Types of bone fractures 1. Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin 2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
* Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization - Realignment of the bone
Repair of Bone Fractures * Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed * Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus * Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus * Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
The Axial Skeleton * Forms the longitudinal part of the body * Divided into three parts * Skull * Vertebral column * Bony thorax
The Skull * Two sets of bones * Cranium * Facial bones * Bones are joined by sutures * Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Paranasal Sinuses
- Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Functions of paranasal sinuses
- Lighten the skull
- Give resonance and amplification to voice
The Hyoid Bone
- The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
- Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
The Fetal Skull
- The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
The Fetal Skull
Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
- Allow the brain to grow
- Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
The Vertebral Column
- Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
- The spine has a normal curvature
- Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
The Bony Thorax
- Forms a cage to protect major organs
Made-up of three parts
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
3. Thoracic vertebrae
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Composed of two bones
1. Clavicle – collarbone
2. Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Upper Limb
1. The arm is formed by a single bone
- Humerus
2. The forearm has two bones
- Ulna
- Radius
3. The hand
- Carpals – wrist
- Metacarpals – palm
- Phalanges – fingers
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
a. Hip bones
- Composed of three pair of fused bones
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs 1. Reproductive organs 2. Urinary bladder 3. Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis
• The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
• Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Bones of the Lower Limbs
1. The thigh has one bone
- Femur – thigh bone
2. The leg has two bones
- Tibia
- Fibula
3. The foot
- Tarsus – ankle
- Metatarsals – sole
- Phalanges – toes
Arches of the Foot
• Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
- Two longitudinal
- One transverse
Joints
• Articulations of bones
- Functions of joints
- Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
- Functionally
- Structurally
