...Analog and Digital Comparison Technologies for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversions There is no actual all analog or all digital telecommunications going on technologically today (Goleniewsk & Wilson Jarrett, 2007, Chapter Chapter 1, Analog Versus Digital Transmission). One day, developers hope to make the network 100% digital. Connecting to the internet or just making a call to your mother two states over is a mixture of both when it comes to communicating from one terminal to the next. That being said, it takes codecs and modems for a successful conversion to occur. Say you are calling another state from a land line. This call will start out analog at your telephone and then must be converted to digital. When you pick your phone up, it connects to a codec. Your voice can range from 100Hz to 10,000Hz depending on many factors. The average Hz a phone company will allot is 4,000 which works for virtually all people. Codec is short for coder-decoder and it works by minimizing the amount of bits per second that will carry the voice to the multiplexer. In the case of a cellular network, the data will have to be compressed even further so that the most efficient transmission can occur. The codec will then transfer the data to a multiplexer. This particular multiplexer is a TDM (time division multiplexer). This will allow for one channel to be open at a time. This does make sense since it would not be good to take over a phone line once it is being...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Amanda Dyer, Derick Campos, Jesse Ford, Mehran Gerami, Nicolas Monteiro, Wendell Taylor NTC/362 October 15, 2015 Richard Swafford, Jr. Analog and Digital Technology: A Comparison Analog and digital are two different types of signals used to transmit audio or visual information from one place to another. Analog signals are continuous, meaning that there are no breaks or interruptions and digital signals are not continuous, they use specific values to represent information (Strickland, 2008). Analog transmissions are sent via electronic pulses of varying amplitude, while digital transmissions are converted into binary format to represent two individual amplitudes. Analog is cheap and has been used quite some time now, but the biggest issue with analog signals is the limitation of data that can be transmitted. Nowadays almost all equipment being produced is digital based. Analog to digital conversions or A/D conversions is the process of changing a continuous variable signal to a multi-level signal without altering the vital contents or the information or data. A prime example of a telecommunication that uses this form of conversion is a telephone modem. Voice communications vary in range and are not in binary form, so these analog signals must be translated into digital signals. Digital to analog conversions or DAC is the conversion of binary code to analog signal. In order words, signals having few defined levels or states are...
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...Comparison of Analog and Digital Technology NTC362 The process of Analog to Digital Conversion starts with the transmission of the original information, followed by the modulation and then reception at the receiver and making sure that there is no factor of signal degradation and noise. “The binary signal is made up of two symbols namely binary digits or bits 1 and 0. If there is no influence of noise and distortion during transmission, the binary information will be the same. The change in the signal is being measure at the receiver. Encoding is needless if the information to be transferred has already been converted in binary form just like in data communications. In contrary, voice communication through telephone is not in binary form. These are analog signals that vary in range of values and therefore must be converted to digital form before it is being used in digital communications system.” (T. T. (2011). Digital signal to analog signal conversions involve the use of DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converters). DAC accepts the discrete binary values and converts them into continuously-varying values of analog signal. This conversion may affect the fidelity of the signal if the process was not properly monitored. Analog telephone lines, most commonly called POTS lines, uses separate lines (e.g. standard phone and fax lines, alarm lines, etc.) from the digital equipment lines (e.g. PBX). The use of modem for computer’s...
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...Introduction Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversions Telecommunications relies on the transmission of data through different mediums such as a telephone, radio, television, among others. These transmissions are done through two signal types, which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0...
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...An analog signal is defined by moving nonstop along the amplitude and frequency line. An example is talking through the telephone, when a person speaks in the microphone the pressure from the mouth changes and collects into the handset and is augmented and turned into current. The rise and fall in the current are the analog of the voice pattern. The digital signal is different form an analog because a digital signal is not as complex, a digital transmission uses pulses representing one bits and zero bits. Presently we use a combination of both analog and digital networks. In different areas of the network it is necessary to use analog and digital. A codec, which is a combination, is the words “coder” and “decoder” converts the analog signal to digital. There are various types of codecs for various purposes. In the “Public switched telephone network” (PTSN), there are specific codecs that will help reduce the amount of bits that are transmitted digitally in the PTSN. On a cell network there are codecs that condense the auditory voice to maximize the ability to transmit over the network. Video codec for communication require specific compression capabilities in order to send videos through the network efficiently. The word modem, which is a combination of the words "demodulate" and "modulate" is specific device that converts analog to digital signals over the network. However this conversion has many problems and proves to be the weakest link in the network. When a conversion...
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...sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low power consumption in order to operate up to 10 years or more [1]. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are among the most critical and power hungry components of medical implant devices for measurements of various electrophysiological signals (DC to a few kHz [2]). Conversion of the low-frequency analog signals does not need high speed, but requires ultra-low-power operation (e.g., in nW...
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...crew from Industrial Video Imaging (IVI). You are on your way to film the installation of energy panels at a power generating station in rural West Virginia. The film, which will be approximately one-hour long, will be shown to the Solar Energy Commission, a client with whom your Senior Management will be meeting in three days. On the morning of the installation, you discover that your only camera, a Panatronic-880 digital video camera worth $8000, is missing from your company van, parked outside your motel in Flatrock, WV. Upon inspection, you notice damage to the lock and latch on the van’s back door. While speaking with the Flatrock Police Department, you are asked to go in and fill out an incident report. Since you need to find a camera and get to the installation site, you are caught between competing time pressures; you designate a crew member to stay in Flatrock to complete the police report, but you still must decide what to do about filming the installation. You have time to stop at a local discount store and purchase a small, multipurpose digital video camera for about $700. While this solution would allow you to get to the installation on time and film the process as planned, the small, multipurpose camera might not capture some details that are important information to the Solar Energy Commission (such as the setting of the solar collectors’ tracking arcs and the calibrating of the sensing instruments). The other option is to drive to a larger city, about 60...
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...crew from Industrial Video Imaging (IVI). You are on your way to film the installation of energy panels at a power generating station in rural West Virginia. The film, which will be approximately one-hour long, will be shown to the Solar Energy Commission, a client with whom your Senior Management will be meeting in three days. On the morning of the installation, you discover that your only camera, a Panatronic-880 digital video camera worth $8000, is missing from your company van, parked outside your motel in Flatrock, WV. Upon inspection, you notice damage to the lock and latch on the van’s back door. While speaking with the Flatrock Police Department, you are asked to go in and fill out an incident report. Since you need to find a camera and get to the installation site, you are caught between competing time pressures; you designate a crew member to stay in Flatrock to complete the police report, but you still must decide what to do about filming the installation. You have time to stop at a local discount store and purchase a small, multipurpose digital video camera for about $700. While this solution would allow you to get to the installation on time and film the process as planned, the small, multipurpose camera might not capture some details that are important information to the Solar Energy Commission (such as the setting of the solar collectors’ tracking arcs and the calibrating of the sensing instruments). The other option is to drive to a larger city, about 60...
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... which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0. ADC is used in more occasions than people think. For example, whenever music is transmitted through the radio, the signal is sent in as analog and then through ADC changed into digital. Another example is the use of phones. Voice is analog, so a conversion...
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...Programming Topic: Analog to Digital Converter using Verilog programming Language By: Kamaalbir Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B28) & Jasmeet Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B27) Introduction: An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Instead of doing a single conversion, an ADC often performs the conversions ("samples" the input) periodically. The result is a sequence of digital values that have converted a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal. Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Design (Using Verilog): * The basic module of the adc will have an input, an output and a clock (clk) as part of the port list. * It will also include some user defined parameters (basically different data types). * The main logic for an adc is to convert an analog input signal into a digital one, so we will design logic for quantization and sampling etc. Applications: * The major applications of an adc include Music Recording and Digital Signal Processing. * Analog to Digital converters are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to...
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...the creation of analog-to-digital converters, technology convergence, and the changes in the media industry and audiences. There have been advances in the way gatekeeping and content filters are handled. The rise in the technology of books has even been so great that there has been a decrease in the annual sales by 44 million books. With the ascending spiral of technology the world of media will be a great place for the future. Analog media has been used originally for audio recording for media that was analogous for the sound that it was creating. Although, recently Analog media has been used to refer to non-digitized media, such as film, audio, print media, etc. Since technology has advanced and become dependent on computers analog has been translated into digital media so that it is in computer and machine-readable form. It is put into binary digits so that computers may read and comprehend it. This process in which media is translated into computer-readable is called digitization. Communication of media has been transferring from the traditional analog media to the newer aged digital media. This is much more convenient in this new age because people have learned to depend on their computers to do work. When dealing with audio and video an analog-to-digital converter works at an extremely high rate. Digital media is a great advancement in media technology. Technological convergence is the coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in digital environment. It...
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...Analog / Digital Conversion Casey Doolan NTC 362 April 29, 2013 Eddie Horton Analog / Digital Conversion When you start the conversion from analog to digital there are three steps that need to be done to get the ball rolling 1) everything starts with the transmission of the original data, 2) then you have the modulation and 3) then receiver receives the information and they make sure there is no reduction in the quality of the signal. When you have a binary signal, it is made up of binary digits 1 and 0 and if there is no “noise” or “distortion” during the transmission of the information then everything will stay the same. If there is a change in the signal it will be measured by the receiver, encoding will not be necessary because the information that is being transferred will be converted into a binary form. An example of this in voice communications through telephones because when a call is made it is not in any type of binary form, they are analog signals that vary is value and must be converted into digital form so that it can be used in a digital communications system. When you convert a digital signal to an analog signal you must use a converter and in this case the converter is a DAC (digital-to-analog converter). What the DAC does is it accepts the discrete binary value and it will convert them into a continuously varying value of an analog signal. If you don’t monitor the conversion, then the sound quality of the signal might be affected. Examples of...
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...|QUESTION: A1 | |a. | |CLK | |Data Input | |Q0 | |Q1 | |Q2 | | | |0 | |x | |1 | |1 | |0 | | ...
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...| Analog and Digital Comparison | NTC/362 Fundamentals in Networking | EDWARD BROWN | Jose Giralt | 3/18/2013 | | A signal is simply the transmission of data from one place to another place. In our day to day life we deal with various signals constantly like signals from music, power lines, telephones, and cellular devices. Analog and digital are two kinds of signals which are used for the transmission of information from source to destination. Usually the information to be transmitted from one place to another is either audio or video. This information signal is then transformed into those signals which can be transmitted via different channels. For the analog format, the data is transformed into electrical pulses with varying amplitude while for the digital format; the data is transformed into binary format representing two amplitudes. We have various such equipment like analog or digital phones, fax machines, modems, clocks, watches etc. Analog technology is the older one and has been used for decades. It is cheap too but the problem with analog signals is that there is a limitation on the size of the data that can be transmitted at any given point of time. With the advent of digital technology many improvements and new techniques have been introduced. Now days almost every appliance or equipment is based on digital technology. In this, the transmitter translate the data into binary form and the receiver re assemble and produces the...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Learning Team D: Juan C. Godinez, Luke Wade, Jonathan Selinksi NCT/362 March 16th, 2015 Richard Bohn Analog and Digital Comparison Data, media, networking and transfer technology has evolved immensely throughout the years. When it comes to transmissions, two prerequisites must be satisfied to have successful communication. The first prerequisite is understandability. The transmitter and receiver must speak the same language. The second prerequisite is the capability to detect errors as they occur and to have some procedure for resolving those errors. (Goleniewski, L., 2007). Picture this similar to the different languages people can speak all over the world. Without proper translation and understanding, the conversation is pointless; this analogy is similar for analog and digital transmissions. Beginning with an analog signal, which is a continuous variable along amplitude and frequency. Analog circuits need to have a defined frequency band in which it operates. Different modulation schemes can vary the speed in which they operate, the quality of wire they require, the immunity to noise, and their overall complexity. The variety of modulation schemes in existence can be a disadvantage as this means many incompatibilities can exist within a single application. Such modulations include: * Amplitude modulation (AM) - modem relies on amplitude and associates high amplitude/zeros with low amplitude. Amplitude modulation can be demodulated...
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