ANSWERS TO COMMA COMBINE PRACTICE
Commas essential nonessential answers
1. Patterson Tower, the recently completed office building, is a monument to concrete ugliness.
2. The movie that I wanted to see is no longer playing.
3. Each person who enters the contest must send in two box tops.
4. John decided, nonetheless, not to buy the car.
5. The Mississippi River, which once flowed north into Hudson Bay, flows south into the Gulf of Mexico.
6. Your cat, watching the dog intently, walked carefully away.
7. The cat that was watching the dog most intently walked carefully away.
8. TV commercials, sometimes the most entertaining parts of a program, are essentially flashy corporate propaganda.
9. The dam project, which many in the government consider to be a sign of national strength, will destroy hundreds of villages and vast areas of wildlife habitat along the river banks.
10. The free-jazz musician Sun Ra claimed to be from Saturn.
11. The one woman who did not attend the meeting said that she had to study for her chemistry exam. [who did not attend the meeting is an essential clause, defining the specific woman in question.]
1 2. He did not however intend to return the money he borrowed. [however is a Non-Essentials word.]
1 3. West Point cadets, who break the honor code, are expelled. [who break the honor code is an essential clause, defining a subset of cadets.]
1 4. She was as a matter of fact chiefly interested in becoming a Hollywood celebrity. [as a matter of fact is a Non-Essentials phrase.]
1 5. Raul's wife, Conchita, is president of the local Red Cross. [Conchita is a Non-Essentials word since Raul's wife already defines the specific person in question.]
1 6. The German writer, Hermann Hesse, is a favorite with American college students. [Hermann Hesse is an essential term, defining the specific German writer in question.]
1 7. The courthouse which was renovated recently was built in 1878. [which was renovated recently is a Non-Essentials clause since the courthouse already defines the specific building in question.]
1 8. Saul having forgotten to save his work lost all of his revisions when his computer crashed. [having forgotten to save his work is a Non-Essentials phrase, merely modifying the word Saul.]
1 9. St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus, wrote his handbook of spiritual exercises in the sixteenth century. [founder of the Society of Jesus is a Non-Essentials phrase, merely providing additional information about the subject.]
20. The book, that your sister gave you for your birthday, won a National Book Award. [that your sister gave you for your birthday is an essential clause, defining the specific book in question.]
21. The girl who teaches swimming at the neighborhood pool has a great deal of patience.
22. The girl, who enjoyed teaching swimming, decided to major in physical education at college.
23. The high school course that was most valuable to me was typing.
24. Maria, wearing an original dress of her own design, was the center of attention.
25. Dogsled mushing, which has been his favorite sport for years, requires a lot of effort.
26. Dauphin Island, located off the coast of Alabama, is a favorite spot for fishermen.
27. He saw his favorite movie, Star Wars, eight times.
28. Two of her friends, Kate and Beth, are planning to share an apartment with her next summer.
29. Citizen Kane, considered by many critics to be the greatest American film ever made, won only one Academy Award.
30. The officer who made the arrest had been investigated previously for excessive use of force.
Non-essential
31. My niece, wearing a yellow jumpsuit, is playing in the living room.
32. The Green party candidate, who had the least money, lost the election.
33. Apples, which are my favorite fruit, are the main ingredient in this recipe.
34. Professor Benson, grinning from ear to ear, announced that the exam would be tomorrow.
35. Tom, the captain of the team, was injured in the game.
Essential:
36. Students who cheat only harm themselves.
37. The baby wearing a yellow jumpsuit is my niece.
38. The candidate who had the least money lost the election.
Practice:
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to graduate from an American medical school, in 1849. She was a medical pioneer, helping to found the first medical college for women. She taught at the school, which was affiliated with the New York Infirmary. Blackwell, who published books and papers on medicine, practiced pediatrics and gynecology. She moved to England in 1869, when she was forty-eight.
The history of aspirin began with the ancient Greeks. Physicians who sought to relieve their patients’ pain recommended chewing willow bark. Willow bark contains a chemical that is similar to aspirin.
Our language has adopted the words garage and fanfare from the French.
Italians insist that Marco Polo, the thirteenth-century explorer, did not import pasta from China. Pasta, which consists of flour and water and often egg, existed in Italy long before Marco Polo left for his travels. A historian who studied pasta says that it originated in the Middle East in the fifth century. Most Italians dispute this account, although their evidence is shaky. Wherever pasta originated, the Italians are now the undisputed masters in making and cooking it. Marcella Hazan, who has written several books on Italian cooking, insists that homemade and hand-rolled pasta is the best. Most cooks must buy dried pasta, lacking the time to make their own. The finest pasta is made from semolina, a flour from hard durum wheat. Pasta manufacturers choose hard durum wheat because it makes firmer cooked pasta than common wheat does. Pasta made from common wheat tends to get soggy in boiling water. American colonists first imported pasta from the English, who discovered it as tourist in Italy. The English returning from their grand tours of Italy were called macaronis because of their fancy airs. A hair style with elaborate curls was also called macaroni. The song “Yankee Doodle” refers to this hairdo when it reports that Yankee Doodle “stuck a feather in his cap and called it macaroni.” The song, a creation of the English, was actually intended to poke fun at unrefined American colonists.

|Commas after introductory elements answers |
|__X_ 1. As the boat turned, about a dozen dolphins began to follow it. |
|__C_ 2. Since we moved into town, our fuel bill has tripled. |
|__X_ 3. Having chosen nursing as a career, Susan enrolled in many science courses. |
|__C_ 4. Usually, I have time to eat breakfast. |
|__C_ 5. From outside the twelve-mile fishing limits off the coast of Maine, a strange phenomenon has been reported. |
|__X_ 6. When he was in high school, he was known only as an athlete. |
|__C_ 7. Before you decide what courses to take, you should consider the amount of work you are willing to do. |
|__X_ 8. Nevertheless, I do not want to meet him. |
|__P_ 9. To give Jane a good look at the university, Mr. Benson drove up for the Day on Campus. | |
|__C_ 10. Since the dog had started to run, a way to catch him had to be found. | |
|__P_ 11. Of course, the movie that I had rushed to see didn't start on time. | |
|__N_ 12. Her secondhand car was in excellent condition when she bought it. | |
|__C_ 13. As I mentioned, the rules can be broken occasionally. | |
|__P_ 14. Having decided to eat only natural foods, he had to give up all of his favorite junk food snacks. | |
|__P_ 15. To estimate the costs, he consulted a repairman by phone. | |
|__N_ 16. To succeed in politics is not necessarily desirable. | |
|__P_ 17. Making up his mind quickly, Jared ordered lasagna while we were still reading the menu. | |
|__C_ 18. However he tried to use the bottle opener, it wouldn't work. | |

Comma vs. semicolon answers
1. Many companies make sugar-free soft drinks, which are flavored by synthetic chemicals; the drinks usually contain only one or two calories per serving.
2. Mr. Leyland played the viola professionally for many years, and he now conducts a community orchestra.
3. The crab grass was flourishing, but the rest of the lawn, unfortunately, was dying.
4. The hill was covered with wildflowers; it was a beautiful sight.
5. As I turned around, I heard a loud thump, for the cat had upset the goldfish bowl.
6. The artist preferred to paint in oils; he did not like watercolors.
7. The house was clean, the table set, and the porch light on; everything was ready for the guests' arrival.
8. He looked carefully in the underbrush, but he failed to notice the pair of green eyes staring at him.
9. The foundations of the house had been poured, but, to his disappointment, nothing else had been done because of the carpenters' strike.
10. The computer could perform millions of operations in a split second; however, it could not think spontaneously.
11. I thought registration day would be tiring, but I didn't know I'd have to stand in so many lines.
12. The dog, growling and snarling, snapped at me; I was so frightened that I ran.
13. The snowstorm dumped twelve inches of snow on the interstate; subsequently, the state police closed the road.
14. Professors are supposed to be absent-minded, and I've seen plenty of evidence to support that claim since I've been in college.
15. The suspect said that he had never met the victim; however, the detective knew that he was lying.
16. In the first place, it was snowing too hard to see the road; in the second place, we had no chains.
17. I have read Soul on Ice, but I have not read The Invisible Man.
18. San Francisco is my favorite city; in fact, I plan to spend two weeks there this summer.
19. The quarterback made a brilliant pass, and the end crossed the goal line for the winning touchdown.
20. Large supermarkets fascinate me; I can find everything from frozen chow mein to soybean flour in one place.
21. Ron and Mike were both in English class this morning; they gave an interesting presentation on their research.
22. The obstacles are not insurmountable, but they are real and formidable.
23. Riding a bicycle is excellent exercise; I ride mine every day.
24. I am not interested in a trip to Asia this year; however, I would like to go to Europe.
25. Not all highly educated people enjoy traveling, but many world travelers are particularly well educated.
26. Jack worked overtime to pay off his education debts; at least, that was his explanation for his long hours.
27. Katherine has given up smoking about five times, but she cannot seem to break the habit.
28. His work may be almost totally forgotten, but he would certainly be surprised to see how much current scholarship simply echoes his ideas.
29. Our dog seems to have a built-in alarm clock; he wakes us up at exactly the same time every morning.
30. The passengers on the plane were initially alarmed by the loss of altitude, but the pilot and the crew kept them calm.
31. I realized at once that something was wrong; I was not, however, the only person who was concerned.
32. I had to complete the assignment by Friday; otherwise, I would have failed the course.
33. Ralph decided to be a chemist, but he changed his mind after taking Chem. 121.
34. I finished reading The Nation, and then I went to bed.
35. We always go to the mountains in the fall; they are at their prettiest at that time of year.
36. Tim went to the candy store quite often; the clerk even knew his name.
37. Criticism of capitalist expansionism does not surface in most discussions of the worldwide ecological crisis; indeed, proposed solutions rarely deviate from a basic message of further technological "progress."
38. The president has pledged to cut taxes repeatedly, and the public has responded enthusiastically.
39. The office was closed; consequently, I could not pay my bill.
40. The air was beautifully clear; it was a lovely day.

He left the scene of the accident and tried to forget that it had happened.
Oil, which is lighter than water, rises to the surface.
Madame de Stael was an attractive, gracious lady.
Nice is a word with many meanings, and some of them are contradictory.
The contractor testified that the house was completed and that the work had been done properly.
Some people refuse to go to the zoo because of pity for creatures that must live in small cages.
Taxicabs that are dirty are illegal in some cities.
The closet contained worn clothes, old shoes, and dirty hats.
The uninvited guest wore a dark blue tweed suit.
After surviving this ordeal, the trapper felt relieved.
Mark Twain's early novels, 1 believe, stand the test of time.
December 7, 1941, will never be forgotten.
The field was safe enough, wasn't it?
Write to the editor of the Atlantic, 8 Arlington Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02116.
He replied, "I have no idea what you mean."
After a good washing and grooming, the pup looked like a new dog.
17. Because of their opposition to institutions that force creatures to live in captivity, some people refuse to go to the zoo.
18. Men who are bald are frequently the ones who are the most authoritative on the subject of baldness.
Vests, which were once popular, have been out of vogue for several years.
20. As a celestial goddess, she regulated the course of the heavenly bodies and controlled the alternating seasons.
21.1 hope that some day he will learn how to be polite.
22. There was no question that John's painting, a huge, colorful, and ugly mural, was the worst entry in the art exhibit.
23. Werner von Braun, Willy Ley, and Edward Teller noted authorities in the field of rocket development have done much to guide the missile program of the United States.
Mr. Cready's ability to say the wrong thing at the wrong time is, 1 believe, amazing.
Running around the house, the dog was abruptly stopped by a fence.
If the opposition should win, our candidate would never have any political future.
Gracefully, lightly, and daintily the ballerina moved across the stage.
28. Glamour, the woman's fashion magazine recently incorporated with Charm, another fashion journal.
29. Joe was born on May 7, 1955, and his best friend was born exactly two months later on July 7, 1955.
Mr. and Mrs. Kwon, my parents' best friends, sat in front of us at the football game.
November 11, 1918, the armistice ending World War I was signed.
32. "Oh no," Max exclaimed, "1 think that Dr. Holmes was referring to Eliot the novelist not Eliot the poet."
Below, the fields stretched out in a hundred shades of green.
To understand the purpose of the course, the student needs to read the syllabus.
All students are eligible to receive tickets but must go to the athletic office to pick them up.
Thomas Paine's pamphlet appeared in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 9, 1776.
You don't want any more hamburgers, do you?
The problems involved in this operation are, I think, numerous.
Celene, who does not usually tell anyone what she feels, said she didn't want to go to the dance.
To get tickets for some Broadway musicals, one has to order three months in advance.
Listening to the radio, Jun heard an announcement that Spangler, his own dog, was lost.
I used to live at 16689 Sutton Avenue, Milpitas, California, but we have since moved to 1895
Holland Way, Dubuque, Iowa.
The Valley of the Moon, the name of a section in Napa County, California, is the heart of the state's wine producing area.
Chris did not see how he could organize, write, and proofread this paper in only two hours.
By the pilings of the old pier, I found four starfish, a clam, and a sea anemone.
Yes, Helen did mention that all three of you were coming for lunch.
1 believe, therefore, that fraternities are good influences on a college campus.
The girl with the bright, friendly smile wore a bright green scarf to celebrate St. Patrick's Day.
As he read the Chekhov story, he became aware of the Russian's genius.
Dauphin Island, located off the coast of Alabama, is a favorite spot for fishing.
She was, as a matter of fact, mainly interested in showing off her vocabulary.
1 often go to the seashore and collect rocks there.
Before reaching the summit, the climbers were forced by a storm to turn back.
Did you know that James Agee, the novelist and poet, was also a film critic?
Lady Jane Grey was the queen of England from July 10, 1553 to July 19, 1553.
Joseph registered for English 101, History 204, and Biology 106.
After discussing "Rain," we agreed that Somerset Maugham could really tell a good story.
Squaw Valley, California, the scene of the winter Olympics in 1960, is a ski resort.
Tomorrow, I believe, is the last day to register to vote in the November general election.
To perform well on Saturday afternoon, the athlete must train every day of the week.
Understanding history increases your understanding of today's world.
15 Meg Fischer, my cousin, hopes to graduate from law school in two years.
He reads everything: road maps, want ads, and cereal boxes.
Having cut the roses, she decided to bring them to her friend in the hospital.
"When," Jaime asked, "will you return my book?"

Exercise 20 Coordination and subordination page 30
1. In January 1998, four hundred Latino families in Santa Barbara, California, called for a school boycott after the local school board abolished the city's bilingual-education program.
2. In June of the same year, voters across the state passed a measure called English for the Children, which placed children with limited English skills in intensive English-only classes.
3. Arizona voters approved a similar initiative, also called English for the Children, in 2000.
4. In 2002, English-only initiatives modeled on the California and Arizona measures were put before voters in Massachusetts and Colorado.
5. The English-only initiative in Massachusetts was approved, while a similar initiative in Colorado was rejected.
6. Because the future of bilingual education has become a powerful political issue, educators nation wide are monitoring the fate of state bilingual programs.
7. Although detractors of bilingual education often argue that bilingual education keeps students dependent on their native language, proponents assert that bilingual education keeps students from becoming alienated and allows them to keep up with academic material.
8. Spanish speakers comprise a large percentage of students in bilingual programs, but they are not the only group involved in bilingual programs.
9. New York City offers bilingual classes in several languages, including Chinese, Albanian, and Vietnamese.
Because bilingual education is at the center of immigration and education issues, it is an issue that is unlikely to disappear.

Exercise 26 Comma with independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction page 38
1. Lhasa is the capital of Tibet, and it sits 11,800 feet above sea level.
2. The Chinese have attempted to modernize Lhasa, but an ancient aura still pervades the city.
3. The Potala Palace, the "Palace of the Gods," dominates Lhasa, and this immense, eleven-story complex of buildings is where the Dalai Lama has traditionally lived.
4. Lhasa was founded in a.d. 400 as a fortress, but after the Potala Palace was built, Lhasa became a religious center.
5. The Tibetans banned Europeans from this "Forbidden City," so many Europeans tried to enter the city illegally.
6. Europeans have long been fascinated by the city, and it has been portrayed in several movies.
7. Lhasa was the spiritual center of Tibet as early as the seventh century, and it was briefly the national capital during the ninth century.
8. Lhasa was the home of a variety of religious edifices and treasures, but many of them were damaged in the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s.
9. Lhasa's population has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and now the majority of the people living there are Chinese.
10. Since 1990, much of the historic area has been transformed by rapid urban development, and the authenticity of Lhasa as a living historic city continues to be threatened by ongoing demolition.
Exercise 27 Comma after introductory word, phrase, or clause page 40
1. To get permission to build, the government had to do an environmental impact study.
2. During this environmental impact study, consultants discovered that the proposed building would be built on top of an African slave burial ground.
3. After an outside team of archaeologists concluded that most of the burial ground had already been destroyed by previous construction, the building went ahead.
4. But once construction was underway, construction workers uncovered a large burial ground with more than four hundred bodies.
5. Naturally, the construction was immediately stopped.
6. Now a research team at Howard University is gaining insights into the lives and struggles of those buried there, (no commas needed)
7. At a public lecture, Dr. Michael L. Blakey, director of the African Burial Ground Collection at Howard University, discussed the history of the cemetery.
8. According to Dr. Blakey, the burial ground is the largest African cemetery in North America. 9. Along with his team of researchers, Dr. Blakey is trying to answer questions about the lives of the people buried there. 10. Without preserving the remains, it would be impossible to answer these questions.
Exercise 28 Comma with nonrestrictive word group; transitional, parenthetical, or contrasting expression; absolute phrase page 41
1. Drivers who break the law should go to jail, where they might learn a good lesson.
2. The students in Psychology 101 crowded into the stuff}' lecture hall, sweating and fanning them selves.
3. The professor, cool and commanding, strode into the room.
4. The books that arc on that shelf are recent purchases, (no commas needed)
5. I slept soundly on the hard ground, but not comfortably.
6. The moon filled my window, lighting my room with a soft glow.
7. The woman who just walked in the door is the artist, (no commas needed)
8. For example, the painting on the far wall, which is titled Full Moon in August, just sold for $10,000. 9. My dog Tracey, her tail wagging, would howl when she saw my father's car.
10. My shoes caked with mud, I waited in the anteroom.
Exercise 29 Commas with items in a series page 42
1. In addition, the sign told us not to wear cotton clothing, jeans, or sneakers.
1. A ranger told us to keep our trash, extinguish any campfires thoroughly, and stay together while we were in the park.
2. Three members of the group—Fran, Jeremy, and Dave—were underprepared, but Gail and Pete had brought along extra gear.
3. Pete had come prepared for the worst; at our first camp, the rest of us watched in awe as a stove, fuel bottles, and enough food to feed a multitude emerged from his rucksack.
4. All I had brought along to eat was a huge bag-of trail mix—a snack made up of dried fruits, seeds, nuts, and chocolate chips.
5. Jeremy had forgotten almost everything: his extra socks, his compass, his matches, and his box of macaroni and cheese all sat on his kitchen table back home.
6. During the night, a number of nighttime prowlers visited our lean-to, including several mice, a porcupine, two raccoons, and what was probably a bear—but not one of us dared to look.
7. The vista presented us with a view of Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, and most of the Cascade Mountains.
2. Sunburn, poison ivy, insect bites, and injuries are all dangers on a long hike.
10. A love of the outdoors, a craving for thrills, and a group of brave and cheerful friends are necessary for a week's stay in the wilderness.
Exercise 30 Comma with a trailing participial phrase page 44
1. The level of water surrounding the reactor core suddenly dropped, causing the reactor core to over heat.
1. The emergency cooling system was shut off, resulting in severe core damage.
2. A small amount of radioactive gas escaped from the containment building, causing a slight rise in individual human exposure levels.
2. The media immediately jumped on the story, providing daily coverage.
5. Officials at Three Mile Island turned away people trying to get a closer look, (no comma needed)
6. There were news reports about the radioactive gas emissions, prompting large numbers of people to leave towns near the plant.
7. Fortunately, engineers were able to prevent a meltdown, saving the surrounding countryside and its citizens.
8. The incident gained national attention, changing many people's view of nuclear power.
9. After the accident, the government became wary of nuclear power, imposing stricter safety standards and closing some reactors.
10. The potential for a major disaster was now clear, stopping the growth of the nuclear power industry.
Exercise 31 Commas with direct quotations and expressions used in dialogue page 45
1. These artifacts were buried there by slaves, and according to anthropologist Mark P. Leone, "We are seeing not a history of oppression, but a history of response to oppression."
2. Discussing the round artifacts, Dr. Robert Farris Thompson explained, "In the Kongo religion, the shape of the soul is round, like a miniature sun."
3. Well, I was rather surprised to read this New York Times article.
4. It's strange, isn't it, to think of these objects being hidden for so many years, only to be dug up and put on display in a museum.
5. The curator of the museum said, "We have a team of artists and experts making an accurate, realistic setting for the artifacts."
6. Just think, if you have an old house, you might be surprised to learn what is under the floors.
7. Look, it says here that people in Kongo still use the sort of items found in the excavation.
8. "This find is so exciting because of its specificity," says Robert Farris Thompson.
9. "Our mandate from the African American community, our collaborators in the formulation of our research, was to discover what conditions were like in freedom," Leone explains.
10. This study shows that white society wasn't able to quash the slaves' expression of African culture, doesn't it?
Exercise 32 Commas with coordinate adjectives page 47
1. Our first stop was High Rock Spring, a large limestone cone to which the Mohawk Indians brought the old, ailing Sir William Johnson in 1771.
2. The sulfuric, bitter-tasting, pungent water may have cured Johnson, but it made us nauseous.
3. From there we ventured to the Governor and Peerless Springs, which have very different flavors, the one metallic, sour, and unpleasant, the other carbonated and somewhat sweet, but just as nauseating as the first.
4. After several more equally foul mineral springs, we arrived at Fernell Spring, which surprised us with its clear, sweet, pure taste; several local people were filling plastic gallon water jugs from the spring.
5. Our favorite spring was the Island Spouter, a whimsical miniature geyser that had created its own island made of yellow, white, and rust-colored layers of carbonate deposits.
6. As early as 1535, the French navigator-explorer Jacques Cartier was told of miraculous, healing, limestone-trapped water at Saratoga Springs.
7. After the Revolutionary War, the waters drew people to the magical Saratoga Springs, and inexpensive, modest inns were built to accommodate them.
8. By 1877, Saratoga had blossomed into a fantastic, elegant, prosperous town. 9. At Saratoga Spa State Park, just south of the center of town, you can soak in the springs under ornate, arched, colonnaded bathhouses.
10. Today Saratoga is also known for horse racing, which brings wealthy, glamorous people and loyal racing fans together for a month every summer.
Exercise 33 No comma with compound items that are not independent clauses page 49
1. For example, Virginia Woolf, the English novelist, may have been manic-depressive and may have committed suicide while depressed.
2. Another famous example is the painter Vincent Van Gogh, who spent much time in institutions and who cut his ear off.
3. A Johns Hopkins University psychologist has studied the connection between art and mental ill ness for many years.
4. She has compiled a list of artists with mental illnesses but has included too many, according to her critics.
5. Other researchers disagree with her, arguing that the mental illness theory is merely the latest attempt to connect illness with genius and that past attempts have singled out epilepsy, syphilis, and alcoholism.
6. Is it fair to these artists, long dead, for us to diagnose them and arbitrarily label them mentally ill?
7. Many psychologists want to understand creativity and its link to mental disorder and discover ways to apply this knowledge.
8. Scientists are beginning to see just how the brain works and are learning how it develops from childhood to adulthood.
9. Creativity and madness seem to be two extremes of the same phenomenon, but they don't occur together in most people. (No unnecessary commas.)
10. It is impossible to find the mix of personality traits that leads a person to create Romeo and Juliet or to develop the theory of evolution.
Exercise 34 No comma with a restrictive word group page 51
1. Some researchers now think that the poet John Keats, who died of tuberculosis, might have suffered from manic depression as well.
2. A symptom of tuberculosis that is similar to one of manic depression is hyperactivity alternating with extreme passivity.
3. Tuberculosis, which was usually fatal in the nineteenth century, also caused its victims to feel occasionally exhilarated. (No unnecessary commas.)
4. In artists who were near death, this mental state supposedly inspired great works of genius.
5. This mental state was so widely acknowledged that it was given the Latin name spes phthisicn.
6. This belief in the powers of tuberculosis was so strong that literary critics thought that literary genius would disappear if a cure for tuberculosis was found.
7. The nineteenth-century novelist Katherine Mansfield wrote the most significant body of her work while she was fighting a losing battle with tuberculosis.
8. The setting for The Magic Mountain, a novel by the German novelist Thomas Mann, is a tuberculosis sanitarium before World War I.
9. But as the epidemic continued, it claimed a larger and larger circle of people, and societal attitudes toward it changed. Victims who were poor and disadvantaged were blamed for having an unhealthy lifestyle.
10. Now we know that tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Exercise 35 Eliminating commas that separate the main elements of a sentence page 53
1. About 2,100 kilometers of Alaskan shoreline were damaged by oil.
2. More than 30,000 bodies of birds, mammals, and fish were picked up from the shore and water within the first few months.
3. However, this number represents only a small percentage of all the animals killed.
4. Scientists, aghast at the damage, speculated that some animal groups would not recover. (No unnecessary commas.)
5. For over fifteen years now, scientists have been conducting follow-up studies on the animals of Prince William Sound.
6. The cleanup of" spilled oil was slow to be organized because Exxon and other oil companies were not prepared for the disaster.
7. Although many volunteers tried to save injured animals, they could not save every animal or clean the entire shoreline because of the huge size of the spill.
8. Alaska's important salmon and herring industry was the biggest economic concern.
9. The spill has further spurred environmentalists to prevent further oil development in Alaska.
10. In 1991, Alaska and the federal government came to an agreement with Exxon regarding damages caused by the oil spill.
Exercise 36 Eliminating commas with noncoordinate adjectives or before or after a series page 54
1. About 74 percent of the oil-covered, blackened animal carcasses picked up after the spill were murres.
2. Investigators used earlier scientific research studies to get an idea of how many murres had been in the colony before 1989.
3. Not surprisingly, most comparisons of pre-spill and post-spill numbers showed that the crucial breeding populations were significantly reduced.
4. However, some post-spill surveys found higher post-spill murre populations.
5. Researchers have been frustrated, saddened, and humbled in their attempts to get an accurate idea of the damage to the murre populations.
6. The thick-billed murre breeds in dense colonies on cliff ledges in Arctic and subarctic regions around the world.
7. In winter its throat and cheeks become snowy white.
8. As with many other Arctic species, such white coloring serves as a kind of protective camouflage. (No unnecessary commas.) 9. The slightly smaller common murre is similar in appearance and habits.
10. It is a darker brown on the back, and its longer bill lacks a white line.
Exercise 37 Other unnecessary commas page 55
1. Created in 1992 by Congress, the Nez Perce National Historical Park has locations that include the Nez Perce homeland in eastern Oregon, archaeological sites in the area, and battlefields from Oregon to Montana where the fleeing Nez Perce fought the U.S. Army.
2. In 1863, some of the Nez Perce had signed a treaty with the U.S. government requiring them to move to a reservation in central Idaho.
3. Other Nez Perce members were determined to stay in the homeland and so did not sign.
4. This group (the "nontreaty Nez Perce") were considered outlaws by the U.S. government.
5. The nontreaty Nez Perce tried to ignore the treaty, but as they had expected, they were eventually ordered to move.
6. Unwillingly, they began their move, but before they had gone far, some of their members killed some settlers in revenge for earlier cruel treatment.
7. These events brought on the army, and in July 1877 the Nez Perce fought the army at White Bird Canyon.
8. Three months later they reached Bear Paw in north-central Montana, where they fought their last battle. (No unnecessary commas.)
9. There, four hundred Nez Perce, the remaining band of nontreaty Nez Perce, attempted to wait out a siege, but they lasted only six days.
10. Surrounded by U.S. soldiers and suffering from hunger and cold, the Nez Perce surrendered.
Exercise 38 Semicolons page 57
1. The Lincoln Highway, the first cross-country road, went through Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Chicago, Illinois; Omaha, Nebraska; and Salt Lake City, Utah.
2. Created between 1913 and 1915 along existing roads, the Lincoln Highway was paved; in addition, it was free of tolls, unlike most other paved roads.
3. Previously, drivers had had to give way to horse-drawn vehicles; because horses often panicked at the sight of automobiles, drivers were obligated to pull off the road to hide their vehicles from the horses' view.
4. The early automobiles were open, exposing the interior to the elements: dust, rain, snow, and mud.
5. With closed cars came plans for travel to distant states; tourism and automobiles developed simultaneously,
6. When the Lincoln Highway was planned, each state wanted to control the highway's route through the state; obviously, the states wanted to keep tourists within their borders as long as possible, but the highway planners wanted to create the most direct route.
7. The Lincoln Highway had its own distinct red, white, and blue markers; still, travelers were often confused by the markers from the many competing paved highways that intersected or ran along the Lincoln's route.
8. Some of those competing routes were the White Pole Road; the National Highway, which ran on the same road as the Lincoln through parts of Pennsylvania and Ohio; the Pike's Peak to Ocean Highway; and the Dixie Highway.
9. These highways allowed anyone with a car to drive conveniently across the country; consequently, increasing numbers of people bought cars.
10. The Lincoln Highway no longer exists, but the current Interstate 80 more or less traces the Lincoln Highway's route.
Exercise 39 Colons page 59
1. Every August, I take them to the mall to buy clothes and school supplies: pencils, notebooks, folders, and lunchboxes.
2. I buy clothes first because, for me, that chore is the most stressful part of the shopping trip. I line each child up in front of the clothing department and tell him or her to pick out one of each of the following items: jeans, shirt, sweater, shoes.
3. As an incentive for making this choice quickly, I offer prizes of a candy bar, a piece of toy jewelry, or a comic book to anyone who gets all four items on his or her list in fifteen minutes.
4. Often the results of their haste arc amusing: purple jeans with an orange plaid shirt, every item the same color, shoes the wrong size.
As the kids get older, the clothes shopping will get more difficult: they'll want more clothes, they'll demand more expensive clothes, and they'll take much longer than fifteen minutes to select the clothes.
I already know which one of my children will be the most difficult: Riley.
Next, it's on to the stationery department, where they spend thirty minutes or more gazing longingly at this year's fads in school essentials: multicolored erasers, glow-in-the-dark pencils, and notebooks decorated with holograms.
I hold out as long as possible, but I often give in for the usual reason: other shoppers are starting to snicker.
But I know one tiling: they're going through the same experiences I am.
10. When we're done, we make one last choice: whether to stop at the ice cream store or the candy store for our reward.
Exercise 41 Quotation marks page 63
1. Rob replied, "Unemployment won't decline unless interest rates do the same."
2. Did Rob reply, "Unemployment won't decline unless interest rates do the same"?
3. "Tropical storms," Emily declared, "occur in Anza-Borrego in August and September."
4. Jeremy had this to say: "The semester ends Friday, and life begins on Saturday."
1. I overheard Jordan say, "Why don't we send a telegram that announces, 'The deal can be closed if you double the advance'?"
5. "Mee-ouch!" screeched Puma as I stepped on his tail in the dark hallway.
2. The park ranger stopped the backpackers at the trailhead, asking, "May I see your camping per mit, please?"
6. Who was it who said, "The buck stops here"? 9. The instructions warned, "Turn off water source before beginning," but I did not read the warning until it was too late.
10. The card beneath the painting said "Mark Rothko, Four Darks on Red; 1958; oil on canvas," which did not help me understand the painting at all.
Exercise 43 Parentheses, brackets, ellipsis marks, slashes, periods, question marks, and exclamation points page 66
1. The space shuttle Challenger exploded because O-rings used to seal joints on the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) leaked fuel.
2. Investigators later discovered that the O-rings did not work properly at temperatures under 50 degrees Fahrenheit (the temperature that day was 36 degrees).
3. Why did NASA executives not know that this would happen?
4. As early as the first shuttle flights, there had been indications that the O-rings were poorly designed.
5. Beginning in July 1985, Roger Boisjoly, an engineer at Morton Thiokol (MTI), which produced the O-rings, began writing memos about the problem in an attempt either to solve the problem or to postpone the launch.
6. In one memo, Boisjoly writes, "It is my honest and real fear that ... we stand in jeopardy of losing a flight."
7. Unfortunately, many of Boisjoly's memos were overlooked (or intentionally neglected).
8. Boisjoly and other engineers were too far removed from the NASA decision makers to be heeded. 9. Morton Thiokol and NASA did not want to postpone an already costly space shuttle mission.
10. Richard Feynman, a prominent physicist, and Sally Ride, the first American woman in space, served on the commission that investigated the tragedy.
Exercise 1 Comma splices and fused sentences page 3
1. George Washington was born in 1732 in Virginia, and he was raised on a farm established by his great-grandfather.
2. Washington had a big nose and a pockmarked face; however, he was still considered a handsome man.
3. Washington said this about the war for independence: "Our cause is noble. It is the cause of all mankind."
4. At fifteen, Washington became a surveyor; his first job was to survey the six-million-acre estate of his neighbor Lord Fairfax.
5. Washington wanted to return to Mount "Vernon after the Constitutional Convention, but his colleagues persuaded him to become the country's first president.
6. Washington's vice president, John Adams, was sworn in on April 21, 1789, and Washington was sworn in as the first president on April 30, 1789.
7. After the British Parliament passed several measures unjust to the American colonists, Washington became active in the resistance movement.
8. When Washington lost nearly all his teeth, a French dentist made him a set from carved rhinoceros ivory.
9. Washington held the first presidential barbecue in 1793; he roasted a five-hundred-pound ox for the party.
10. Our national capital is named for Washington, and many American colleges and towns bear his name.
Exercise 2 Sentence fragments page 5
1. John Adams delivered the 1755 Harvard commencement oration in Latin, an accomplishment that earned him a job teaching Latin in a one-room country school.
1. Adams studied to become a lawyer while he was teaching school.
2. After serving as minister to France and England, Adams returned to the United States to serve two terms as Washington's vice president.
2. Receiving seventy-seven electoral votes, John Adams was re-elected vice president in 1792.
3. Adams distrusted the rising tide of Jeffersonian democracy in America because he was horrified by the French Revolution.
3. Adams accepted the responsibilities of the vice presidency with energy and seriousness.
4. Adams won the presidency by three electoral votes over the Republican Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, under the electoral system then in use, became the vice president.
5. As the first president to succeed another, Adams had no guidelines to follow on cabinet appointments, patronage, and policy changes.
6. Adams lived ninety years, longer than any other president, and long enough to see his son become the sixth president.
10. Ironically, Adams died on the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1826, the same day that Thomas Jefferson died.
Exercise 15 Modifiers page 21
1. Two of her books, Twenty Tears at Hull House and The Second Twenty Tears at Hull House, provide a comprehensive history of Hull House.
1. During World War I, she collected food in the United States for European nations.
2. She was the cofoundcr, with Carrie Chapman Catt, of the Women's Peace Party and was elected its first national chairperson.
2. She helped the world to comprehend fully the needs of the poor.
3. With a firm commitment to principle and to her ideals, she sought reform in many different social areas.
4. In 1931, Jane Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her decades of work for social betterment, civil rights, and world peace.
5. When they hear the name Thomas Jefferson, many people think only of his writing the Declaration of Independence.
6. Everything known at the time interested Thomas Jefferson, one of the most intelligent and talented men in American history.
7. Many Americans were not surprised to learn that the Continental Congress asked Jefferson, a remarkably skilled writer, to draft the Declaration of Independence.
Appointed in 1785 to succeed Benjamin Franklin as minister to France, Jefferson spent five years in Europe, where his influence and fame spread.
Exercise 19 Parallelism page 28
1. Traveling and lecturing, Susan B. Anthony spread the word about women's suffrage.
2. She was instrumental in securing women's rights to their children, their property, and their wages.
1. Anthony believed that slaves should be free, that drinking should be illegal, and that women should have the right to vote.
2. With determination, energy, and eloquence, Anthony laid the groundwork for the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave American women the right to vote.
3. She not only organized the Women's Loyal League and served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association but also helped compile The History of Woman Sujfrage.
4. After the Civil War, she spoke out against the violence inflicted on former slaves and lobbied for full participation of blacks in the suffrage movement.
5. In 1872, Anthony defiantly cast a ballot in the presidential election, was arrested and convicted, and refused to pay the $100 fine.
She went to Europe in 1883, met women's rights activists there, and helped form the International
Council of Women.
At the age of eighty, she resigned as president of the National American Woman Suffrage
Association but continued to speak at its meetings.
10. She never lost her determination and argued her cause with every president from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt.

Exercise 42 Apostrophes page 64
1. Every manufacturer is required to reduce its factory emissions, but if a company does more than required, it can sell the right to pollute to other companies under a program called "cap and trade."
2. For instance, let's say that XYZ Company of Ohio reduces its factories' emissions 10 percent more than required.
3. ABC Company of New York could then buy XYZ's rights, which would allow ABC to reduce its emissions 10 percent less than required.
4. Another goal of the clause is to limit the total amount of pollutants in certain categories.
5. For example, power companies that use coal-fired plants have allowances for emitting sulfur dioxide.
6. A company can keep emitting sulfur dioxide until it reaches its limit; then it's obligated to clean up its act and sell the extra emissions allowance to another company on the open market.
7. Recently, some government officials found the Clear Air Act lacking because it left the responsibility of regulating pollution to the states and because its strict standards might be expensive to enforce.
8. In 2003, Congress passed the Clear Skies Act, a federal program that would continue to reduce emissions while also cutting costs and making standards for industries more straightforward.
9. Critics call Clear Skies a giveaway to industries, since it allows power plants to produce more mercury, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides while doing nothing to limit carbon dioxide emissions.
10. Some scientists have connected rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with rising temperatures on earth.