...Social Workers support service users from the range of the life span from infant to the elderly. In order to best support service users it is important to be aware of developmental stages and trends in order to fit care and support for the people we work with accurately. Erikson states that if a person does not transition from one developmental stage to another effectively this can cause problems in later stages and create a sense of fixation. Children develop in different stages and in different ways. A method that has been used to explore these developmental milestones is observation. Observations involve watching a child for sometime in order to understand how he or she perceives and interacts with the world. attributes physically, cognitively and socially of two children, one male and one female, ages five and ten, respectively. This writer will identify the socio-economic status (SEC), age, gender, ethnic background, and family demographics of each of these children. The two children this writer has chosen come from similar living situations (i.e. they both live with single mothers), but have vast differences in their physical, cognitive, and social development. This paper will examine Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages as explained by Dacey, Fiore, Travers (2009) in an effort to explain the noticeable differences in the two children that this writer has chosen to observe. These two children were chosen because they are both being raised in a single parent household...
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...development, I realized how these theories influence us; our cognitive development, values, principles & morals, behavior, and the society as a whole. From the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, I realized that individuals go through stages in childhood and adolescence that shape their adult personality. Our behavior is influenced by the unconscious mind and our early experiences as a child affect development in later life. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory can be a basis for analyzing personality and behavior, and also for understanding and facilitating personality development. It is also obviously relevant to modern life. Each social interaction has a potential impact or reinforcement on a person’s identity. As such, Erikson’s theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, dealing with conflict, and generally for understanding self and others. From the four (4) stages of Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory, I learned the importance of two processes that are essential for development: assimilation which is learning to understand events or objects, based on existing structure; and accommodation which is expanding understanding based on the new information. Children provide different explanations of reality at different stages of cognitive development. I believe that learning materials and activities should involve the appropriate level of motor or mental operations for a child of given age. As future educators, we should avoid asking students to perform tasks that...
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...qualities and behaviors that makes a person different from other people. From the definition, lots of questions arise. Some examples are “What makes them different from the other?”, “Why are they behaving like that?”, and “Who am I?” In order to answer those questions, Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development will help to understand the complexity of human personality. Erikson’s ‘psychosocial’ term is derived from two words – ‘psychological’ means mind and ‘social’ means external relationships (Chapman, 2013). According to Ramkumar (2002), Erik Erikson did most of his works during the 1930s to the 1950s as a psychologist. He was fascinated in child analysis. He was the student of Sigmund Freud and he was inspired by his works. From the article of Chapman (2013), Erikson’s psychosocial theory was drawn and was extended from the ideas of Sigmund Freud and his daughter, Anna Freud and the concepts within psychosexual theory of human development. Freud concepts are not however fundamental to Erikson’s theory which stands up well in its own right. Freud focused on the nature of human which includes the concepts of genitals, and sex which attract a lot of attention and criticisms. Compared to Freud, Erikson’s concepts focused more...
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...their development? The Organismic (active) view suggests development is internally initiated and occurs in a sequence of qualitatively different stages. It views development as bi-directional. The Mechanistic (passive) view suggests development is a passive predictable response to stimuli. 2. Is development continuous or does it occur in stages? Continuity or Discontinuity. The organismic approach emphasizes qualitative changes (discontinuous), while the mechanistic approach emphasizes quantitative changes (continuous). What is a theory? Definitions: A theory is a systematic formulation of principles explaining behaviour. It is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, describe, explain and predict data (p.22). Five broad theoretical perspectives: (p. 24/25) 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Learning 3. Cognitive 4. Contextual 5. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 1. Psychoanalytic theory The psychoanalytic perspective views development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behaviour. Freud’s psychosexual theory (p.23-25) Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be controlled to make it possible to live in society. He proposed three hypothetical parts of one’s personality – the id, the ego and the super ego. He proposed 5 maturationally based stages of psychosexual development. Oral (birth -18 months) Anal (18months – 3 years) Phallic (3 years – 6 years) Latency (6 years – puberty) Genital...
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...Ernest Chiam was born in 1957, the year which Malaysia got its independence. By the time, Malaysia began to develop and became stable as World War II was ceased and he was able to grow up in a peaceful environment without sirens of the enemy’s invasion. He is the fifth born out of six, with two brothers and three sisters. The first page of his life started in a middle class suburban household located in Muar, Johor. As a baby, Ernest was very chubby as well as adorable. He was raised on by his mother’s milk and therefore, since small he has a very close relationship with her mother. As both of his parents were school teachers, Ernest was raised up in a family that emphasized discipline and education. In that sense, he was especially forbidden to speak vulgar words, tells lies and smoke. Apart from that, he was constantly instilled by his parents the importance of education. However, unlike his siblings who are excelling in their studies, Ernest showed only a little interest in what had taught in school and he never did any revision. Therefore, most of the time, he just barely passed the exams. The only thing that amazed him is the natural world. The large and empty compound of undeveloped land and Muar River were both his favorite spot for wandering around and discovering. Besides playing games such as kite, gasing, marbles and catapult, his greatest entertainment will be sitting on the back of the buffalo and swimming in the monsoon drain. His obsess towards animals and natures...
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...were to have a negative impact on him today. Adam was had an athletic youth, parents always provided him with insight to life and the circumstances it may cause due to bad decision making. Adam had a lot of structure and in his eyes; he believed that his parents validated any emotion of feeling that arose. Adam also was instructed by his parents to overcome obstacles and get a positive result. Adam did however inform me that there was a fair amount of drinking and drug use in the household along with numerous private parties. Adam had a very active and eventful upbringing as well as very impactful development that would shape the rest of his life. The following will be represented as the first four stages of Erik Erickson’s work on psychosocial development. When speaking of the first four...
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...PSY/230 December 1, 2013 Stephanie Munro Personal Narrative The past five years have been a whirlwind of evolution and growth for me. I went from being in a four year relationship to single, then a year and a half later back into a relationship with the man I am going to marry in less than a year. I also went from having a great friendship with someone to finding out I was being used by her. All of the events that occurred in the past five years have brought me to where I am today; a little stronger, a little wiser, and a little happier. I do not truly know what the purpose of my life is, but looking back over the past five years I know that I am a little closer now, rather than back then, to finding out what it is. I find myself to be happier and more positive in my outlook on life. With the upcoming nuptials and impending changes that are coming, one of the biggest changes is that I will be a step-mother; I am excited and very forward-thinking. My fiancé and I have agreed to have more children, and I am trying to convince him to have children sooner rather than later because I know we are ready and I am anxious to build our family. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development really places where I am today and what I went through to get here. Within the past five years, I moved from the young adulthood stage of life to the mature adulthood. I had defined myself by the previous relationship I was in and when that ended I was lost. Over time, I rebuilt myself to be independent...
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...Marcia’ (1966) and Josselson’s (1971) Psychosocial Perspective, develop and present a set of questions (an interview schedule) as an instrument to be administered to two female and two male traditional- age (18-21) college/university students. The instrument should seek data on the students’: · Religious choice · Career choice · Attitude towards sex before marriage · The students' opinion on their ideal intimate partner. B). State any identified differences between the responses of the male students and the female students. Analyze the differences (if any) in the responses, based on posits of the two theorists, and any other authors. ©. Based on the findings from the interview, identify the psychosocial development state of each of the four students sampled. Justify your classification with literature. (D) Based on your findings, identify any differences between your findings and the theories that could be a result of a difference in culture. FACILITATOR: Dr. Thelora Reynolds DATE: November 29, 2009 SUBMITTED BY: Marlene Grant Question A Based on Marcia’s (1966) and Josselson’s (1971) Psychosocial Perspective, develop and present a set of questions (an interview schedule) as an instrument to be administered to two female and two male traditional- age (18-21) college/university students. All student development theories attempt to explain and provide knowledge on the student experience and what promotes or...
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...Describe the application of behaviorist perspectives in health and social care. (P1) Operant conditioning is a type of behavior modification which can be used to either decrease or increase the likelihoods of a certain aspect of a behavior will occur. The process relies on the idea that organisms (a person) respond to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a specific stimulus with a particular behavior, they will be more likely to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved. This approach first came to notice B.F Skinner (s famous psychologist) were of his work was carried out in the 20th centaury. His work was mainly with the use of rats and pigeons to us e them to discover new ways of leering style and behaviors. Skinner was create1a very famous box which is still used today some science experiment call the Skinner box. This bow was designed with a lever which when pressed by a rate inside it would produce a food pellet to the rat when pressed accidentally. After a while the rate will begin to realize that when it presses the lever a food pellet will be released so there for will repeated this action for to receive food. The pellet of food in this situation is a product of reinforcing as the rat will like more of the food an can get it when he wants by pressing the lever which in turn increases the possibility of this behavior being repeated. There are two different types of stimuli which can be used in operant conditioning...
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...Module code: HRPYC81 Research report for Project: 4805 Assignment number: 27 Title of Study: The Determinants Of Moral Development In Curbing Adolescents’ Moral Decay. Surname: Zondo Initials: G. L. Student number: 43097855 Examination period: October/November 2015 1 The Determinants Of Moral Development In Curbing Adolescents’ Moral Decay. Abstract The study explored the determinants of moral development in curbing adolescents’ moral decay. These determinants included identity development, gender, parental (mother) relationship with adolescent, and ethical and moral values. A mixed-model method (both quantitative and qualitative) was used to conduct the study. Participants were sampled through convenience sampling. The sample of a total of 1387 from the pooled data was used for the quantitative part of the research. While for the qualitative study a sample of 20 adolescents (10 boys and 10 girls) who were high-school students (in grade 10 and 11) from 12 to 18 years of age from Gebeni High School in Swaziland was used. The researcher aimed to investigate the extent of determinants of moral development in curbing adolescents’ moral decay and to make recommendations on the development of socialization structures to curb adolescents’ moral decay. Findings revealed that the determinants played a major role in adolescents’ moral development. However, further research is needed to be conducted with a lager sample for the qualitative study. 2 From a scholarly point of view...
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...pap32045_ch02_022-053.indd Page 22 8/6/10 9:38 AM user-f469 2 CHAPTER TWO /Volumes/201/MHSF210/pap32045_disk1of1/pap32045_pagefiles pap32045_ch02_022-053.indd Page 23 8/6/10 9:38 AM user-f469 /Volumes/201/MHSF210/pap32045_disk1of1/pap32045_pagefiles A Child’s World: How We Discover It There is one thing even more vital to science than intelligent methods; and that is,the sincere desire to find out the truth, whatever it may be. —Charles Sanders Peirce, Collected Papers, vol. 5 Did You Know . . . Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Theoretical Perspectives * Theories are never “set in stone”; they are always open to change as a result of new findings? * Children shape their world as it shapes them? * Cross-cultural research enables us to determine which aspects of development are universal and which are culturally influenced? * An experiment is the most definitive way to demonstrate that one event causes another? * The results of laboratory experiments may be less applicable to real life than experiments carried out in a home, school, or public setting? These are just a few of the interesting and important topics we will cover in this chapter. Here, we present an overview both of major theories of human development and of research methods used to study it. In the first part of the chapter, we explore major issues and theoretical perspectives that...
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...Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Illustrative Action Verbs for Defining Objectives using Bloom’s Taxonomy Examples of Instructional Objectives for the Cognitive Domain Resources on Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain and Writing Educational Objectives Test Blueprint Description of Multiple-Choice Items Multiple-Choice Item Writing Guidelines Guidelines to Writing Test Items Preparing Your Students for Taking Multiple-Choice Tests Sample Multiple-Choice Items Related to Bloom’s Taxonomy More Sample Multiple-Choice Items Good versus Poor Multiple-Choice Items Activity: Identifying Flawed Multiple-Choice Items Scenario-Based Problem Solving Item Set An Alternative Multiple-Choice Method Guidelines for Administering Examinations Analyzing Multiple-Choice Item Responses Activity: Item Analysis PAGE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-14 15-17 18 19 20-22 23-24 25-26 27-29 30-32 33-34 35 36-38 39 Last revised August 19, 2004 2 Goals of the Workshop Multiple-choice exams are commonly used to assess student learning. However, instructors often find it challenging to write good items that ask students to do more than memorize facts and details. In this workshop we will explore how to create effective classroom multiple-choice exams that are based on sound learning objectives and how you can use information from your exams to improve your teaching. After...
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...Chapter 1 The Dimensions of Psychology Summary: Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, was an advocate of this position and is often considered the founder of structuralism, despite the fact that it was his student, Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate...
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...Factors influencing the Study Habits of Second Year Education Students of Wesleyan University-Philippines An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Education Wesleyan University-Philippines In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Elementary Education Jennilyn Nicolas Cheska Mae F. Edrad Francheska F. Pacolor CHAPTER 1 Introduction Rationale Wesleyan University-Philippines (WU-P), College of Education (COEd) is aiming for a higher standard of learning that shall focus on well motivated students capable with competing with those of highly Industrialized Countries. Student were facilitating different techniques and habits of studying to have better memory retention of the lesson they were taking up in different kinds of subject. This method they are utilizing helps them to pass the examination, quizzes and School activities with high grades. *In education, it involves study habits and this is the ways that you study; the habits that you have formed during your school years. Study habits can be good ones, or bad ones. Good study habits include being organized, keeping good notes, reading your textbook, listening in class, and working every day. Bad study habits include skipping class, not doing your work, watching TV or playing video games instead of studying, and losing your work. Each Student has their unique technique of studying. One technique may not work for one...
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...Student Learning Guide Counselling Methods 1 © South African College of Applied Psychology (Pty) Ltd Developed and produced by the South African College of Applied Psychology Sunclare building, Claremont, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa. 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by means of electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyrighted materials reproduced herein are used under the provision of the South African Copyright Act 98 of 1978 section 12 (1) (a)(b) (3), for private study only by students. STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE: COUNSELLING METHODS 1 2 Table of contents How this guide works ........................................................................................................................ 10 Module Readings .............................................................................................................................. 11 Prescribed text book ......................................................................................................................... 11 Prescribed and recommended readings ........................................................................................... 11 Session One: An Overview of Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling ..................................... 14 Reading for the session .....................................................................
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