...budget is a rigid tool and therefore be discarded in practice”. Should the traditional budgetary model be abandoned as suggested above? Introduction What is budget and budgeting? Budget is a financial plan, which is tailored individually for each entity covering specific future period of time and which enables to determine manager’s targets and to predict the consequence of that specific financial period (Langfield-Smith, et al., 2006). Budgeting has been recognized as one of the most significant concepts used for planning and controlling organizations performance since the early 20th century. As a process, budgeting comprises of a set of activities and procedures that undertake the development of a budget. Budgets are used by corporations to serve various operational and functional purposes that include facilitating in planning process, predicting future development, simplifying communication, allocating resources, motivating employees and controlling operations. The process is effectively completed through the evaluation of performance indicators and incentives (Weber & Linder, 2005). Consequently, organizations recognized budgets as a key element in management control systems (Libby & Lindsay, 2007). Background and definition From the 18th to 20th century, traditional budgeting has set a range of common goals and institutions. It can be defined as “an annual, incremental, conducted on a cash basis in the form of line items which serves a purpose of...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search Home Page » Business and Management Mini Case - Mckenzie Corporation's Capital Budgeting In: Business and Management Mini Case - Mckenzie Corporation's Capital Budgeting CFEA3230 Advanced Managerial Finance individual assignment: MINI CASE - McKENZIE CORPORATION'S CAPITAL BUDGETING Prepared by :- RUBBIATUN ARDAWIYAH bt ABDUL HAMID CEA 080147 Prepared for:- Profesor Madya Dr. Rubi Binti Ahmad Date of submission :- 25 april 2012 MINI CASE - McKENZIE CORPORATION'S CAPITAL BUDGETING Sam McKenzie is the founder and CEO of McKenzie Restaurants, Inc., a regional company. Sam is considering opening several new restaurants. Sally Thorton, the company's CFO, has been put in charge of the capital budgeting analysis. She has examined the potential for the company's expansion and determined that the success of the new restaurants will depend critically on the state of the economy next year and over the next few years. McKenzie currently has a bond issue outstanding with a face value of $34 million that is due in one year. Covenants associated with this bond issue prohibit the issuance of any additional debt. This restriction means that the expansion will be entirely financed with equity, at a cost of $8.4 million. Sally has summarized her analysis in the following table, which shows...
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...Venture Budgeting and Forecasting Many Americans live with self-care disabilities. The Americans who chose to remain home is increasing as the cost of assisted living facilities increases. The decision to remain in home stimulates from the increasing cost of assisted living facilities as well as the ease of remaining in a familiar environment. Though the decision brings challenges, many Americans chose to seek in-home assisted living services. As the demand for assisted living requirements increases it is evident that there is a consumer need and a business opportunity to meet the needs of those consumers, (US Census Bureau, 2006). Despite how excellent of an idea or opportunity, there is a cost to start a business. Because the agency will conduct business in the comfort of the client’s home; the cost for start-up is minimal for the agency and the main concerns that require start-up capital consists of marketing, labor, website construction, insurance, office technology. After researching the average cost of opening an assisted living and personal care agency, the idea became clearer and more feasible financially as well as profitable. The first step in opening the agency consists of acquiring a business line for an in-home office. The business line is solely for the business of Under One Roof, and the cost for setting up a line is $150. The agency will need a separate computer, printer, and software for management in the effort to maintain financial and personal records...
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...I agree the statement "Budgeting is a key component in management short and long term planning.". A budget is defined as a plan of operations based on a given estimate of expected income and expense in the future. As such, it is thought of as an action plan, outlining an organization's financial and operational goals. The budget expresses the quantitative arrangement of the entity's management, in terms of allocating the business resources, performance evaluation, and formulating prospective plans. Businesses alike hold this as an annual undertaking, putting into account the company's past year's budget and subsequently previewing projections for the next couple of years (however often occurring short-term, in about a year or less.) Budgets provide control over the instantaneous environment, help to master the financial aspects of the job and department, while at the same time administering solutions to problems before they occur. They focus on the importance of assessing alternative actions before decisions are actually implemented. Budgeting serves as a means of systematically planning and control. This will require a realistic financial documentation of the company's goals and performance objectives. Upon formulation, the analysis provides adequate development throughout the fiscal year. Consequently, monthly performance reports compare budgeted results against actual stats. The management then examine these and set out to take necessary corrective actions against significant...
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...MPF53 FINANCE “Review the proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) in Australia and critique its impact on financial management decisions” BY Xiao Nie Yang Song Date: 20th April 2010 Introduction In today’s society, all countries in the world will experience climate change in coming decades because of increasing carbon pollution (climate change 2007). In order to reduce the carbon pollution, ETS and CPRS will be proposed in the world wide and Australia. This essay is to focus on revising the proposed carbon pollution reduction scheme and point out its impact on financial management decision. In the first place, there is a brief summary about the CPRS scheme in detail. In the second place, there is an analysis about major and minor financial management decisions. In the final place, the impacts of CPRS on its financial management decision will be raised. All in all, the conclusion is a summary of the aim of the essay and how to achieve this aim. The CPRS scheme The emissions trading scheme (ETS) in Australia is called Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS). Australia is very vulnerable to the effects of climate change. They recognize that human activity is causing the climate change and also Australia is one of the biggest polluters on a per capita basis. The CPRS will help reduce Australia’s carbon pollution by putting a price on carbon for the first time in Australia’s history. The carbon price means that goods that...
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...provide control over the instantaneous environment, help to master the financial aspects of the job and department, while at the same time administering solutions to problems before they occur. They focus on the importance of assessing alternative actions before decisions are actually implemented. Budgeting serves as a means of systematically planning and control. This will require a realistic financial documentation of the company's goals and performance objectives. Upon formulation, the analysis provides adequate development throughout the fiscal year. Consequently, monthly performance reports compare budgeted results against actual stats. The management then examine these and set out to take necessary corrective actions against significant variances. This is known in the accounting world as budgetary control. Also, allowing effective budgeting conformities thus inadvertently enable managers to better perform their major management functions. In other words, it(budgeting) is a competent technique that concludes in productive management. A good basis of the fundamentals of management is needed to reflect on the role that effective budgeting plays when managing a business. Budgeting concerns the planning and...
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...In this essay I will write about corporate budgeting system and why companies should make it carefully. To begin with I'd like to explain what does «budget» mean. A budget (from old French bougette, purse) is a financial plan and a list of all planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending.[1] A budget is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade-offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an organizational plan stated in monetary terms. In summary, the purpose of budgeting is to: 1. 1. Provide a forecast of revenues and expenditures, that is, construct a model of how our business might perform financially if certain strategies, events and plans are carried out. Enable the actual financial operation of the business to be measured against the forecast. Organizations develop specific plans for saving and spending income and these plans, or budgets, are essential for developing spending and saving priorities. Properly preparing a budget also serves as a reference to check how well money is being managed during a period by allowing managers to see actual revenues and expenses compared to budgeted revenues and expenses. Corrective action can be taken earlier in a period when revenue shortfalls or expense excesses are identified. The term "budget" can be dated back to medieval England, where it meant "leather purse" or "wallet." A budget allows businesses to meet specific goals by...
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...‘When calculating variances, we in effect ignore differences of volume of output, between original budget and actual, by flexing the budget. If there were a volume difference, it is water under the bridge by the time that the variances come to be calculated’. Variance analysis typically involves the isolation of different causes for the variation in income and expenses over a given period from the budgeted standards. So for example, if direct wages had been budgeted to cost $100,000 actually cost $200,000 during a period, variance analysis shall aim to identify how much of the increase in direct wages is attributable to: * Increase in the wage rate (adverse labour rate variance); * Decline in the productivity of workforce (adverse labour efficiency variance); * Unanticipated idle time (labour idle time variance); * More wages incurred due to higher production than the budget (favourable sales volume variance). Variance analysis highlights the causes of the variation in income and expenses during a period compared to the budget. In order to make variances meaningful, the concept of 'flexed budget' is used when calculating variances. Flexed budget acts as a bridge between the original budget (fixed budget) and the actual results. Flexed budget is prepared in retrospect based on the actual output. Sales volume variance accounts for the difference between budgeted profit and the profit under a flexed budget. All remaining variances are calculated as the difference...
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...The purpose of this paper, prepared by Jessica Chan under the supervision of Robert F. Bruner is about analyzing the companies Coca Cola and Pepsi after Pepsi has announced a merger with Quaker Oats Company with a deal at around $14 billion. With this deal Pepsi would have access to 83.6% of the sport drink market and around 33% of the U.S. noncarbonated-beverage market, followed by Coke with 21%. The paper wants to answer the questions how the latest announcement of Pepsi has an effect on the two companies´ prospects for value creation by showing the company background of both companies, giving a briefly industry overview of the beverage market and competitive events and establishing a financial comparison, especially with ratio and economic profit analysis. In the world Coca Cola and Pepsi have towered as the two leading brands of beverages. In the year 2000, Coca Cola was the largest manufacturer, distributor, marketer of soft-drink concentrates and syrups in the world and its market value reached $110.01 billion. On the other side Pepsi was a $20 billion worth company in 2000, acting in the snack food, soft drink and noncarbonated beverage market. Both companies have reached worldwide expansion of their markets, which include a large product range of beverages, apparel and paraphernalia with their respective logos. Both have grown into longstanding global and social industry leaders. Coca Cola´s annual sales were $20.5 billion which were earned also through a variety of...
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...Case Study #4: Public Budgeting-Death of a Spy Satellite Program Wideline Servius Columbus State University 1) Why does Irene Rubin at the outset argue that "public budgets are not merely technical managerial documents; they are also intrinsically and irreducibly political"? Do you agree or disagree based on your reading of the case "County Prison Overtime" Irene Rubin’ view that public budgets are not merely technical managerial documents and that they are also intrinsically and irreducibly political is because public budgets reflect the choice of government. As a general rule of thumb, government chooses to go along with programs that fit their own political agenda. Programs should reflect a general consensus about what kind or type of services that government should provide to the people. She argued that budgets should reflect priorities. Should government spend money on national defense or on public welfare? or should government spend money on the criminal justice system rather than nuclear power? She also believes that budgets should reflect broader public goals, meaning that legislators ought to listen their constituency and approve more spending to satisfy their needs. She further stated that government should be accountable. People always want to know if government is following their preferences and keep its promises. They also want to know that there isn’t any waste and want to see solid outcome. Irene also thinks that budgets should ensure that taxation is...
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...Skip to Navigation Skip to Content TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search Home page » Business and Management New Heritage DollIn: Business and Management New Heritage Doll New Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting MGT 6060 20 September 2011 Overview Two business proposals from the Production division of the New Heritage Doll Company are being considered for submission to the capital budgeting committee. Only one proposal will be submitted. The proposals are: Match My Doll Clothing Line Expansion and Design Your Own Doll. A systematic process will be used to determine which proposal to recommend. Criteria Include: 1. Comparison of the business cases 2. NPV analysis 3. IRR and payback period analysis 4. Analysis of additional information 5. Recommendation Comparison of the Business Cases Most Compelling Business Case Match My Doll Clothing Line Expansion Match My Doll Clothing Line Expansion is the the most compelling opportunity. This initial recommendation is based solely on a qualitative comparison of the cases and the financial exhibits provided by the brand managers. A SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, & Threat) analysis was used to aid the decision process. See Tables 1 & 2 for SWOT analysis. Benefits of the Match My Doll Clothing Line Expansion: * Success of the original line of business ...
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...Financial Management Essay Benjamin Gray University of Maryland University College 7/31/16 Executive Summary The function of this essay is to examine why ratio and financial statement analysis are useful to any corporations. The ratio analysis is a useful tool for managers and investors that would like to evaluate the company’s financial health. By using this analysis companies are able to identify opportunities for growth and areas of weakness to determine where corporations can put in place corrective measures in order to rectify their areas of weakness. Financial statements are used in order to predict trends of cash flow within the business as well as predict the potential of a business and if they are capable of financial growth. Ratio analysis allows companies to analyze the future revenue of a company’s profit or a company’s loss. This paper will examine the benefits and limitations of ratio analysis, explain what factors impact the meaningfulness of such measures and what new practices or theories may be emerging regarding the application of ratio and financial statement. The paper concludes that ratio and financial statements is an essential tool used in analyzing a company’s profit. Close your eyes and think about all of the products you have consumed today. You purchased lunch from McDonald’s, used Google to help you find directions, drove your Toyota to work and grabbed...
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...This essay serves to discuss the various uses of break even analysis in financial entrepreneurship and how the breakeven point is affected by the choice of labor intensive or capital intensive manufacturing technique. The essay will commence by defining the key term breakeven analysis and will proceed by explaining the uses, limitations and as well as how the breakeven point is affected bythe manufacturing facility (LABOR INTENSIVE AND CAPITAL INTENSIVE). Breakeven analysis is a study of the mathematical relationship between costs and sales revenues, under a given set of assumptions regarding fixed costs and variable costs. It is an integral part of financial planning performed either by using a formula or a chart. In financial analysis ,the objective is to determine (in manufacturing) number of products that must be sold ata given price to cover the costs ,or (in project financing) number of months or years required by forecasted total net cash flow to equal estimated total project cost. The breakeven formula is represented below; BREAK EVEN POINT = FIXED COSTS / (UNIT SELLING PRICE – VARRIABLE COST) Using the above formula, the business can determine how many units it needs to produce in order to break even. Once the business has reached this point, in sales or units sold, all cost has been recovered. Beyond this point every additional unit sold will result in increasing profit for the business. Break even analysis is therefore been considered as a tool widely used across...
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...Chapter 5 – Evaluating a Single Project and Sections 13.1 through 13.4 in Chapter 13 – The Capital Budgeting Process from the course textbook. Note, as mentioned in class, the error in the definition of “EBIT” on page 552 in Chapter 13 which should read “Earnings Before Interest and Taxes.” Also, in Example 13-3 at the bottom of page 556, leverage, λ, is erroneously called the “debt-equity ratio” whereas it should be called the “debt fraction” or the “debt-to-capital” ratio. 2. Answer Questions 5-12, 5-14, 5-16, 5-17, 5-46, 5-47 and 5-54 found at the end of Chapter 5. Write up your answers, showing all work, neatly and concisely on 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Be sure your name appears at the top of each page and staple multiple pages together. Submit your answers at the beginning of class. Late submittals will not be accepted. All work is to be your own, consistent with the University Honor Council’s Guide to Academic Integrity. 3. Read “Assessing a Company’s Future Financial Health” (HBS 9-911-412) handed out in class and then complete the financial analysis of SciTronics by filling in the blanks on pages 6 through 10. Then complete The Case of the Unidentified Industries on pages 10 and 11. Explain your choices in The Case of the Unidentified Industries in a one-page typed essay and submit it, with the booklet, in class. Be sure to write your name on the cover of the booklet and on the top of the essay. Be prepared to discuss your analysis in class. Everyone is expected to submit his or...
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...Capital Budgeting Practices MGMT 640 Section 9040 Professor J.Jain Executive Summary This essay discusses the importance of capital budgeting and analyzes the most common techniques. The most frequently used methods are the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). These are both tools that analyze the present value of the cost of a project as well as the present value of that projects future cash flows. An essential part of these methods is that they both account for discounted cash flow (DCF), meaning that they both reflect the time value of money. When analyzing independent projects with conventional cash flows, both the NPV and IRR will provide projections along the same lines. However when those two conditions are not met, the IRR method will become misleading. Therefore I argue that the NPV should take precedence over the IRR when only one method can be chosen. However, financial managers should be wary when using the NPV as it does not account for certain factors such as the value of waiting and cash flows that occur on a non-yearly basis. There are direct correlations between the size of a firm and the capital budgeting method most utilized. Small businesses frequently overlook the two most popular methods and opt to analyze projects with the “payback period”, which evaluates the time it will take in order to recuperate cash flows invested in a given project. The variation of this method is known as the discounted payback period, which also accounts...
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