...STUDY ON EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS STUDY ON EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE Introduction Computer software, or just software, is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. The term is used to contrast with computer hardware; the physical objects carry out the instructions. Hardware and software require each other and neither has any value without the other. The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem). Colloquially, the term is often used to mean application software. In computer science and software engineering, software is all information processed by computer system, programs and data. The academic fields studying software are computer science and software engineering. The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like PHP, Perl, JSP or ASP.NET and desktop applications like OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Objective-C, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics. Software evolution is the term used in software engineering (specifically software...
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...communities in diverse disciplines. Many of the grand challenge topics for engineering research increasingly rely on the development and use of FOSS systems (e.g., the International Thermonuclear Energy Research (ITER) project for fusion research), and in some topics, the development and experimentation with FOSS-based systems are likely to be central to future research activities (e.g., advanced health informatics, secure cyberspace, enhanced virtual reality, and advanced personalized learning systems). However, FOSS remains a computing technology at its core, while FOSS development remains a web of complex socio-technical processes. But these processes are not well understood nor readily predictable, as informal practices are widespread and continually adapting. As such, FOSS is amenable to technological advances, socio-technical innovations, and systematic empirical studies that can emerge from research in the Computer Science community and beyond. We seek to articulate both multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary perspectives on how and why FOSS has become such a source of technology-centered global transformation, and what the future may hold. We need to identify key research problems and experimental studies going forward, along with the requisite research infrastructure and shared data repositories needed to support this research. We also need to identify future roles that Computer Science can play in fostering, sustaining, and expanding the ongoing development of FOSS as...
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...IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 4, No 3, July 2012 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org 407 The Impact of Social Media and Social Networks on Education and Students of Pakistan Waqas Tariq1, Madiha Mehboob2, M. Asfandyar Khan1 and FaseeUllah3 1 Department of Computer Science, City University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan 2 Department of Management Sciences City University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan 3 Department of Science & Technology Unit UMM AL QURA University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia Abstract The impact of social websites can be good on students but if we have a closer look on the real impact of social networks. Today it is ruining the future and carrier of students. The social networking websites like https://www.linkedin.com, http://www.facebook.com/, https://twitter.com/ and https://www.orkut.com/ etc. are continuously distracting students from their studies. The main focus of student should be education but unfortunately today’s student are emphasizing on such sites which can be a complete wastage of time. Social Networks was only an electronic connection between users but unfortunately it has become an addiction for students, teenagers and even adults. This paper presents impact of social networks on education, students and impact on life of teenagers, further it describes how social networking websites are auditory and dangerous...
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...study. Thank you Ma’am Casas for sharing your knowledge in this subject and its application in life. I believed I learned from the best. Thank you to my friends and especially to the sisters in my dormitory who are always there for me in my ups and downs in life. You guys made my life extra special. Lastly, I give thanks to the Almighty God for being there for me. This project will never exist if you weren’t here for me. Gracias! Table of Contents I. Introduction 4 II. Computers, Robots, and Artificial Intelligence 5 a. Computer 6 b. Artificial Intelligence and Robots 7 III. Information Age and Information Society 8 a. Knowledge 9 b. Global mind 10 c. Global brain 11 IV. The Machine and the Machine of Mind 12 a. The Machines of Mind 13 b. The Most Human Mind of Machines 14 V. Conclusion 16 I. Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include: speech recognition, learning, planning and problem solving. Artificial intelligence is a...
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...A Report On “RESEARCH METHODS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE” Submitted by Nitish Ashok Shinde (5210) ME Comp- I 2nd shift Introduction Computer Science has proved its importance in various domains of science like natural sciences, social sciences, humanities and cultural science [1]. Computer science (CS) characterized as an empirical discipline, in which each new program can be seen as an experiment, the structure and behavior of which can be studied [2]. The term Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is analogous to Information Technology, but it stresses more on role of technologies like telecommunications, computers, software's, etc, which enable users to access, store, and manipulate information [3]. Research methods...
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...from tiny point. Due to explosion (the big bang) the universe stated to expand in blink of eye. Scientist believes that is still expanding. The big bang occurred 13.7 billion years ago. There are general pattern to follow for every theory to be true. Introduction- all matter in the universe was concentrated in one point. Research – they scientist discovered that the universe is still continues to expand, they do this by looking at few experiments such as droplet or red shift. Hypothesis – there are many hypothesis related to this theory for example, asking whether the universe is still expanding. Hypothesis can come in vary ways like questions and for this case is question and proving...
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...work, linking researchers to supercomputers, databases, and scientific instruments. As the new networks are deployed more widely, they will be used by a broader range of users for business, entertainment, health care, and education applications. The background paper also describes six test networks that are being funded as part of the High Performance Computing and Communications Program. These test networks are a collaboration of government, industry, and academia, and allow researchers to try new approaches to network design and to attack a variety of research questions, Significant progress has been made in the development of technologies that will help achieve the goals of the HighPerformance Computing Act of 1991. This is the third publication from OTA’s assessment on information technology and research, which was requested by the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and...
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...ABSTRACT AN AUTOMATED HOSTELS AND ROOMS ALLOCATION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY OF YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY) This Project work intends to address some of the problems encountered in the allocation of hostels and rooms to students manually in Yaba College of Technology. The growing number of students in higher institutions posed a lot of accommodation problems on the part of students and School Management. Some of the problem caused includes, few hostels that exist in the College are not properly managed, Statistic of rooms required to match the growing numbers of students are farfetched, Student pays fee for hostel and may end up not getting rooms because of lack of bed space, Hostel administrators cannot give accurate information of the occupancy of a particular room. In respect to all these existing problems, a system will be designed to manage a database for allocating hostel and room to student. The system designed will keep track of all the available rooms, their occupants and funds generated from hostel fees. The New system will be implemented using Visual Basic 6.0 and Ms Access Database. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In 1912, in Altena Castle in Germany, Richard Schirrmann created the first permanent Jugendherberge or "Youth Hostel". These first Youth Hostels were an exponent of the ideology of the German Youth Movement to let poor city youngsters breathe fresh air outdoors. The youths were supposed to manage the hostel...
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...Forms The theory of evolution from paper to the internet The theory of evolution must ‘evolve’ with the transforming media forms around it to maintain its scientific and social relevance. In other words, it must shift from the conventional media forms such as journals, books and publications and move towards the ways of the internet. Even collective groups of scientists and evolutionists can be shifted from physical to online gatherings via the ways of the internet and its related technologies. The majority of internet users throughout the world see the net as simply an enormous link-up of the world’s computers, after all, this is the ‘universal answer’ people tend to give when asked “what is the internet?”. Although this common answer is a pretty accurate image, it would be more correct to describe the internet as a “global network of hardware and software which stores and transports information from a content provider to an end user” . This infrastructure allows any person who wishes to say anything, access to say it to the world. Controversial topics are abundant on the World Wide Web, and this media form enables these topics to be discussed, investigated, or challenged. Evolution is defined as being: “A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form”. Arguments for evolution include The Fossil Record, Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection, and Biological Evidence. Arguments against evolution include The Second Law...
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...Why Should People Hate Science? Science has conquered so many diseases and is promising to cure genetic diseases and even grow us new organs. It has given us mobile phones, tablets and computers that have reduced the global village to a global mall; and yet, there are people who still refuse to accept the power of science as the major agent of change in our society. Some people find it easier to believe that special people can cure serious diseases by simply placing their hands on the diseased, while others cannot accept the fact that human beings evolved from lower animals by a process of Natural Selection over billions of years. Locally, it is a no-brainer that the lack of science teaching at a primary level has had a negative lasting effect on people, and this can be seen in newspaper, radio and TV station editors, opinionists, politicians and talk-show hosts, all of which wield the power of mass media and can influence public opinion and what people think. Unfortunately, many of them are educating the masses in the concept of GIGO - Garbage In Garbage Out. GIGO is an interesting concept that refers to the fact that people are continously bombarded by pseudo-scientific and mistaken ideas, and eventually start believing their veracity and transmit them to others. These people are not necessarily uneducated individuals, but usually pick the information online and reinforce false opinions by choosing websites that agree with their views. For example, they follow...
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...Mohammad Sazzadul Hoque1, Md. Abdul Mukit2 and Md. Abu Naser Bikas3 1 Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh sazzad@ymail.com 2 Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh mukit.sust027@gmail.com 3 Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh bikasbd@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Nowadays it is very important to maintain a high level security to ensure safe and trusted communication of information between various organizations. But secured data communication over internet and any other network is always under threat of intrusions and misuses. So Intrusion Detection Systems have become a needful component in terms of computer and network security. There are various approaches being utilized in intrusion detections, but unfortunately any of the systems so far is not completely flawless. So, the quest of betterment continues. In this progression, here we present an Intrusion Detection System (IDS), by applying genetic algorithm (GA) to efficiently detect various types of network intrusions. Parameters and evolution processes for GA are discussed in details and implemented. This approach uses evolution theory to information evolution in order to filter the traffic data and thus reduce the complexity. To implement and measure the...
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...The History of Information Technology March 2010 Draft version to appear in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 45, 2011 Thomas Haigh thaigh@computer.org University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Thomas Haigh The History of Information Technology – ARIST Draft 2 In many scholarly fields the new entrant must work carefully to discover a gap in the existing literature. When writing a doctoral dissertation on the novels of Nabokov or the plays of Sophocles, clearing intellectual space for new construction can be as difficult as finding space to erect a new building in central London. A search ensues for an untapped archive, an unrecognized nuance, or a theoretical framework able to demolish a sufficiently large body of existing work. The history of information technology is not such a field. From the viewpoint of historians it is more like Chicago in the mid-nineteenth century (Cronon, 1991). Building space is plentiful. Natural resources are plentiful. Capital, infrastructure, and manpower are not. Boosters argue for its “natural advantages” and promise that one day a mighty settlement will rise there. Speculative development is proceeding rapidly and unevenly. But right now the settlers seem a little eccentric and the humble structures they have erected lack the scale and elegance of those in better developed regions. Development is uneven and streets fail to connect. The native inhabitants have their ideas about how things should be done, which sometimes...
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...elements and relations determines an emergent* organization, or system*. That organization is abstract, independent of the concrete substance of the elements, which may be atoms, molecules, cells, transistors, or people. This entails that the same principles of organization can be found in different domains: physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology, technology... One of the aims of systems theory is to unify different scientific disciplines by uncovering these general principles (see unity of science*). Systems theory studies characteristics common to many or all complex systems. These include: system-environment boundary*, input*, output*, process*, state*, evolution*, hierarchy*, goal-directedness*, information*. Most of these concepts are shared with the closely related domain of cybernetics*, which focuses on communication* and control*. These concepts have been made more precise in elaborate mathematical...
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...cs Table Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Summary 2 Literature review 5 Biological applications of bioinformatics 5 Real world application of bioinformatics 6 Conclusion 9 References 10 Summary Bioinformatics is a field in biotechnology that involves the application of technology involving computers to manage and analyze biological data. In this, computers are used in gathering, storing, analysis and the merging of biological data. Bioinformatics is not a research area by itself but lies between biological sciences and computational sciences. The main goal of bioinformatics is to review the value of biological information that is hidden in the large amount of data come up a clear picture of the basic biology of organisms. There are several fields that have been revolutionized by the technology used in bioinformatics (Ouzounis & Christos, 2012). These fields include human health, the environment, agriculture, energy and biotechnology. This science of bioinformatics is also called computational biology and has found a lot of use in increasing the quality of life. Bioinformatics developed due to the great need to internalize the DNA which is the code of life. Growth in the field of bioinformatics has been facilitated by development of many DNA sequencing projects. The basic biology of life is controlled by the basic molecule of life called DNA. The DNA acts as the blue print for genes which code for proteins. The proteins coded for...
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...The Evolution of Human Computer Interface and Beyond Contents 1. Abstract 2 2. Introduction 3 3. Evolution of HCI 4 4. Important features and facts to ponder 5 4.1 Operating systems and their role in HCI 5 4.2 HCI in the making of a virtual reality 6 5. Glimpse towards the future of HCI 7 5.1 HCI for enhancing human life 7 5.2 Uses and Impacts of HCI 9 6. Conclusion 11 7. References 12 Abstract “HCI concept came into the spotlight after various researches; the improvement of GUIs paved the path for a better and advanced interaction between humans and computers. Interaction with computers has become so close; it almost devoured the human life styles. Future human life will be much dependent upon technology than ever before.” Introduction People live in a curious and modern world where they go to no lengths to embrace technology. It is people who pick and choose what to use more efficiently. HCI (Human Computer Interface) is one of the catalysts which revolutionised the computer technology to a greater extent during the past three decades. HCI concept came into the spotlight after various researches which had been done on various universities and other research labs mainly across USA. But HCI took the centre stage after the rapid growth of GUI (Graphical User Interface)...
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