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女权运动在美国的发展
投票权 对妇女权利的关心可追溯至启蒙运动时期,这一时期的自由、平等主义和改良主义的理想当时正由中产阶级、农民和城市劳动者扩大至妇女。这一时期关于妇女权利的早期思想在玛丽.沃斯通克拉夫特的《为女权辩护》(1792)一书中得到充分的阐述。该书对女性的存在只是为了取悦于男性的观念提出挑战,并建议妇女在教育、工作和政治上应获得与男子同样的机会。但在19世纪,这种关于妇女需与男子平等的认识,却集中体现在获得妇女选举权的运动上,对妇女的社会地位、所扮演的角色及其在经济中所占的位置未能作出根本的或具有深远影响的重新估计。19世纪后期,一些妇女开始在专业领域中工作。以伊丽莎白·凯迪·斯坦顿 (Elizabeth Cady Stanton)为代表的全国妇女选举权协会 (National Woman Suffrage Association) (NWSA)屡次要求联邦国会允许妇女参与政治投票,在14、15次修订案中屡次遭遇拒绝。最终20世纪上半叶,妇女作为整体获得投票权,于第十九次修正案(The Nineteenth Amendment(1920))通过。此次法案虽已通过,离妇女真正参政还有时日。但对妇女所能从事的工作仍然受到明显的限制,流行的观念也仍然是把妇女限制在妻子、母亲和家庭主妇的传统角色之中。
劳动力
与此同时,造成妇女地位低下(或至少是依赖)的经济条件正在发生变化。是否生育被视为妇女的基本权利逐渐被社会认同,妇女生育的孩子少了,同时不再被视为地位地下。家用电器的发明,使她们免做许多以前与管理家务连在一起的笨重杂活。工业化的急剧发展,社会迫使女人参与部分工作。第二次世界大战后的数十年间,西方世界经济中服务行业的发展促使创造了妇女同男子一样能够胜任的新的工作,工厂中妇女比例缓慢增加。在美国中西部,私人拥有房屋及劳动能力的女性更受尊敬。所有这些因素使越来越多的妇女认识到,社会对她们的传统看法不像妇女的真实生活状况那样改变得快。此外,60年代美国的民权运动鼓舞着妇女通过相似的群众鼓动活动和社会批判来改善她们的状况。
妇女组织
波伏瓦的《第二性》(1949)一书是新女权主义兴起的里程碑。该书成为一本遍及全球的畅销书。它通过诉诸妇女的解放亦即男子的解放这一思想来唤起女权主义的觉醒。另一本重要的书是美国人B.弗里登的《女性的神秘》(1963)。她抨击失去活力的家庭生活——使妇女同意成为被动的角色和依赖男性支配的原因。1966年弗里登和其他女权主义者成立了全国妇女组织。紧接着其他争取平等权利的妇女组织在美国和西欧纷纷成立。这些组织争取推翻迫使妇女地位低下的歧视性法律和惯例,诸如在契约和财产所有权问题上、就业和工资问题上、工资收入的处理上,以及有关性和孩子生育(即避孕和堕胎)的问题上的歧视。 日益成长的女权运动更广泛地争取改变社会的成见,即认为妇女是比较脆弱、惯于被动和有依赖性的人,她们比男子缺少理性而易动情感。女权主义争取为妇女获得工作上的更大自由,并在经济上和心理上使之独立于男人,如果她们愿意的话。女权主义者批评社会普遍强调妇女只是性欲的对象,争取提高妇女的觉悟和扩大她们的机会,以达到与男子平等的目的。女权主义的另一个目标是推动妇女参与政治决策和社会生活的一切领域。
Gender relation in America
As to the gender relationship, the class, gender and race factors can never be isolated. We should consider them to be intersected factors.
PART A: During the Reconstruction, no matter in family and politics, blacks and whites, women are ruled and dominated by men. Women lived upon men and in weak party. They always played the role as wives of husbands, mothers of children, and housewives of the family. Their jobs were restricted.

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