized by avoidant attachments are not able to develop close, intimate relationships because they find it very difficult. Anxious/ambivalent attachment style refers to the concern that the significant other will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy. Adults who are categorized by anxious/ambivalent attachments are have a want to be close to their adult partners, but will often worry that their partners will not reciprocate the intimacy. 4. Cindy is in a relationship with Troy. She feels intense...
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...Insecure/Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment Attachment Characteristics: Children who display insecure/resistant/ambivalent attachment to their parents or caregivers are often very guarded around strangers, become extremely distraught during departures, and express aggravation when reunited (Cherry, 2016). These children are also insecure about the fact that their loved one will return making them very hard to comfort and calm down once upset. Parents may experience rejection upon their return as their child may resist them by turning or pulling away (Wardle, 2013). Parent-Teacher Communication Plan: When a child experiences insecure/resistant/ambivalent attachment, parent-teacher communication will be a key factor in resolving the issue. Parents and teachers will need to spend time discussing the child’s likes and dislikes, drop off and pick up expectations and procedures. The parents and child could also create a poster to display in the classroom that showcases the child’s favorite family members, toys, television shows, food, and pets. Conducting a home visit is another great way to help children cope with attachment problems. Home visits allow the child to get to know the teacher in their own home where they feel the most comfortable. Parents and teachers can also work together to establish an appropriate behavior chart and reward system to celebrate the child’s progression. The best way to learn about a child and make them feel more...
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...Attachment Style and Relationships Kathy Schwab PSY/220 July 29, 2012 Edward Billingslea Attachment Style and Relationships Part 1 Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love is based on three dimensions: passion, intimacy, and commitment. In Sternberg’s model passion, intimacy, and commitment each represent one side of a triangle describing the love shared by two people. Passion means strong emotion, excitement, and physiological arousal, often tied to sexual desire and attraction. Intimacy refers to mutual understanding, warm affection, and mutual concern for the other person’s welfare. Commitment is the conscious decision to stay in a relationship for the long haul. By putting together different combinations of the three ingredients, Sternberg’s model describes several varieties of love and the specific components of romantic and companionate love (Baumgardner and Crothers, 2009). Romantic love is a combination of intimacy and passion. It is more than infatuation, its liking with the added excitement of physical attraction but without commitment. Companionate love is slow-developing love built on high intimacy and a strong commitment. When youthful passions fade in a marriage, companionate love, based on deep, affectionate friendship provides a solid foundation for a lasting and successful relationship. Fatuous love combines high passion and commitment with the absence of intimacy. The commitment is based on passion and sustained solely by passion....
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...Attachment and Grief in Nonhuman Animals Although many evolutionary psychologists are opposed to using animals in comparative studies to learn about humans, they can offer insight into the adaptations seen in humans. Comparative research, “can provide evidence of adaptation in human psychological and behavioral traits by highlighting possible analogies” (Maestripieri & Roney, 2006, p. 120). Studies in other primates have shown that the attachment system and grieving is not unique to humans. The most extensive studies have been done on Rhesus Macaques. They, like humans, form an attachment system, where the function of this behavior is to remain in proximity with the mother. They show distress when loose contact with the mother, which disappears...
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...romantic intimate relationship is considered to be single. “Unclaimed treasure”, “old maid” and “spinster” are terms that are used synonymously to refer to women who remain single throughout their lives Baumbusch (2004). There’s a number of ways in which singlehood can be viewed, some may see it a personal choice while others might believe that it’s a symptom of problematic attachment styles. The purpose of this paper is to discuss explanations for why people may adopt single lifestyles, to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these explanations and to finally support why I believe singlehood is seldom a choice but more of a response to circumstances that do not offer the opportunity for another alternative like marriage. This thought is also supported by Buambusch J. L. (2004, p 9)) when it says that none of the participants had consciously chosen single life; this is demonstrated in their short term plans in anticipation of future marriage. The theories that will be examined in this paper are the Sternberg’s typology of love and connectedness, theories of interpersonal attraction and attachment styles in intimate relationships. Psychologist Robert Sternberg (1988) created his influential triangular theory of love. He believed that different types of love (liking, infatuated love, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love and consummate love) arise from different combinations of three basic components, namely intimacy, passion and commitment. Coon and Mitterer...
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...F. Adam Matthews 26 November 2014 Romantic Attachment Styles Argosy University Online When it comes to romance and, specifically, romantic attachment styles, according to our text book, (Argosy University Online), there are three primary styles: Secure attachment style, which is when “I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I do not often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting close to me”. Avoidant attachment style, which is when “I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others. I find it difficult to trust them completely and difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being”. Anxious/ambivalent attachment style, which is when “I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner does not really love me or will not want to stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away”. What, exactly, is love? Love is something that “consists of three separable factors: passion, intimacy, and commitment” (Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., & Cialdini, R. B.). Love can also be defined as, “strong affection for somebody arising out of kinship or personal ties [or] attraction based on sexual desire: affection and tenderness felt by lovers [or] affection based on admiration...
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...Attachment Styles and Relationships Jennifer Oliver PSY/220 Adam Miller Part One When you have two individuals and they share an emotional attachment, we call this an attachment style. According to Bolt (2004), there are three main elements. Care, commitment and closeness. I like to remember them easily by calling them the 3 C’s. Attachment styles start at birth. It is important to realize that although nature and nurture are both important elements that help develop our attachment style they are not the only factors. Our parents, close relatives, even siblings can help us develop our individual attachment style. The first attachment style is closeness, from the time we are infants, we experience either the closeness of our caregivers or the absence of it. Closeness, when we are infants and even in other stages form emotional bonds. It is basic human nature to want to be close to those we feel love for. Infants who are not exposed to closeness in their early development can become anxious and scared. In some cases this is never overcome, in others as the child grows, they may experience other more stable and secure relationships and be able to overcome the closeness issues from their childhood. The second component in attachment style is care. This is a crucial element important to our development. Humans naturally want to feel safe and secure and to know that they are cared for and that there are those who would protect them at all cost. A child...
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...Temperament: behavioral styles that are fairly stable across situations and are biologically based Infant Temperament Thomas and Chess: Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas conducted pioneering longitudinal research on infant temperament. 3 patterns (based on parents reports) * easy babies (40%) adjust readily to new experiences, quickly established routines, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm * difficult babies (10%) adjust to new experiences, likely to reac negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and irregular in their bodily functions * slow-to-warm-up (15%) somewhat difficult at first but easier over time ***other infants don’t fit into these categories*** * Temperament is moderately stable through infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Stability of Temperament * Fearful preschoolers tend to be more inhibited as older children and adolescents * Inhibited more likely to be introverted adults Temperament and other aspects of development Various aspects of temperament related to: * School success * Peer interactions * Compliance with parents * Depression * Helping others * Environmental influences Temperament and Helping behavior * Young child’s temperament helps determine if a child will help * Behavioral inhibition in infancy characterized by the tendency to be particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations * Associated with problems such as...
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...Outline and evaluate research into cross cultural variations in attachment. There are three main experiments that deal with the hypothesis of cross cultural variations in attachment by using the basis of the Strange Situation test. Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) these two men created a meta-analysis which is where they collect already completed experiments and compare them too each other on a specific topic. This allows researchers to get a better look at overall trends and identify possible relationships that might exist, by doing this they may be able to identify trends that could not be seen in smaller-scale studies. They used 32 studies from 8 different countries that all used the strange situation procedure to study attachment. Using a meta analysis (statistical technique) they calculated the average percentage for the different attachment styles (e.g. secure, avoidant and ambivalent) in each country. The found that secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all cultures. The lowest percentage of secure attachments was shown in china and the highest in Great Britain. Takahasi (1990) their aim is to prove if the Strange Situation is a valid procedure for cultures other than American middle class, white children and their mothers. They used 0 middle class Japanese mothers and their children and they were all observed under the strange situation directions. By doing this they found that they had very similar securely attached percentage to Ainsworth...
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...Attachment, in dictionary terms, means affection, fondness, or sympathy for someone or something. In psychotherapy, attachment theory refers to how those attachments impact human interpersonal relations. Attachment theory was first conceptualised by John Bowlby, a psychoanalyst who dedicated his time to studying the affectional bonds which form between a child and his primary caregiver. In Segal and Jaffe (2013), the affectional bond is simply but realistically defined as one's first love relationship. Bowlby referred to attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. This bond is initially formed by the first attachment figure a person comes across in life. This is in most cases is the mother. In other situations, it may be a father, or where a child is orphaned or put in foster care, it could vary. It refers to anyone who remains in a central role in a child's life for at least the first three to five years. This period is crucial because it is when a child's brain rapidly develops. Bowlby (1984) says that attachment behaviour is most active and overt before the age of three but the need for attachment figures remains throughout life. Bretherton (1985) found that after three, it is less frequent and noticeable as the child gains increased abilities to protect itself and coping skills. Attachment behaviour is however more noticeable during times of exceptional stress. According to Segal and Jaffe (2013), an attachment bond shapes an infant's brain...
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...interactions can be reflected by their attachment style. Attachment styles affect relational quality, which leads to different relationship outcomes. The study evaluates whether partner perceptions of conflict styles and relational maintenance strategies differ as a function of attachment styles—particularly with the context of friendship. Bippus and Rollin’s article can be found in the Communication Reports inside the Sacramento State Library. This article targets the topic of conflict management in relationships by providing more information on the attachment styles that communicators may use in daily lives or conflict. Having found this article on the Sacramento State library website, the article proves credible with origin from an academic, approved journal. This study was conducted with the individual’s close friend, including their personal understandings and perspective of the relationship. The hypothesis states that individuals in relationships will be rated by their friends with more prosocial maintenance behavior than with fearfuls or dismissive qualities. It is believed that friends of securely attached individuals will report greater satisfaction in the relationship than those friends of non-securely attached individuals....
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...Disclosure in Groups Attachment and self disclosure can say a lot about a person. There was a study done to investigate attachment style and self disclosure in the first group counseling session. This was done in order to explain variable of group functioning. The attachment style was done by self report questionnaires and the self-disclosure was done by observations. There were more than four hundred participants that were split up into twenty seven different groups. I find taking over 400 people and placing them into twenty seven different groups is actually a quite strong way of studying attachment and disclosure. They were assessed on the basis of transcripts of the first group counseling session. As noted by the group leader and the participants, group functioning included self-disclosure, group empathy, group intimacy, and client behavior. The results indicated that a significant relationship existed between attachment and initial self disclosure. I agree with this. Many of people around the world find group counseling beneficial, but still there are some that disagree. The prediction of a person’s behavior in the group counseling process is important for the sake of both the group and the individual. This article covers the behind the scenes look at each of these behaviors and what role it has in a group. They wanted to examine whether a person’s behavior in a counseling group can be explained by means of self disclosure and attachment. I think that a person’s...
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...In the first class lecture we focused on theories of attachment. We discussed two prominent researchers of developmental attachment: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. From Bowlby’s monkey experiment we understand the main keys of attachment: warmth and responsiveness. From their research we can begin to understand the importance of a secure base for development. Infants are motivated to seek proximity to caregivers as a survival tool. Closeness to parents improves infant survival, emotional health and organization of mental processes. There are four distinct labels in which attachment styles are categorized: secure, insecure avoidant, insecure ambivalent, and insecure disorganized. The attachment style adopted by the child is surprisingly not...
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