...Music and the Sixties The 1960s was a time of transformation in cultural standards, fashion, and society attitudes. This decade of change was particularly apparent in the radical shifts in this era’s music. The music of the sixties had very distinct sounds, portrayal of events and attitudes. Social movements and political events influenced the culture through music. There were also several genres and artists that contributed to the influence of culture. During the 1960s, the music played a major role in shaping the culture. The music echoed the events and movements that were happening in society. Prior to 1963, the music reflected the sounds, styles and attitudes of the previous decade. Music of the 1960s magnified the rebellion and standing up to the emerging cultural changes. The music about protest relayed messages that everyone could and would to sing along to. Through the multiple events during the sixties the music and the American culture mood began to change. Current events in America also played a role in how music influenced American culture. The British Invasion, the Civil Rights Movement, and the escalation of the Vietnam War were major events that impacted the music. The British Invasion occurred when an explosion of British artists took the United States music scene by storm in the mid 1960s. Kenneth Olwig wrote an article titled, “The ‘British invasion’,” and summarizes, “The British Invaders that were listened to, were inspired by and faithfully played a...
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...British influence on the Australian culture British settlers arrived in Australia in 1788 and the extent of the British influence is still evident today. The British Union Jack features predominantly on our national flag and the Queen is Australia's Head of State. British models also form the basis of Australia's legal and political systems, as well providing our national language. Up until World War II, Britain remained the dominating cultural influence in Australia. Britons also dominated the make-up of Australian society - most of Australia's citizens were either born in Britain, or had British descendants. In the years following the war, British subjects were encouraged to migrate to Australia under an 'assisted package' scheme, which helped with the cost of migrating to Australia and provided housing and employment options upon arrival. Between 1945 and 1972, over one million British migrants settled in Australia. Before 1945, many people, including Australians themselves, considered Australia to be nothing more than a British colony; a nation whose national identity was relatively indistinct from the British. During this period of Australia's history, our modes of entertainment, food, fashion, sporting culture and our social values and attitudes were largely dictated by British culture. American influence on the Australian culture One of the most significant changes to have taken place in Australian society since the end of WWII, however, has been its drift towards...
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...Superpowers geography How is power exercised and maintained? Direct power in the most obvious way of exercising and maintaining power. Exercise of direct power • British imperialism – wholesale conquest of countries. Insurgency put down by force. • Military power – US navy has 12 aircraft carriers and 70 submarines. It is the most powerful military machine on Earth. It established a ring of bases to surround the USSR in the Cold War era, as part of its policy of containment. The Iraq war saw the USA effectively “go it alone.” • Some economic power is direct. The USA plays a major role in world trade, much of which is conducted in $. The US $ is the world’s reserve currency. • A key area of US international prestige since the 1960s has been the exploration of space. 1969 saw men on the moon. The USA aims to build a moon base by 2020 and visit Mars by 2037. Exercise of indirect power • Neo-colonialism (term coined by Kwame Nkrumah, first president of Ghana) is a form of indirect control over developing counties, most of them former colonies. Has neo-colonialism prevented any real development progress in the 40 years since colonies gained their independence? Africa could lead us to say yes. India could lead us to say no. • Some people say the IGOs were set up by superpowers for superpowers. The IMF was set up in 1944. It has its headquarters in Washington. Counties wishing to have their debt relieved have to apply Western...
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...as a broad designation, the term rock music commonly refers to music styles after 1959 predominantly influenced by white musicians. There is basic agreement that rock is a form of music with a strong beat, but it is difficult to be much more explicit. The Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, based on a vast database of British usage, suggests that rock is a kind of music with simple tunes and a very strong beat that is played and sung, usually loudly, by a small group of people with electric guitars and drums, but there are so many exceptions to this description that it is practically useless. Other major rock-music styles include rock and roll, the first genre of the music; and rhythm-and-blues music (R&B), influenced mainly by black American musicians. Each of these major genres encompasses a variety of substyles, such as heavy metal, punk, alternative, and grunge. While innovations in rock music have often occurred in regional centers such as New York City; Kingston, Jamaica; and Liverpool, England, the influence of rock music is now felt worldwide. Popular Rock Groups The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. They became the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed act in the history of popular music.The group's best-known lineup consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later utilized several genres, ranging from pop ballads...
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...Economy of African American Music." Teaching the Journal of American History Vol. 90, No. 4.March 2004 (2004): 1295-1324. Web. 1 Mar. 2004. African American owned Record Company, which produced records for African American consumers, was faced with attempts by a large record corporation to force them into bankruptcy. Why would a large company do this for such a small African American owned company? How would it merit attention from African American people in this medium when you have more important subjects like voting rights and lynching? Moreover, why would it merit any attention at all, not to mention, selling records to black consumers. This article answers these questions and investigates the rise and fall of the small record company and explores the political economy in which it operated. Black Swan Records created by Henry H. Pace, who saw a way to respond to a hostile environment that African American people faced with, both in the entertainment industry and in American society. The protégé of W.E.B Du Bois, also saw that African Americans were not equally even when they were freed from slavery. Access to material goods that cultivate and motivate African Americans creative spirits were denied by America. The fear of African Americans, by White America, to support one another and encourage each other to develop business, and economic self-sufficiency was racially evident. African American growth and prosperity would shape the landscape for African Americans....
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...WHAT SIGNS OF MOD CULTURE ILLUSTRATE A DOMINANCE OF MASCULINE AND EUROPEAN INFLUENCE SEEN THROUGH THE CREATIVE MEDIUMS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, MUSIC AND FASHION? Danny Lowe A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree BA (Hons) Fashion Photography London College of Fashion University of the Arts London Date: 15th April 2012 i Declaration I, Danny Lowe, certify that this is an original piece of work. I have acknowledged all sources and citation. No section of this literature review has been plagiarised. Signed: ….......................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract List of Illustrations Introduction Methodology Literature Review Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Historical and Cultural Contexts – Defining the 'Mod' and Youth Cultures in Post WWII Britain Americanisation – Music, Motives and Movement The Signs of Style iv v vi ix xi xi xvii xxi xxii xxiv xxvi xxviii xxix xxxii Interpretative Analysis Photography: Music: Fashion Conclusion Bibliography Appendix iii Abstract The purpose of this research study is to identify the signs of masculinity and European influence that dominated aspects of 'Modernist', or Mod, culture and lifestyle. The Mod is a British subculture which developed in the 1960's. The first stage of this study involves introducing the subcultural theories attributed to the Mod...
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...Four British Lads Shaped America A musical group of four young British Liverpool natives arrived in the United States in the 1960s to begin their long career of shaping American culture; they were the Beatles. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, like the many predecessors before them who had come from Britain such as Thomas Paine and Andrew Carnegie, became an integral part of the history of the United States, even though they were not true American-born citizens. Beginning with their momentous arrival in the United States in 1964, the Beatles greatly influenced American culture in the 1960s, and left an enduring legacy. The Beatles’ appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show, controversy with Christianity in 1966, precedents and influences in music, impact and development of the album as an art form, creation of a variety of movies, and influences in the counterculture as well as the pop culture helped to make American culture what it is today. On February 7, 1964, the Beatles landed at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, where a crowd of thousands of fans and reporters were waiting. There was such pandemonium, chaos, and screaming that, “One policeman who has worked at the airport for ten years said: ‘I think the world has gone mad.’” Two days after their frenzied arrival, the Beatles made a famous appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. “The broadcast broke all viewing records that held for several years as more than 73 million Americans – teenagers...
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...So I love music! It's pretty much my favorite thing in the whole world. Music has a big influence in our lives. It can affect the mood you are in, it can even affect how you dress or talk. If you like a certain band you may want to dress or talk like them. Well, I enjoy many types of music, from classical to modern day. I have been learning about the history of music and the history of rock-n-roll and about Elvis, who I am a big fan of. He is the King- but, at this point I am learning about what is called the “British Invasion” it is a time period that came in the 1960s and it changed Rock-N-Roll forever. I used to think that the British Invasion was in 1775 the Revolutionary war when Paul Revere exclaimed “ The British are Coming”, but I am learning that the British Invasion happened again in 1964, but this time it was not with guns or rifles, it was with guitars by a group called “The Beatles.” Known as the Fab Four....
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...British cuisine British cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with the United Kingdom. Historically, British cuisine means "unfussy dishes made with quality local ingredients, matched with simple sauces to accentuate flavour, rather than disguise it." However, British cuisine has absorbed the cultural influence of those that have settled in Britain, producing hybrid dishes, such as the Anglo-Indian chicken tikka masala, hailed as "Britain's true national dish". Vilified as "unimaginative and heavy", British cuisine has traditionally been limited in its international recognition to the full breakfast and the Christmas dinner. However, Celtic agriculture and animal breeding produced a wide variety of foodstuffs for indigenous Celts and Britons. Anglo-Saxon England developed meat and savory herb stewing techniques before the practice became common in Europe. The Norman Conquest introduced exotic spices into Great Britain in the Middle Ages. The British Empire facilitated knowledge of India's elaborate food tradition of "strong, penetrating spices and herbs". Food rationing policies, put in place by the British government during wartime periods of the 20th century, are said to have been the stimulus for British cuisine's poor international reputation. British dishes include fish and chips, the Sunday roast, and bangers and mash. British cuisine has several national and regional varieties, including English, Scottish and Welsh cuisine,...
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...Abstract The problem question for this research is: Barriers to Gender Equality in the Botswana Legal establishment: A critical analysis. The purpose of the study is to examine the extent of gender disparities in the legal profession in Botswana as well as elucidating on the social-economic and political forces giving rise to such differences. It is a theoretical desktop study, reviewing the battle between men and women in the legal profession: men determined to maintain a strangle hold on the legal profession, and women struggling to enter the professions. One of the most dramatic changes in the legal profession in recent years has been the influx of women. In many countries women now constitute close to half of all law students, although it will be the turn of the century before this representation is fully mirrored among practitioners. In this paper, we make an analysis of the barriers to gender equality between first and third world countries. We try understand the reason why there is a gender gap in the legal establishment in countries such as the United States of America, Canada and Australia, entry into the so-called-learned profession has been a march in developed countries with very low or limited discrimination as compared to the third world country of Botswana. INTRODUCTION Barriers to women’s entry into the legal profession seem to have disappeared. Over the past decade the number of women graduating from law school and practicing law has grown enormously in...
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...INSTRUCTOR’S NAME DATE OF SUBMISSION INTRODUCTION This research paper is a specific study of one of the African dance musical genre-reggae, which was first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many other popular genres. Therefore, Jamaican popular music since 1960 can be roughly divided into four eras each of which had a distinctive beat – ska, rocksteady, reggae, and dancehall. (Chang and Chen W, 1998, x) But this African dance musical genre “reggae” has gained immense popularity since it was first introduced in the music world and since then it is one of the most popular genres of music. Hence, it is one of the most significant music genres in Western musical market. In my paper, the focus of the reggae music genre is from 1965 till 1975 as these were considered as the major years or a decade for reggae music when it flourished. This was the time period during which the culture of reggae music was civilized and spread widely in the parts of Jamaica. Bob Marley is known as one of the best artists of this genre and the impact he made and contributed has made beyond the shores of Jamaica and globally as well. Reggae was created by the Jamaicans and still it is the only music genre which is so much popular and not created by Europeans or Americans. It has gained immense popularity since its introduction and in the recent years as well that it is the first model in which a third world country is exporting, selling, and trading...
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...capitalism and democracy, and the Soviet Cumulation, representing communism and authoritarianism. Being the two ascendant world powers after WWII, contention between the Americans and Soviets became an ecumenical conflict. The Cold War differed from most wars in that it was as much of a propaganda war as a war with military engagements. The Korean and Vietnam Wars are consequential examples of military intervention by the Americans in the denomination of ceasing communist expansionism. However, these wars did not have the decade’s long impact on American domestic and peregrine policy that the cultural, political, and economic battles of the Cold War had. (Katy Fletcher,...
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...historical and socio-cultural aspects of Philippine migration and the formation of Filipino diaspora in the UK. The concept of identity and the idea of homeland and hostland will be analysed in the context of diaspora community. Furthermore, this analysis will reflect on the issues related to cross-cultural transmission of values and identify the influence of diaspora communities in contemporary British society. Hannah migrated to UK together with her mother and three brothers as dependents of the father who came few years earlier for employment in London. According to available data of Philippine Embassy in London (PEL), there are approximately 250,000 Filipino migrants in the UK (PEL, 2011a). However, the original narrative lacks detailed description of the Filipino diaspora in the UK to support a conclusive definition of this community. This analysis will review all available information from the narrative and other data gathered about the history of Philippine migration to UK. The first wave of Filipino labour migration took place from 1900 to early 1940s with USA as main destination (Gonzales 1998, p.26). The second wave was from 1940s to early 1970s. After World War II, Filipino war veterans and their families, business people and specialists such as medical personnel or engineers left their devastated country and migrated to Canada, West Europe or the USA (Gonzales 1998, p.30). Political and economic instability in the Philippines at the end of the 1960s, caused by corruption...
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...Introduction At the time of Olaf Leu’s writing, the traditionalist geometry of the international typographic style and unrestrained freedom of American design was just as important as the influences on both German design and design around the globe. The American and japan conceptual innovation and visual invention was spread throughout the globe. During the 1980s and 90s the rapid development of electronic and computer technology began to change the process and appearance of design. Overnight these big changes recurred within mail, fax machines and the internet, this all served to further shrink the human community into Marshall Mcluhans global village. Influential People Alan Fletcher is one of the most influential figures in post-war British graphic design. The fusion of the cerebral European tradition with North America’s emerging pop culture in the formulation of his distinct approach made him a pioneer of independent graphic design in Britain during the late 1950s and 1960s. As a founding partner of Pentagram in the 1970s, Fletcher helped to establish a model of combining commercial partnership with creative independence. He also developed some of the most memorable graphic schemes of the era, notably the identities of Reuters and the Victoria & Albert Museum, and made his mark on book design as creative director of Phaidon. Siobhan Keaney After graduating from the LCP, Siobhan Keaney worked briefly for three of London’s most prestigious design companies. She...
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...VIRGINIA HISTORY Virginia Introduction and General Statistics “We are all Americans; we are all Virginians.” These were the words of Senator and former Virginia Governor Tim Kaine during his 2012 campaign for Senate. Kaine was trying to appeal to the Virginians’ desire for bipartisanship in the incredibly negative election, but his words have a larger meaning. Virginia is a special state. Throughout its fascinating 400-year history, Virginia has had special influence in establishing and developing the cultural and political values that have shaped the country at large. Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in America. It was home to the first representative government in the New World. Many of the nation’s founders, whose words and actions have de- fined the American spirit, came from Virginia. Virginia has produced eight Presidents, more than any other state. Virginians led the way in filling America’s western frontier, spreading their way of life to the South and Midwest in the early nineteenth century. Virginia was the site of the most important battles of the Civil War. From its founding in 1607 to the Civil War, Virginia held more influence than any other part of the country. Virginia’s influence faltered, however, in the mid-nineteenth century. As the authors of Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-2007, one of the most important recent works on Virginia history, argued, the state lost its way due in part to Page 2 VIRGINIA...
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