...| Analog and Digital Comparison | NTC/362 Fundamentals in Networking | EDWARD BROWN | Jose Giralt | 3/18/2013 | | A signal is simply the transmission of data from one place to another place. In our day to day life we deal with various signals constantly like signals from music, power lines, telephones, and cellular devices. Analog and digital are two kinds of signals which are used for the transmission of information from source to destination. Usually the information to be transmitted from one place to another is either audio or video. This information signal is then transformed into those signals which can be transmitted via different channels. For the analog format, the data is transformed into electrical pulses with varying amplitude while for the digital format; the data is transformed into binary format representing two amplitudes. We have various such equipment like analog or digital phones, fax machines, modems, clocks, watches etc. Analog technology is the older one and has been used for decades. It is cheap too but the problem with analog signals is that there is a limitation on the size of the data that can be transmitted at any given point of time. With the advent of digital technology many improvements and new techniques have been introduced. Now days almost every appliance or equipment is based on digital technology. In this, the transmitter translate the data into binary form and the receiver re assemble and produces the...
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...Jose O. Perez Jeffery Benedict January 23, 2015 Analog Vs. Digital In Recorded Music When I began my studies at Cal State La I came into the program as a drum set performance major and wasn’t too knowledgeable about how the music recording process works. So when I decided to switch my major to the technology studies track I was pleasantly surprised by the amount of knowledge that I did not have. Not that I’m the best drummer in the world, but I was feeling like I needed a change in course and it seems that learning about something that I didn’t know much about was a really good use of my time. I’ve been using Logic to make recordings at home and once I began to understand what I was doing mixing and composing quickly became an obsession of mine which I am pursuing daily. From the very beginning of this journey I’ve taken to watching as many tutorials on youtube as I possibly can and am bombarded with knowledge, opinions, and a fare amount of useless crap. It’s interesting to see the very different approaches that people have to doing the same thing; and they all think their way is the best. What’s more is that there is this belief that the music business is suffering gravely from this supposed injustice that the digital age has inflicted upon those that are “old school”. So what I’m noticing is this large divide amongst people that use analog gear and those that use digital gear. The analog devotees are absolutely convinced that you can NEVER get the rich, warm, juicy and...
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...ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL 1.1 Analog signal An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analog to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which a continuous quantity is represented by a discrete function which can only take on one of a finite number of values. The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals. An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information. Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal; often such a signal is a measured response to changes in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure. The physical variable is converted to an analog signal by a transducer. For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure (that is to say, sound) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic...
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...Running Head: ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPARISON 1 Analog and Digital Comparison Gerardo Maya 01/28/13 NTC/362 Ron Bowell ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPARISON 2 Analog and Digital Comparison The improvements in technology have impacted people’s everyday lives immensely. Particularly, in the manner those individuals communicate. Telecommunications has seen a vast change over the years that can date back to when the telegraph was invented by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1832. In order for there to be successful communication two specifications must be fulfilled. First is the transmitter and receiver must understand each other. The second requirement is the ability to identify errors while they’re in occurrence and have a solution to fix the errors. Communication is carried by data devices through transmission lines; transmission lines come in the form of circuits, channels, lines, trunks, and virtual circuits. The two forms of transmission are analog and digital transmission. Analog transmission is the traditional form of sending and receiving signals in telecommunications. Analog signals are in the form of waves that are composed of amplitude and frequency. Analog transmissions are sent along single channels. Before the introduction of digital transmission, analog transmission was used for radio, television, and telephones. Analog transmission duplicates the sound or image from where it was sent. Voice signals are transmitted as sound waves;...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Technologies for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversions There is no actual all analog or all digital telecommunications going on technologically today (Goleniewsk & Wilson Jarrett, 2007, Chapter Chapter 1, Analog Versus Digital Transmission). One day, developers hope to make the network 100% digital. Connecting to the internet or just making a call to your mother two states over is a mixture of both when it comes to communicating from one terminal to the next. That being said, it takes codecs and modems for a successful conversion to occur. Say you are calling another state from a land line. This call will start out analog at your telephone and then must be converted to digital. When you pick your phone up, it connects to a codec. Your voice can range from 100Hz to 10,000Hz depending on many factors. The average Hz a phone company will allot is 4,000 which works for virtually all people. Codec is short for coder-decoder and it works by minimizing the amount of bits per second that will carry the voice to the multiplexer. In the case of a cellular network, the data will have to be compressed even further so that the most efficient transmission can occur. The codec will then transfer the data to a multiplexer. This particular multiplexer is a TDM (time division multiplexer). This will allow for one channel to be open at a time. This does make sense since it would not be good to take over a phone line once it is being...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Amanda Dyer, Derick Campos, Jesse Ford, Mehran Gerami, Nicolas Monteiro, Wendell Taylor NTC/362 October 15, 2015 Richard Swafford, Jr. Analog and Digital Technology: A Comparison Analog and digital are two different types of signals used to transmit audio or visual information from one place to another. Analog signals are continuous, meaning that there are no breaks or interruptions and digital signals are not continuous, they use specific values to represent information (Strickland, 2008). Analog transmissions are sent via electronic pulses of varying amplitude, while digital transmissions are converted into binary format to represent two individual amplitudes. Analog is cheap and has been used quite some time now, but the biggest issue with analog signals is the limitation of data that can be transmitted. Nowadays almost all equipment being produced is digital based. Analog to digital conversions or A/D conversions is the process of changing a continuous variable signal to a multi-level signal without altering the vital contents or the information or data. A prime example of a telecommunication that uses this form of conversion is a telephone modem. Voice communications vary in range and are not in binary form, so these analog signals must be translated into digital signals. Digital to analog conversions or DAC is the conversion of binary code to analog signal. In order words, signals having few defined levels or states are...
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...Comparison of Analog and Digital Technology NTC362 The process of Analog to Digital Conversion starts with the transmission of the original information, followed by the modulation and then reception at the receiver and making sure that there is no factor of signal degradation and noise. “The binary signal is made up of two symbols namely binary digits or bits 1 and 0. If there is no influence of noise and distortion during transmission, the binary information will be the same. The change in the signal is being measure at the receiver. Encoding is needless if the information to be transferred has already been converted in binary form just like in data communications. In contrary, voice communication through telephone is not in binary form. These are analog signals that vary in range of values and therefore must be converted to digital form before it is being used in digital communications system.” (T. T. (2011). Digital signal to analog signal conversions involve the use of DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converters). DAC accepts the discrete binary values and converts them into continuously-varying values of analog signal. This conversion may affect the fidelity of the signal if the process was not properly monitored. Analog telephone lines, most commonly called POTS lines, uses separate lines (e.g. standard phone and fax lines, alarm lines, etc.) from the digital equipment lines (e.g. PBX). The use of modem for computer’s...
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...Introduction Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversions Telecommunications relies on the transmission of data through different mediums such as a telephone, radio, television, among others. These transmissions are done through two signal types, which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0...
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...An analog signal is defined by moving nonstop along the amplitude and frequency line. An example is talking through the telephone, when a person speaks in the microphone the pressure from the mouth changes and collects into the handset and is augmented and turned into current. The rise and fall in the current are the analog of the voice pattern. The digital signal is different form an analog because a digital signal is not as complex, a digital transmission uses pulses representing one bits and zero bits. Presently we use a combination of both analog and digital networks. In different areas of the network it is necessary to use analog and digital. A codec, which is a combination, is the words “coder” and “decoder” converts the analog signal to digital. There are various types of codecs for various purposes. In the “Public switched telephone network” (PTSN), there are specific codecs that will help reduce the amount of bits that are transmitted digitally in the PTSN. On a cell network there are codecs that condense the auditory voice to maximize the ability to transmit over the network. Video codec for communication require specific compression capabilities in order to send videos through the network efficiently. The word modem, which is a combination of the words "demodulate" and "modulate" is specific device that converts analog to digital signals over the network. However this conversion has many problems and proves to be the weakest link in the network. When a conversion...
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...Digital y analógico son, básicamente, los dos métodos utilizados hoy en dia, para el procesamiento electrónico de información. A su vez, por información entendemos todo aquello que tiene significado para nosotros, desde la palabra hasta la música. Hay que tener en cuenta que la información no existe sino en el cambio. El sonido, por ejemplo, no es más que la vibración del aire (o cualquier otro fluido). Una fotografía es también la variación de algo, en este caso de tonalidades a lo largo y ancho de una superficie; una hoja de papel en blanco, por el contrario, no contiene información alguna. Sabiendo esto, es fácil entender que procesar información por medios electrónicos no consiste sino en provocar variaciones dentro de esos medios, que de alguna manera se correspondan con las variaciones originales de aquel medio que contenía la información en su forma primaria. La manera más sencilla de representar la información electrónicamente consiste en hacer variar alguna magnitud eléctrica, como el voltage, en proporción exacta a las variaciones del medio original. Un ejemplo claro de esto es el micrófono. Un micrófono típico tiene una membrana delgada que está acomplada a un fino alambre de cobre enrollado en torno a un a un imán (ver figura). Cuando el micrófono se expone a las ondas sonoras, estas hacen vibrar a la membrana, con lo cual el enrollado de cobre también vibra respecto al imán. Este movimiento relativo del enrollado respeto al imán, induce una corriente eléctrica...
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... which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0. ADC is used in more occasions than people think. For example, whenever music is transmitted through the radio, the signal is sent in as analog and then through ADC changed into digital. Another example is the use of phones. Voice is analog, so a conversion...
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...sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low power consumption in order to operate up to 10 years or more [1]. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are among the most critical and power hungry components of medical implant devices for measurements of various electrophysiological signals (DC to a few kHz [2]). Conversion of the low-frequency analog signals does not need high speed, but requires ultra-low-power operation (e.g., in nW...
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...Analog / Digital Conversion Casey Doolan NTC 362 April 29, 2013 Eddie Horton Analog / Digital Conversion When you start the conversion from analog to digital there are three steps that need to be done to get the ball rolling 1) everything starts with the transmission of the original data, 2) then you have the modulation and 3) then receiver receives the information and they make sure there is no reduction in the quality of the signal. When you have a binary signal, it is made up of binary digits 1 and 0 and if there is no “noise” or “distortion” during the transmission of the information then everything will stay the same. If there is a change in the signal it will be measured by the receiver, encoding will not be necessary because the information that is being transferred will be converted into a binary form. An example of this in voice communications through telephones because when a call is made it is not in any type of binary form, they are analog signals that vary is value and must be converted into digital form so that it can be used in a digital communications system. When you convert a digital signal to an analog signal you must use a converter and in this case the converter is a DAC (digital-to-analog converter). What the DAC does is it accepts the discrete binary value and it will convert them into a continuously varying value of an analog signal. If you don’t monitor the conversion, then the sound quality of the signal might be affected. Examples of...
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...Programming Topic: Analog to Digital Converter using Verilog programming Language By: Kamaalbir Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B28) & Jasmeet Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B27) Introduction: An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Instead of doing a single conversion, an ADC often performs the conversions ("samples" the input) periodically. The result is a sequence of digital values that have converted a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal. Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Design (Using Verilog): * The basic module of the adc will have an input, an output and a clock (clk) as part of the port list. * It will also include some user defined parameters (basically different data types). * The main logic for an adc is to convert an analog input signal into a digital one, so we will design logic for quantization and sampling etc. Applications: * The major applications of an adc include Music Recording and Digital Signal Processing. * Analog to Digital converters are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to...
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...the creation of analog-to-digital converters, technology convergence, and the changes in the media industry and audiences. There have been advances in the way gatekeeping and content filters are handled. The rise in the technology of books has even been so great that there has been a decrease in the annual sales by 44 million books. With the ascending spiral of technology the world of media will be a great place for the future. Analog media has been used originally for audio recording for media that was analogous for the sound that it was creating. Although, recently Analog media has been used to refer to non-digitized media, such as film, audio, print media, etc. Since technology has advanced and become dependent on computers analog has been translated into digital media so that it is in computer and machine-readable form. It is put into binary digits so that computers may read and comprehend it. This process in which media is translated into computer-readable is called digitization. Communication of media has been transferring from the traditional analog media to the newer aged digital media. This is much more convenient in this new age because people have learned to depend on their computers to do work. When dealing with audio and video an analog-to-digital converter works at an extremely high rate. Digital media is a great advancement in media technology. Technological convergence is the coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in digital environment. It...
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