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Analysis Bender

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Submitted By jbatluk
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Гипотезы
В работе исследуется влияние внедрения технико-технологических инноваций и организационных изменений в организации на уровень общей занятости в ней. Это и явилось основной гипотезой, выдвигаемой в рамках данного исследования:
Гипотеза 1.а) Внедрение технико-технологических инноваций влияет на уровень общей занятости в организации.
Гипотеза 1.б) Проведение организационных изменений влияет на уровень общей занятости в организации.
Соответственно, в качестве независимой переменной в данном исследовании рассматриваются технико-технологические инновации и организационные изменения, а в качестве зависимой - уровень общей занятости в организации.
Данные
Для проведения анализа влияния технологических и организационных изменений на уровень общей занятости работников были использованы данные, отобранные из двух основных источников данных: IAB Establishment Panel (ежегодный опрос организаций) и Employment Statistics Register (набор персональных данных из единой уведомительной системы).
Обе системы содержат уникальные цифровые идентификаторы фирм, которые позволяют сопоставить данные о работниках, предоставляемые Employment Statistics Register с данными IAB Establishment Panel. Для анализа были выбраны 1378 западно-германских фирм, принимавших участие в опросу IAB с 1993 по 1996 год, а также, была собрана информация о сотрудниках, работавших в этих организациях.
В своём исследовании, в соответствии с классификацией Блоссфельда, авторы выделили три группы работников: неквалифицированные работники, квалифицированные работники и профессионалы и инженеры (Blossfeld, 1985). При этом, из выборки заранее были исключены молодые специалисты, стажёры, сотрудники, находящиеся в декрете или на службе в армии, частично занятые, а также сотрудники, старше 65 лет.
Методы
При проведении исследования на первых этапах использовались данные, полученные путём такого метод сбора информации как опрос. Использовались ответы сотрудников на следующий вопрос: «Проводились ли какие-либо из следующих изменений в вашей организации за последние два года?». Среди прочих вариантов ответов были и те, которые позволяли определить сократилось ли в организации число уровней иерархии, произошло ли перераспределение обязанностей на подчиненных, были ли введены понятия групповой работы или подотчетных рабочих групп. Стоит отметить, что эти изменения являются тремя из четырёх основных практик, идентифицированных Бетчерманом как главные характеристики организаций с гибкими рабочими местами Betcherman (1997). Этими составляющими представлена переменная организационных изменений. В свою очередь переменная технико-технологических изменений представлена степенью инвестирования в информационные технологии.
Для проверки выдвинутых гипотез - для доказательства и выявления причин влияния инновационный и организационных изменений на процесс найма и увольнения сотрудников, использовался метод дескриптивного анализа данных. В рамках количественного исследования, для исследования влияния независимых переменных на зависимую, использовался метод регрессионного анализа.
Результаты
В ходе проведения исследования была выявлена связь между проведением технико-технологических и организационных изменений в организации и уровнем общей занятости. Так, было выявлено, что сокращение уровней иерархии в организации приводит к снижению темпов роста общей занятости в организации для неквалифицированных и квалифицированных работников. Перераспределение обязанностей в организации, в отличие от введения самоуправляемых команд, также снижает темпы роста общей занятости, но лишь для квалифицированных работников.
Что касается технико-технологических изменений, инвестирование в информационные технологии повышает общую занятость квалифицированных и неквалифицированных работников. Однако, такой эффект не наблюдается в случае, когда информационные технологии являются областью наибольшего инвестирования в компании.
Российский опыт
В течение последних десятилетий во всех развивающихся странах тема внедрения инноваций на предприятиях является очень актуальной. Со стороны руководства нашей страны также уделяется большое внимание роли науки и инноваций на федеральном уровне. Тем не менее, согласно мнению исследователей Л.М. Гохберга и Т.Е. Кузнецовой, добиться значительных результатов в данной области пока не удалось. В доказательство данного утверждения в Приложении № 1 приведены основные показатели развития научно-технологического комплекса России.
Результаты исследований в области технологических инновации на российских предприятиях, проводимых Федеральной службой государственной статистики по состоянию на 2012 год, показали, что удельный вес организаций, осуществлявших технологические инновации, составил 9,1%, а осуществлявших организационные инновации – 3,0%. Общая инновационная активность организаций составила в 2009 году 9,3%, в 2010 году – 9,5%, в 2011 году – 10,4%, в 2012 году – 10,3%.
Динамика числа рабочих мест (численности работников в организации), осуществлявших технологические инновации показывает, что с 2008 года было замечено незначительное уменьшение численности работников, но в 2012 году данный показатель находится на уровне 2008 года. Также стоит отметить, что показатели по субъектам Российской Федерации имеют как положительную, так и отрицательную динамику.
Таким образом, влияние технологических инноваций на численность сотрудников занятых на предприятиях в целом по стране не прослеживается, возможно, на отдельных предприятиях с высоким уровнем внедрения инноваций будет прослеживаться идентичное влияние, которое указано в исследуемой статье.

Список литературы 1. Гохберг, Л.М., Кузнецова, Т.Е. Инновации как основа экономического роста и укрепления позиций России в глобальной экономике. Москва: Вестник международных организаций: образование, наука, новая экономика, 2012.-117 с. 2. Bauer, T. K., Bendner, S. Technological change, organizational, change and job turnover. Бонн: Экономика Труда, 2002.-27 с.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ № 1
Основные показатели развития научно-технологического комплекса России, 2000–2010 гг. | 2000 г. | 2004 г. | 2005 г. | 2006 г. | 2007 г. | 2008 г. | 2009 г. | 2010 г. | Внутренние затраты на ИР в постоянных ценах 1989 г., млрд руб. | 3,3 | 4,6 | 4,6 | 4,9 | 5,6 | 5,3 | 6,1 | 5,9 | Внутренние затраты на ИР, % к ВВП | 1,05 | 1,15 | 1,07 | 1,07 | 1,12 | 1,04 | 1,25 | 1,16 | Ассигнования на гражданскую науку из средств федерального бюджета в постоянных ценах 1991 г., млрд руб. | 2,0 | 3,06 | 4,16 | 4,57 | 5,5 | 5,66 | 7,51 | 7,31 | Ассигнования на гражданскую науку из средств федерального бюджета, % к ВВП | 0,23 | 0,28 | 0,36 | 0,36 | 0,4 | 0,39 | 0,56 | 0,53 | Численность персонала, занятого ИР на 10 тыс. занятых в экономике | 138 | 126 | 122 | 120 | 118 | 111 | 110 | 109 | Число поданных патентных заявок на изобретения в России, тыс. | 28,7 | 30,2 | 32,3 | 37,7 | 39,4 | 41,8 | 38,6 | 42,5 | Число выданных патентов с указанием России, тыс. | 17,6 | 23,2 | 23,4 | 23,3 | 23,0 | 28,8 | 34,8 | 30,3 | Сальдо экспорта-импорта технологий, млн долл. США | 20,6 | -439,0 | -564,8 | -595,0 | -796,0 | -1254 | -1001 | -798 | Число организаций, выполняющих ИР | 4099 | 3656 | 3566 | 3622 | 3957 | 3666 | 3536 | 3492 | Из них промышленных предприятий | 384 | 244 | 231 | 255 | 265 | 239 | 228 | 238 |

--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. Распоряжение Правительства РФ от 08.12.2011 N 2227-р «Об утверждении Стратегии инновационного развития Российской Федерации на период до 2020 года»; «Стратегия развития науки и инноваций в Российской Федерации на период до 2015 года» (утв. Межведомственной комиссией по научно-инновационной политике(протокол от 15.02.2006 N 1)).
[ 2 ]. Л.М. Гохберг, Т.Е. Кузнецова. Инновации как основа экономического роста и укрепления позиций России в глобальной экономике. (2012). № 2. С. 101–117. Вестник международных организаций: образование, наука, новая экономика.
[ 3 ]. Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Удельный вес организаций, осуществлявших технологические инновации в отчетном году, в общем числе обследованных организаций. (2013). Официальная статистика.
[ 4 ]. Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Удельный вес организаций, осуществлявших организационные инновации в отчетном году, в общем числе обследованных организаций. (2013). Официальная статистика.
[ 5 ]. Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Динамика числа рабочих мест (численности работников в организации), осуществлявших технологические инновации по субъектам Российской Федерации за 2008-2010 гг. (2012). Рабочие места.
[ 6 ]. Thomas K. Bauer, Stefan Bender. Technological change, organizational change, and job turnover. (2004). № 11. 265– 291. Labour Economics.
[ 7 ]. Л.М. Гохберг, Т.Е. Кузнецова. Инновации как основа экономического роста и укрепления позиций России в глобальной экономике. 2012, № 2. С. 101–117. Вестник международных организаций: образование, наука, новая экономика.

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