...| Analog and Digital Comparison | NTC/362 Fundamentals in Networking | EDWARD BROWN | Jose Giralt | 3/18/2013 | | A signal is simply the transmission of data from one place to another place. In our day to day life we deal with various signals constantly like signals from music, power lines, telephones, and cellular devices. Analog and digital are two kinds of signals which are used for the transmission of information from source to destination. Usually the information to be transmitted from one place to another is either audio or video. This information signal is then transformed into those signals which can be transmitted via different channels. For the analog format, the data is transformed into electrical pulses with varying amplitude while for the digital format; the data is transformed into binary format representing two amplitudes. We have various such equipment like analog or digital phones, fax machines, modems, clocks, watches etc. Analog technology is the older one and has been used for decades. It is cheap too but the problem with analog signals is that there is a limitation on the size of the data that can be transmitted at any given point of time. With the advent of digital technology many improvements and new techniques have been introduced. Now days almost every appliance or equipment is based on digital technology. In this, the transmitter translate the data into binary form and the receiver re assemble and produces the...
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...Enel571 Overview of Digital Communications Read “Background and Preview” section in Haykin PP 1-29 – – – – – – – What is digital communications? Short History of Digital Communications Why digital vs analog Impact of DSP technology trend Components of a communication system Common channel types General theme of digital communication engineering Digital comm overview.ppt 1 What is Communications? Physical separation Source of information Intended receiver Voice, text, numerical data Pictures, video Etc. Analog sources of information • Voice, video, are analog continuous time signals • No mapping of analog signal into a discrete alphabet of symbols • Eg. AM, FM etc. Digital sources of information • Text, data files etc. • Source data consists of symbols which are members of a finite discrete set. eg text • Digital source may have originated as an analog signal that was mapped into a discrete set of symbols. eg DVD Digital comm overview.ppt 2 Communications channel Physical separation Source Noise distortion Intended Receiver • Channel is always analog continuous time in nature • Regardless of whether source is analog or digital • Challenge for communications engineer is: – – – that channel resources are limited, power, bandwidth etc. Interference noise in channel Distortion effects Digital comm overview.ppt 3 What is Analog Communications then? Analog source Analog modulator FM, AM...
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...Running Head: ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPARISON 1 Analog and Digital Comparison Gerardo Maya 01/28/13 NTC/362 Ron Bowell ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPARISON 2 Analog and Digital Comparison The improvements in technology have impacted people’s everyday lives immensely. Particularly, in the manner those individuals communicate. Telecommunications has seen a vast change over the years that can date back to when the telegraph was invented by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1832. In order for there to be successful communication two specifications must be fulfilled. First is the transmitter and receiver must understand each other. The second requirement is the ability to identify errors while they’re in occurrence and have a solution to fix the errors. Communication is carried by data devices through transmission lines; transmission lines come in the form of circuits, channels, lines, trunks, and virtual circuits. The two forms of transmission are analog and digital transmission. Analog transmission is the traditional form of sending and receiving signals in telecommunications. Analog signals are in the form of waves that are composed of amplitude and frequency. Analog transmissions are sent along single channels. Before the introduction of digital transmission, analog transmission was used for radio, television, and telephones. Analog transmission duplicates the sound or image from where it was sent. Voice signals are transmitted as sound waves;...
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...few years ago they started to use Digital Video Discs (DVD’s). These electronic components use to do the same job bringing entertainment to our homes but, they have different technology. VCR’s are analog electronic systems and DVD’s are digital electronic systems. People think that VCR’s were replacing for DVD’s but is not true. Digital and analog systems are two different technologies one with more advantages than the other. But analog technology can not be replaced for digital technology. Analog technology is natural technology is how temperatures, sounds or others natural phenomena are converted into electrical voltages following exactly the variations; the variations produce very complex waveforms on an oscilloscope or chart recorder as nature itself. Waveforms are a plot or graph of voltage against time. The waveforms are often deriving directly from nature with help of a traducer. Analog waveforms are infinitely complex but he human learns to interpret it. Humans have been used graphs to represent all this waveforms because graphs are easy to understand. Digital technology has revolutionized everything, we divide everything into equal parts for example: a day into 24 hour, a twenty four hours day into two equal parts day and night, a year into 12 equal parts even though in the last example a year is no exactly 12 equal parts the human use to add a day every four years to adjust the calendar and make everything simple. Digital technology is an example of this...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Current technology utilizes many different types of transmission cable such as fiber optics, coaxial cable, and twisted pair copper wire. These different types of cables use different communications techniques that maximize their efficiency. For instance, fiber optics can carry digital signals over long distances without amplification or repeaters required. Copper wire, on the other hand, carrying analog signals requiring amplification and noise corrections along the way in much shorter intervals. The result is there is a mix of transmission lines that require special software and equipment such as codecs and modems to convert and move data from one point to another. Codecs and Modems The most common form of analog to digital conversions uses multiplex devices and coder-decoder devices otherwise known as codecs. These programs receive analog signals from sine waves such as audio communications and code them as digital signals. These signals then travel to other locations with codec or modem devices that decode or decompress the data back to analog signals. Digital devices use modems or combinations of codecs and modems to modulate the data signals to analog signals to travel to other modems for demodulation back to digital data. The codec is “software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a song or video” (Microsoft, 2014). This process is the same in telecommunications systems, which consist of the encoder...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Current technology utilizes many different types of transmission cable such as fiber optics, coaxial cable, and twisted pair copper wire. These different types of cables use different communications techniques that maximize their efficiency. For instance, fiber optics can carry digital signals over long distances without amplification or repeaters required. Copper wire, on the other hand, carrying analog signals requiring amplification and noise corrections along the way in much shorter intervals. The result is there is a mix of transmission lines that require special software and equipment such as codecs and modems to convert and move data from one point to another. Codecs and Modems The most common form of analog to digital conversions uses multiplex devices and coder-decoder devices otherwise known as codecs. These programs receive analog signals from sine waves such as audio communications and code them as digital signals. These signals then travel to other locations with codec or modem devices that decode or decompress the data back to analog signals. Digital devices use modems or combinations of codecs and modems to modulate the data signals to analog signals to travel to other modems for demodulation back to digital data. The codec is “software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a song or video” (Microsoft, 2014). This process is the same in telecommunications systems, which consist of the encoder...
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...Introduction Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversions Telecommunications relies on the transmission of data through different mediums such as a telephone, radio, television, among others. These transmissions are done through two signal types, which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Amanda Dyer, Derick Campos, Jesse Ford, Mehran Gerami, Nicolas Monteiro, Wendell Taylor NTC/362 October 15, 2015 Richard Swafford, Jr. Analog and Digital Technology: A Comparison Analog and digital are two different types of signals used to transmit audio or visual information from one place to another. Analog signals are continuous, meaning that there are no breaks or interruptions and digital signals are not continuous, they use specific values to represent information (Strickland, 2008). Analog transmissions are sent via electronic pulses of varying amplitude, while digital transmissions are converted into binary format to represent two individual amplitudes. Analog is cheap and has been used quite some time now, but the biggest issue with analog signals is the limitation of data that can be transmitted. Nowadays almost all equipment being produced is digital based. Analog to digital conversions or A/D conversions is the process of changing a continuous variable signal to a multi-level signal without altering the vital contents or the information or data. A prime example of a telecommunication that uses this form of conversion is a telephone modem. Voice communications vary in range and are not in binary form, so these analog signals must be translated into digital signals. Digital to analog conversions or DAC is the conversion of binary code to analog signal. In order words, signals having few defined levels or states are...
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...transmissions are done through two signal types, which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0. ADC is used in more occasions than people think. For example, whenever music is transmitted through the radio, the signal is sent in as analog and then through ADC changed into digital. Another example is the use...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Team A NTC/362 Dr. Jose Gotay November 11, 2014 An analog signal is a moving nonstop amplitude and frequency line. A good example of an analog signal is when a person is talking on a cell phone, when the person speaks into the microphone on the cell phone the pressure from the mouth is stored in the phone and creates a current. The rise and fall of the current is the analog voice pattern signal. The digital signal is less complex than the analog signal; because the digital signal uses binary code or zero and one bits to transmit signals. Analog transmissions can be converted into digital transmissions and vice versa. Conversions are made possible by codecs and modems. Codecs combine analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog conversion. Some codecs are able to reduce the amount of bits per second that are required for voice to be transmitted digitally. Compression is required when converting cell phone networks and video communications because of the limited spectrum and channels (Goleniewski & Jarret, 2007). A modem controls analog signals to encode digital data and demodulates the signal to decode the information sent. An analog signal works with computers to transform the digital data into electrical signals through a telephone channel and then demodulate the signals back into digital data. However, conversions have been known to cause malfunctions in the network so it is best to...
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...Analog / Digital Conversion Casey Doolan NTC 362 April 29, 2013 Eddie Horton Analog / Digital Conversion When you start the conversion from analog to digital there are three steps that need to be done to get the ball rolling 1) everything starts with the transmission of the original data, 2) then you have the modulation and 3) then receiver receives the information and they make sure there is no reduction in the quality of the signal. When you have a binary signal, it is made up of binary digits 1 and 0 and if there is no “noise” or “distortion” during the transmission of the information then everything will stay the same. If there is a change in the signal it will be measured by the receiver, encoding will not be necessary because the information that is being transferred will be converted into a binary form. An example of this in voice communications through telephones because when a call is made it is not in any type of binary form, they are analog signals that vary is value and must be converted into digital form so that it can be used in a digital communications system. When you convert a digital signal to an analog signal you must use a converter and in this case the converter is a DAC (digital-to-analog converter). What the DAC does is it accepts the discrete binary value and it will convert them into a continuously varying value of an analog signal. If you don’t monitor the conversion, then the sound quality of the signal might be affected. Examples of...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Learning Team D: Juan C. Godinez, Luke Wade, Jonathan Selinksi NCT/362 March 16th, 2015 Richard Bohn Analog and Digital Comparison Data, media, networking and transfer technology has evolved immensely throughout the years. When it comes to transmissions, two prerequisites must be satisfied to have successful communication. The first prerequisite is understandability. The transmitter and receiver must speak the same language. The second prerequisite is the capability to detect errors as they occur and to have some procedure for resolving those errors. (Goleniewski, L., 2007). Picture this similar to the different languages people can speak all over the world. Without proper translation and understanding, the conversation is pointless; this analogy is similar for analog and digital transmissions. Beginning with an analog signal, which is a continuous variable along amplitude and frequency. Analog circuits need to have a defined frequency band in which it operates. Different modulation schemes can vary the speed in which they operate, the quality of wire they require, the immunity to noise, and their overall complexity. The variety of modulation schemes in existence can be a disadvantage as this means many incompatibilities can exist within a single application. Such modulations include: * Amplitude modulation (AM) - modem relies on amplitude and associates high amplitude/zeros with low amplitude. Amplitude modulation can be demodulated...
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...IS589 Week 2 Texbook QuestionsIS589 Week 2 – Text Book Questions Greg Wilson Chapter 3: Questions 1, 3, and 6 Question 1: How does a multipoint circuit differ from a point-to-point circuit? From the Course Text (Fitzgerald & Dennis, 2009): In this configuration, many computers are connected on the same circuit. This means that each must share the circuit with the others. The disadvantage is that only one computer can use the circuit at a time. When one computer is sending or receiving data, all others must wait. The advantage of multipoint circuits is that they reduce the amount of cable required and typically use the available communication circuit more efficiently. Imagine the number of circuits that would be required if the network in Figure 3.2 was designed with separate point-to-point circuits. For this reason, multipoint configurations are cheaper than point-to-point circuits. Thus, multipoint circuits typically are used when each computer does not need to continuously use the entire capacity of the circuit or when building point-to-point circuits is too expensive. Wireless circuits are almost always multipoint circuits because multiple computers use the same radio frequencies and must take turns transmitting. Question 3: Describe three types of guided media. Twisted-Pair Cable (Fitzgerald & Dennis, 2009): One of the most commonly used types of guided media is twisted-pair cable, insulated pairs of wires that can be packed quite close together (Figure 3...
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...department(HOD) who also contributed in his own way and also to school for bringing out the seminar format which guided us well and made our work easier. And to our most beloved parents, guardians which God used in providing the financial resources for us. We say a very big thank you to them all and pray that God bless us all. THANKS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS OF SOME TERMS A DIGITAL SYSTEM is a data technology that uses discrete (discontinuous) values. By contrast, non-digital (or analog) systems represent information using a continuous function. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers and letters or continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements. The word digital comes from the same source as the words digit and digitus (the Latin word for finger), as fingers are used for discrete counting. It is most commonly used in computing and electronics, especially where real-world information is converted to binary numeric form as in digital audio and digital photography. DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM is a transmission system in which (a)...
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... Topic: Analog to Digital Converter using Verilog programming Language By: Kamaalbir Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B28) & Jasmeet Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B27) Introduction: An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Instead of doing a single conversion, an ADC often performs the conversions ("samples" the input) periodically. The result is a sequence of digital values that have converted a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal. Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Design (Using Verilog): * The basic module of the adc will have an input, an output and a clock (clk) as part of the port list. * It will also include some user defined parameters (basically different data types). * The main logic for an adc is to convert an analog input signal into a digital one, so we will design logic for quantization and sampling etc. Applications: * The major applications of an adc include Music Recording and Digital Signal Processing. * Analog to Digital converters are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be...
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